This document describes an experiment conducted to demonstrate and measure fluid flow rates using different flow meter types. The experiment utilized a hydraulic bench unit with a volumetric measuring tank and submersible pump. Three common flow meters were tested: a rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate. Readings were taken from each meter and calculations were performed to determine flow rates and discharge coefficients. Plots were made comparing actual flow rates to measured rates from each meter. The results showed the relationships between variables and effectiveness of different flow meter designs.
1. The experiment aims to find the dynamic pressure in a fluid system using a Prandtl tube setup.
2. Static pressure is the pressure acting transverse to fluid flow, while dynamic pressure acts in the direction of flow and can be measured using a Prandtl tube and manometer. Dynamic pressure increases with the square of flow velocity.
3. The experiment involves measuring static and total pressures using a manometer connected to a Prandtl tube at varying flow velocities to calculate dynamic pressure based on the pressure readings and fluid properties. Errors may occur due to impure water, pressure sensor issues, or incorrect readings.
The document describes an experiment conducted to determine pipe friction losses in laminar and turbulent flow by measuring head loss at varying flow velocities in a brass pipe. Graphs are presented comparing measured and theoretical friction coefficients against Reynolds number, showing a linear relationship for laminar flow and a non-linear relationship for turbulent flow. The results provide data to distinguish between laminar and turbulent water flow in pipes and observe the relationship between head loss and Reynolds number.
This document summarizes an experiment comparing different flow meter types. The experiment used a rota meter, venturi meter, and orifice plate to measure the flow rate of water. Calculations were shown for three trials measuring the actual and theoretical flow rates to determine the discharge coefficient for each meter. Graphs showed the relationship between discharge coefficient and actual flow rate for the venturi meter and orifice plate. The coefficient was generally higher for the venturi meter compared to the orifice plate.
This document describes a method for measuring air flow rate using a Hall sensor and LabVIEW interface. The system uses a spinner attached to a pipe with a magnet. As air flows through the pipe, the spinner rotates, and a Hall sensor detects pulses from the magnet's movement. LabVIEW software converts the pulse frequency to RPM and calculates flow rate using the RPM and pipe radius. The system was tested at different flow rates from a pump, blower, and compressor. It measured flow rates accurately within 3% across different input flows.
In these days when environmental management has finally found its way into our minds and enterprises, the pure mechanical principle of the Rotameter regains even more momentum. For manufacturers it is important to optimize productivity, consume less energy and reduce energy costs. Using Rotameters with their comparably low pressure loss results in low pumping costs and therefore energy savings. Rotameters work without power and are therefore sustainable. The new RGC4 can be completely disassembled and consists from recyclable materials only. The RGC4 design, made from common standard components and parts being used from other Yokogawa flow products, leads to a synergy effect in production and to resource and energy conservation. This is key to sustainable future Yokogawa takes into account at every stage of the product lifecycle. Think of your carbon foot print – use Rotameters!
1) The document describes an experiment measuring fluid pressure using Bernoulli's principle. A Venturi nozzle and pitot tube are used to measure static and total fluid pressures at different points.
2) Tables of pressure measurements are presented and graphs show the relationships between flow velocity, pressure, and other variables according to Bernoulli's equations.
3) The results are discussed in relation to real-world examples of Bernoulli's principle like aircraft wings and passing vehicles. Pressure, velocity, and forces are analyzed.
The document describes the roles of team members on a project to analyze different types of gas reservoirs. It discusses retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs, where temperature is between critical temperature and cricondentherm, leading to liquid dropout during production. Near critical gas condensate reservoirs have temperatures near the critical point, causing rapid liquid buildup below the critical point. Dry gas reservoirs have temperatures above cricondentherm, so the fluids remain vapor during depletion. Wet gas reservoirs initially have vapor phase fluids, but pressure and temperature declines cause the fluids to enter the two-phase region and produce liquid.
This document contains information about experiments to be conducted in a fluid mechanics and machinery laboratory. It includes the list of 10 experiments that will be performed, which involve determining coefficients of discharge for orifice meters, venturi meters and rotameters, as well as conducting tests on centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, turbines, and more. Instructions are provided for students on laboratory safety and procedures. Details of the required equipment are also listed.
This document outlines the syllabus for the CC303 Hydraulics 1 course offered at a Malaysian polytechnic. The 15-week course introduces students to fluid behavior and applications in civil engineering. Students will study fluid characteristics, pressure, Bernoulli's theorem, energy losses, pipe flow, and open channel flow. They will also conduct hands-on laboratory experiments. The course aims to help students apply fluid mechanics principles to solve problems and demonstrate teamwork skills through collaborative lab work. Assessment includes tests, quizzes, practical skills evaluations, and a final exam.
This presentation summarizes the rotameter, a variable area flow meter used to measure fluid flow. It discusses the history and invention of the rotameter, its working principle, construction including a tapered glass tube and float, measurement process using a calibrated scale, derivation of its formula, advantages like low cost and linear scale, and common uses for low-cost flow measurement where high accuracy is not required. The presentation concludes with a note about flexibility being important when working with fluid mechanics concepts.
This document describes an experiment on static and dynamic pressure conducted by a group of students. The aim was to measure dynamic pressure. The introduction defines static and dynamic pressure in fluids. The theory section explains that dynamic pressure depends on fluid density and velocity, and can be calculated using principles from Bernoulli's equation. The procedures describe preparing the experiment, taking measurements of static and total pressure using a manometer, and calculating velocity from the pressure readings. Tools used include a manometer and Prandtl's tube. The discussion analyzes graphs of pressure and velocity and explores sources of error.
Flow measurement devices are important for applications like drinking water, agriculture, industry, construction, and laboratories. They are classified based on measuring quantity (volume) or rate of flow. Quantity meters directly measure volume, while rate of flow meters measure the quantity of flow per unit time. Common rate of flow meters include orifice plates, venturi tubes, and pitot tubes, which use Bernoulli's principle to relate differential pressure to flow rate. Orifice plates create a pressure difference by restricting flow through a circular opening. Venturi tubes narrow the flow passage to increase velocity and decrease pressure. Pitot tubes measure the difference between static and impact pressures to determine flow velocity.
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
Energy losses in Bends, loss coefficient related to velocity head.Pelton Whee...Salman Jailani
In this slide you learn the how to make the lablayout and the study the Energy losses, Pelton Wheel. Kaplan TURBINE, Franices TURBine And its Efficiency of Mecahanical Power Plants..
00923006902338
This laboratory manual provides instructions for 13 fluid mechanics experiments. The experiments are aimed at determining various fluid flow coefficients and verifying fluid dynamics principles. Some key experiments include determining the coefficient of discharge for an orifice meter and notch, verifying Bernoulli's theorem, and measuring major losses like friction factor in pipes. Proper procedures and formulas are provided for each experiment along with expected observations and precautions.
This document describes different flow measurement devices including the venturi meter, orifice plate, and rotameter. It provides details on how each device works based on pressure differences caused by a flow restriction. The objectives are to study and compare the characteristics of venturi meters and orifice plates, calculate flow rates using measured pressure drops, and understand how rotameters operate based on the position of a float. An apparatus is described that can be used to collect pressure and flow rate data from each device to analyze flow measurement principles.
This document discusses energy losses that occur in pipe fittings. It introduces the two types of energy losses that occur: major losses due to friction along pipe walls, and minor losses due to fittings, changes in flow direction, and changes in flow area. The document then discusses how to calculate minor head losses using a head loss coefficient K and describes the importance of accurately determining K values for all fittings. It outlines the objectives, equipment, procedure, calculations, and conclusions of an experiment to determine K values for various pipe fittings.
The document summarizes modifications made to a two-stage centrifugal compressor to convert it into a single-stage compressor suitable for laboratory testing. Key modifications included replacing the refrigerant fluid with air, installing an external drive motor instead of the internal hermetic motor, and adding static pressure taps to the vaneless diffuser and volute casing. Experimental results showed the compressor was operating off-design, with the vaneless diffuser and volute being too large for the mass flow rates tested. Pressure maps revealed distortion in the diffuser and volute due to the tongue region, reducing stage performance.
The document describes an experiment to determine energy losses in pipe fittings through experimental methods. Water was pumped through a test system with various fittings, including valves, elbows, reductions, and expansions. Pressure differences were measured across each fitting at different flow rates. The data collected was then used to calculate experimental coefficients of loss (Kexp) and equivalent lengths (Leq) for each fitting, which were compared to theoretical values. The results provide information on pressure losses caused by common pipe fittings.
This document discusses refrigeration equipment and its applications in air conditioning systems. It covers common components like compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion devices. It then discusses applications for food preservation, cold storage, freezers and ice plants. The document focuses on analyzing air flow through ducts. It explains that Bernoulli's equation can be used to analyze steady, incompressible flow. It also covers topics like fan total pressure, methods to estimate pressure losses in ducts due to friction and changes in flow direction, and common duct design methods like the velocity method and equal friction method. An example compares applying these two duct design methods to a sample system layout.
This document discusses pneumatic components and systems. It describes properties of air and compressors used to generate compressed air. It discusses the function of fluid, regulator, and lubricator (FRL) units and common pneumatic components like air control valves, quick exhaust valves, cylinders, and air motors. Applications of pneumatic systems are also listed, such as material handling, drilling, punching, and assembly operations.
Properties of air – Perfect Gas Laws – Compressor – Filters, Regulator, Lubricator, Muffler, Air
control Valves, Quick Exhaust Valves, Pneumatic actuators, Design of Pneumatic circuit – Cascade method – Electro Pneumatic System – Elements – Ladder diagram – Problems,
Introduction to fluidics and pneumatic logic
This document discusses pneumatic components and systems. It describes properties of air and compressors used to generate compressed air. It discusses the function of fluid, regulator, and lubricator (FRL) units and common pneumatic components like air control valves, quick exhaust valves, cylinders, and air motors. Applications of pneumatic systems are also listed, such as material handling, drilling, punching, and assembly operations.
This document appears to be a lab manual for experiments in fluid mechanics. It includes objectives, outcomes, a list of 10 experiments, and details on several experiments including calibration of pressure gauges, determining friction factor in pipes, calibration of a venturi meter, and verifying Bernoulli's theorem. The experiments are mapped to course outcomes and involve determining coefficients, losses, flow rates, and verifying principles of fluid mechanics. Precautions, observations tables, and evaluation criteria are provided for selected experiments.
This document provides information on laboratory experiments related to fluid mechanics. It includes procedures for determining coefficients of discharge for Venturi meters and orifice meters, calculating head losses due to pipe friction, and verifying Bernoulli's theorem. The document lists 10 experiments that can be performed using test rigs for closed circuit Venturi meters and orifice meters, as well as an apparatus for measuring friction losses in pipes of different diameters under varying flow conditions. Detailed procedures are provided for selected experiments on determining discharge coefficients and calculating friction factors.
CNG Technical & Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas pipeline.pptxRishabh Sirvaiya
Technical Presentation of Dispenser, Compressor, Cascade, Cylinder manufacturing & Mass flow meter.
Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas pipeline of CGD Network
This document summarizes three case studies that demonstrate how simulation of reciprocating compressor valve dynamics can help optimize valve design and troubleshoot problems. Case 1 shows that reducing valve lift can increase compressor capacity while decreasing impact velocities and improving valve life. Case 2 illustrates that inadequate valve flow area leads to late valve closure and failure, and increasing flow area is needed. Case 3 demonstrates that considering cylinder flow area in simulations, in addition to valve design, is important, as insufficient cylinder area was constricting gas flow and wasting horsepower. Overall, valve simulation allows comprehensive evaluation of designs and selection of solutions that perform well over all operating conditions.
This document discusses various methods of pressure measurement including manometers, elastic element devices like the Bourdon tube and bellows, and secondary transducers that convert mechanical displacement to electrical signals. It describes common pressure measuring instruments, how they work, their applications and limitations. Examples of elastic element devices are given along with problems demonstrating calculations using different types of manometers.
This document provides information on various types of pumps and piping systems. It describes the main types of pumps as centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating, and deep well pumps. It also discusses the classification and basic operating principles of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Additionally, it covers topics such as pipe sizes, fittings, valves, head losses, cavitation, affinity laws, and equations for calculating pump parameters.
Hydrostatic pressure testing of PE pipelines (handbook) as per EN805Vladimir Popovic
1. Pipelines must be pressure tested with all venting facilities closed and intermediate valves open. Pipelines must be slowly depressurized with all venting facilities open when emptying.
2. Before pressure testing, pipes must be covered with backfill to prevent movement, though joints and connections may be left unbackfilled for inspection. Temporary supports at pipe ends must not be removed until depressurization.
3. The allowable water loss is calculated using a formula that considers the pipeline volume, measured pressure loss, material properties, and includes an allowance factor for air content. The test section passes if the measured water loss does not exceed the calculated allowable amount.
T3b - MASTER - Pump flow system - operating point 2023.pptxKeith Vaugh
This document provides information about analyzing a centrifugal pump system, including:
1) The system includes a pump that transfers water from a sump through pipes to a tank, with the goal of developing expressions for pressure at the pump and head required.
2) Governing equations are presented for steady, incompressible flow including the energy equation and equations for head loss.
3) Steps are shown to develop the expressions for total pressure at the pump eye and required head at the pump based on the system dimensions and flow properties.
4) Additional information is provided on cavitation and losses that should be considered in the analysis.
This document describes an experiment conducted to demonstrate and measure fluid flow rates using different flow meter types. The experiment utilized a hydraulic bench unit with various components like a volumetric measuring tank and submersible pump. Three common flow meters - a rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate - were used to measure the flow rate of water. The procedure involved taking readings from the flow meters and hydraulic bench at different flow rates. These readings were then used to calculate the actual flow rates and discharge coefficients for each meter. Graphs were made to analyze the relationships between actual and indicated flow rates and how the venture meter's discharge coefficient changed with actual flow rate.
1. The experiment aimed to dilute a drilling mud from 8.65 ppg to 8.45 ppg by adding 666.66 cc of water incrementally and measuring the mud weight each time.
2. Errors in the experiment likely contributed to the measured mud density being 8.45 ppg instead of the target 8.5 ppg, including impurities in the water, inaccurate measurements, and bentonite losses during mixing and weighing.
3. Proper dilution of drilling mud is important to avoid issues like lost circulation, formation damage, decreased rate of penetration, and poor hole cleaning during drilling operations.
The document describes a mud weighting experiment where barite was added to bentonite mud to increase its density. Barite is commonly used to weight muds because it is inexpensive, readily available, and chemically inert, allowing mud weights to reach 20 ppg. The experiment involved preparing bentonite mud, measuring its initial density, then adding 117.6g of barite and measuring the final density. Some potential sources of error included barite powder being lost or sticking to surfaces during mixing and imprecise electronic balance measurements.
This document provides safety information and guidelines for Illinois Tool Works Inc. (ITW) 5980 Series Dual Column Floor Frames. It contains three main points:
1) It lists general safety precautions that users must follow when operating materials testing systems, which can be potentially hazardous due to high forces, rapid motions, and stored energy.
2) It provides several warnings about specific hazards like crush hazards and flying debris that could result in injury. It advises pressing the emergency stop button if an unsafe condition exists.
3) It gives additional warnings regarding hazards from extreme temperatures, unexpected motion when transferring between manual and computer control, rotating machinery, and pressurized hydraulic systems. Users are advised to disconnect
The document describes experiments conducted to measure surface tension using a tapered vessel, capillary tubes, and surface tension balance. It provides background on surface tension and adhesive forces. The students measure the surface tension of liquids and discuss potential sources of error between measured and theoretical surface tension values, such as temperature fluctuations and human error in reading instruments.
1. The document describes an experiment to calibrate an electronic pressure sensor by measuring hydrostatic pressure in a communicating tube system and with the sensor.
2. The experiment involves filling communicating tubes with water to equal levels, then using an equation to calculate actual pressure (Pact) based on height and measuring indicated pressure (Psen) with the sensor.
3. A graph shows the calibrating curve for the pressure sensor, with Pact along the x-axis and Psen along the y-axis forming a linear relationship, demonstrating the sensor was accurately calibrated.
The document describes an experiment to calibrate a Bourdon pressure gauge using a dead-weight pressure gauge calibration system. The system applies pressure via weighted pistons which act on hydraulic oil, allowing a test gauge to be calibrated by comparing its readings to known pressure levels. Procedures are outlined for checking the zero point and then taking readings at incremental pressure levels by adding weights to the system. Sources of potential error are discussed. Calibration curves are examined to verify the accuracy of the test gauge by comparing actual pressure values to measured readings.
This document describes an experiment on tensile testing of materials. It discusses preparing dog-bone shaped samples according to ASTM D638 standards. Tensile testing is done using a Shimadzu tensile testing machine to measure properties like stress and strain. Careful sample preparation and dimensions matching standards are needed to obtain accurate property values from the experiment. The conclusions emphasize getting the right sample dimension values according to standards to determine material properties correctly.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
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This document provides conversion factors and formulas for converting between common units used in petroleum technology. It includes tables for converting between units of volume, mass, density, temperature, pressure, energy, and prefixes. Key tables provide conversion factors for oil volume and mass units (e.g. barrels to tonnes), density units (e.g. specific gravity to API gravity), temperature units (e.g. Celsius to Fahrenheit), and pressure units (e.g. bars to atmospheres). A glossary at the end defines important technical terms used in the petroleum industry.
This experiment measured the viscosity of drilling mud using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The mud sample had a viscosity of 27.45 seconds as measured by the funnel. Factors like temperature, mud composition, and equipment accuracy can impact viscosity measurements. Maintaining the proper viscosity is important for suspending cuttings and limiting friction pressure during drilling operations.
This document provides instructions for using a trimming core plug machine to cut rock core samples to a desired size. The machine uses two radial saws that can cut both ends of a core plug simultaneously with cooling water. Safety precautions when using the machine include not touching the cutting wheels and only operating it when the hood is closed. The experiment involves clamping the core sample, starting the water pump, trimming the sample with the saw, unclamping the sample, and measuring its diameter and length. Basic maintenance is to keep the machine clean and change the fluid as needed.
The document discusses the center of pressure and its importance in engineering. It addresses:
1) The relationship between (hp-h(dash)) and (h) and how they relate at different angles Θ.
2) Why the center of pressure is important for engineers, as it allows them to evenly balance lift on aircraft.
3) The difference between the center of pressure and center of gravity - the center of pressure is the point where lifting and drag forces act on a fluid, while the center of gravity is one of the forces that must be considered.
The document discusses various concepts related to fluid dynamics including static pressure, dynamic pressure, and dynamic head. It defines static pressure as the pressure of non-moving fluid, while dynamic pressure is the pressure of moving fluid and equals the difference between total pressure and static pressure. Dynamic pressure is also defined as the kinetic energy within a unit volume of moving fluid particles. An equation for calculating dynamic wind pressure based on wind speed is provided. The document also notes that static and dynamic head are equal when the two surfaces of a liquid are at the same level, meaning they have the same head.
Presentation slide on DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOBILE CONTROLLED DRAINAGE.pptxEr. Kushal Ghimire
To address increased waste dumping in drains, a low-cost drainage cleaning robot controlled via a mobile app is designed to reduce human intervention and improve automation. Connected via Bluetooth, the robot’s chain circulates, moving a mesh with a lifter to carry solid waste to a bin. This project aims to clear clogs, ensure free water flow, and transform society into a cleaner, healthier environment, reducing disease spread from direct sewage contact. It’s especially effective during heavy rains with high water and garbage flow.
Hate speech detection using machine learningrakeshrocking3
Hate speech detection involves the application of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques to identify and categorize text that contains harmful, offensive, or discriminatory language targeted towards individuals or groups based on attributes like race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. The goal is to automate the process of identifying such content to prevent its spread and mitigate its negative impact.
Distillation basic knowledge is given in this PPT for the vapour liquid equilibrium in which we can understand the basic knowledge for the separation of the two miscible liquid which is being separation by the vapour temperature is it separated by the more related to this again the structure of structure
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Administration 9.0 RH124 pdf
Minor losses valve
1. Erbil Polytechnic University
Koya Technical Institute
Petroleum Technology
Operation and Control
Report
Fluid Mechanic Lab.
Test no: (10)
Test name:
(Minor Losses)
Supervised by:
Karwan A. Ali
Date of Test: 12/04/2018
Date of Submit: 3/05/2018
Prepared by: Muhammed Fuad Rashid
2. Title Page No.
Introduction 3
Aim of the experiment 3
Unit description 3-6
Calculation 7-16
Discussion 16-17
Table of Calculation 18
3. -Introduction:
Pipe system which include valves, valves (Bends),
enlargements, contractions, inlets, outlets, and other fittings
that cause additional losses, each of these devices causes a
change in the magnitude or the direction of the velocity
vectors and hence results 1n a loss. A minor loss is
expressed in terms of a loss coefficient (K), defined by:
𝑉2
2𝑔
=eH
In this experiment we will calculate the minor losses due
special pipe component such as pipe bends or valves, pipe
branches, changes in cross-section, valves, and flaps
-Aim of experiment:
Calculating the loss coefficient (K) for pipe bends or
valves, pipe branches, changes in cross-section, valves, and
flaps.
-Unit description:
The unit as shown in the figure consists of a square tubular
steel frame with a Powder-‘coated back wall, on which a,
pipe system is mounted with sections which can be.
Individually shut off. The back wall also features two level-
tube pressure gauges attached using star-type nuts. The
4. gauges can be fitted in two positions on the back Wall.
Various Measurement objects can be accommodated in an
adjustable Measurement system“
Water is supplied either-by way of the HM 150
Hydraulics Bench or via the laboratory mains. The HM
150 permits construction of closed water Circuit.
-gauge:PressureDouble
-The double pressure gauge is suitable for measuring both
differential pressures and gauge pressures in mm w.g.;
these can then be converted into absolute pressures with
allowance for the atmospheric pressure. -The measuring
range is O-1000mm w.g.
-The gauge consists of two glass level tubes backed by a
metal mm scale. -The two level tubes are interconnected at
the top and have a joint vent valve. -Differential pressure is
measured with the vent valve closed and gauge pressure
with the valve open.
-The measurement points are connected to the lower end of
the Level tubes using rapid-action hose couplings with
automatic shut-off.
-A drain valve 13 provided at the bottom of each level tube.
-of experiment:Performance
*The following instructions for experimentation and the
performance of the experiments A, B are based on the HM
5. 150 Hydraulics Bench. Position test set-up on the HM 150
Hydraulics Bench with drainage via volumetric tank.
* Loosen star-type nuts for pressure gauge attachment on
back of unit and move gauges down a hole. Then retighten
nuts
* Make hose connection between HM 150 and unit.
*Open drain of HM 150.
* Switch on pump and slowly open main coke of HM 150.
* Connect pressure gauges to desired measurement points.
* Slowly Open ball cock of appropriate measurement
system and vent pressure gauges; see Section of double
pressure gauge.
* By simultaneously adjusting vent and drain valve on
pressure gauge, set water level such that both water
columns are in the measuring range.
*Determine volumetric flow. To do so, establish time t
required to raise the level in the volumetric tank of the HM
150 from 10 to 20 or 30 litters. The drain cock beneath the
tank is to be closed for this purpose.
-experiment:ValvePipe
For pipe valvs, the loss coefficient (K) depends on the
angle of deviation of the flow and the ratio of the valve
radius to the pipe diameter. In addition, the coefficient of
resistance is influenced by the shape of the valve. For this
special case of a pipe valve with 90° deviation, the
6. following diagram is applicable for smooth and rough
pipes.
For pipe angles, i. e Valve radii less than the pipe diameter
(R/d<1) the losses coefficients for knee pieces are
approximately applicable. For example, for a 90° knee
piece / kink, with a smooth pipe, the K is 1.13 and for
rough pipes the K 18 1. 68, while for a 45 piece
= 0.36.rough=.0.24 and KsmoothK
-ng:Table of readi
Time
second
Volume
liter
Qrotameter
Valve
Regulation
Valve
Ball
Valve
Gate
Vale
No.
28.41090080631011
22.561012001771031922
18.831014002922222703
16. K=2.002
𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
169.1292
2∗981
2.002=eh
29.187=eh
Table of Calculation:
V
(cm/s)
Pipe elbow
No.
Diaphragm ValveBall ValveGate Valve
he
(cm)
K
Δh
(cm)
he
(cm)
K
Δh
(cm)
he
(cm)
K
Δh
(cm)
112.777.9981.23486.2990.97196.310.0981.55810.11
141.1617.6991.742817.710.2981.01410.319.1941.89019.22
169.1229.1872.00229.222.1891.52222.226.9861.851273
-Discussion:
* Which valve has minimum loss coefficient and why?
A/ Ball Valve
./2g2
* Draw the relating between Ah & velocity head V