Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Mixed methods research. newpptx

•
•
M
muhammad abu bakr

This document provides an overview of mixed methods research. It defines mixed methods research as combining quantitative and qualitative research techniques in a single study. The document discusses the purposes of mixed methods research, compares qualitative and quantitative research, and examines the philosophical basis of pragmatism in mixed methods. It also outlines various mixed methods research designs, procedures for planning a mixed methods study, and strengths and weaknesses of the approach.

1 of 28
Mixed methods research. newpptx
 Introduction  The purposes of this article  Three types of research designs  Comparison of Qualitative & Quantitative research  Pragmatism – Philosophy behind MMR  Reasons for “mixing”  How methods can be mixed  Planning mixed methods procedures  Strengths of Mixed Research  Weaknesses of Mixed Research  Toward a ParsimoniousTypology of Mixed Research Methods  A Mixed Methods Research Process Model 2
 Mixed methods research is formally defined here as: The class of research where the researcher mixes or combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques, methods, approaches, concepts or language into a single study.
 It is the "third wave“ or third research movement, a movement that moves past the ‘paradigm wars’ by offering a logical and practical alternative.  Philosophically, mixed research makes use of the pragmatic method and system of philosophy.  Its logic of inquiry includes the use of induction (or discovery of patterns),deduction (testing of theories and hypotheses),and abduction (uncovering and relying on the best of a set of explanations for understanding one's results).
 Mixed methods research also is an attempt to legitimate the use of multiple approaches in answering research questions, rather than restricting or constraining researchers‘ choices  It is an expansive and creative form of research, not a limiting form of research.  It is inclusive, pluralistic, and complementary, and it suggests that researchers take an eclectic approach to method selection and the thinking about and conduct of research.
The purposes of this article are  to position mixed methods research (mixed research is a synonym)as the natural complement to traditional qualitative and quantitative research  to present pragmatism as offering an attractive philosophical partner for mixed methods research, and  to provide a framework for designing and conducting mixed methods research.
 Qualitative research – exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.  Quantitative research – testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables.  Mixed methods research – an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. 7
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Purpose To understand & interpret social interactions. To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect, & make predictions. Group Studied Smaller & not randomly selected. Larger & randomly selected. Variables Study of the whole, not variables. Specific variables studied Type of Data Collected Words, images, or objects. Numbers and statistics. Form of Data Collected Qualitative data such as open- ended responses, interviews, participant observations, field notes, & reflections. Quantitative data based on precise measurements using structured & validated data- collection instruments. 8
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Type of Data Analysis Identify patterns, features, themes. Identify statistical relationships. Objectivity and Subjectivity Subjectivity is expected. Objectivity is critical. Role of Researcher Researcher & their biases may be known to participants in the study, & participant characteristics may be known to the researcher. Researcher & their biases are not known to participants in the study, & participant characteristics are deliberately hidden from the researcher (double blind studies). Results Particular or specialized findings that is less generalizable. Generalizable findings that can be applied to other populations. Scientific Method Exploratory or bottom–up: the researcher generates a new hypothesis and theory from the data collected. Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher tests the hypothesis and theory with the data. 9
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research View of Human Behavior Dynamic, situational, social, & personal. Regular & predictable. Most Common Research Objectives Explore, discover, & construct. Describe, explain, & predict. Focus Wide-angle lens; examines the breadth & depth of phenomena. Narrow-angle lens; tests a specific hypotheses. Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural environment. Study behavior under controlled conditions; isolate causal effects. Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective. Single reality; objective. Final Report Narrative report with contextual description & direct quotations from research participants. Statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, & statistical significance of findings. 10
 Arises out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than antecedent conditions.  There is a concern with applications—what works— and solutions to problems.  Instead of focusing on methods, researchers emphasize the research problem and use all approaches available to understand the problem. 11
12  The insufficient argument – either quantitative or qualitative may be insufficient by itself.  Multiple angles argument – quantitative and qualitative approaches provide different “pictures”  The more-evidence-the-better argument – combined quantitative and qualitative provides more evidence  Community of practice argument – mixed methods may be the preferred approach within a scholarly community  Eager-to-learn argument – it is the latest methodology  “Its intuitive” argument – it mirrors “real life”
Types of mixing Comments Two types of research question. One fitting a quantitative approach and the other qualitative. The manner in which the research questions are developed. Preplanned (quantitative) versus participatory/emergent (qualitative). Two types of sampling procedure. Probability versus purposive. Two types of data collection procedures. Surveys (quant) versus focus groups (qual). Two types of data analysis. Numerical versus textual (or visual). Two types of data analysis. Statistical versus thematic. Two types of conclusions. Objective versus subjective interpretations. 13
Timing Weighting Mixing Theorizing No Sequence Concurrent Equal Integrating Explicit Sequential - Qualitative first Qualitative Connecting Implicit Sequential - Quantitative first Quantitative Embedding 14
 Words, pictures, and narrative can be used to add meaning to numbers.  Numbers can be used to add precision to words, pictures, and narrative.  Researcher can generate and test a grounded theory.  Can answer a broader and more complete range of research questions  A researcher can use the strengths of an additional method to overcome the weaknesses in another method by using both in a research study.  Can provide stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence and corroboration of findings.  Can add insights and understanding that might be missed when only a single method is used.  Can be used to increase the generalizability of the results.  Qualitative and quantitative research used together produce more complete knowledge necessary to inform theory and practice.
 Can be difficult for a single researcher to carry out both qualitative and quantitative research, especially if two or more approaches are expected to be used concurrently; it may require a research team.  Researcher has to learn about multiple methods and approaches and understand how to mix them appropriately.  Methodological purists contend that one should always work within either a qualitative or a quantitative paradigm.  More expensive & More time consuming.  Some of the details of mixed research remain to be worked out fully by research methodologists (e.g., problems of paradigm mixing, how to qualitatively analyze quantitative data,how to interpret conflicting results).
The majority of mixed methods research designs can be developed from the two major types of mixed methods research:  Mixed-model (mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches within or across the stages of the research process).  Mixed method (the inclusion of a quantitative phase and a qualitative phase in an overall research study). Six mixed-model designs are shown in Figure 1 (see Designs 2 through 7).
Mixed methods research. newpptx
 These six designs are called across-stage mixed- model designs because the mixing takes place across the stages of the research process.  Within-stage mixed-model design would be the use of a questionnaire that includes a summated rating scale (quantitative data collection) and one or more open-ended questions (qualitative data collection).
To construct a mixed-method design, the researcher must make two primary decisions:  (a) whether one wants to operate largely within one dominant paradigm or not.  (b) whether one wants to conduct the phases concurrently or sequentially. In contrast to mixed-model designs, mixed-method designs are similar to conducting a quantitative mini-study and a qualitative mini-study in one overall research study.
Mixed methods research process model comprises eight distinct steps: (1) determine the research question; (2) determine whether a mixed design is appropriate; (3) select the mixed method or mixed-model research design; (4) collect the data; (5) analyze the data; (6) interpret the data; (7) legitimate the data; (8) draw conclusions (if warranted)and write the final report. Mixed research starts with a purpose and one or more research questions, the rest of the steps can vary in order (i.e., they are not necessarily linear or unidirectional), and even the question and/or purpose can be revised when needed.
Mixed methods research. newpptx
There are five major purposes or rationales for conducting mixed methods research. (a)Triangulation (i.e., seeking convergence and corroboration of results from different methods and designs studying the same phenomenon); (b) Complementarity (i.e., seeking elaboration, enhancement, illustration, and clarification of the results from one method with results from the other method); (c) Initiation(i.e., discovering contradictions that lead to re-framing of the research question); (d) Development (i.e., using the findings from one method to help inform the other method); (e) Expansion(i.e., seeking to expand the breadth and range of research by using different methods for different inquiry components)
a) Data reduction involves reducing the dimensionality of the qualitative data (e.g., via exploratory thematic analysis, memoing) and quantitative data (e.g., via descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis). b) Data display, involves describing pictorially the qualitative data (e.g., matrices, charts, graphs, networks, lists, rubrics, andVenn diagrams) and quantitative data (e.g., tables, graphs). c) Data transformation stage, wherein quantitative data are converted into narrative data that can be analyzed qualitatively i.e., qualitized; and/or qualitative data are converted into numerical codes that can be represented statistically (i.e.,quantitized;
D: Data correlation involves the quantitative data being correlated with the qualitized data or the qualitative data being correlated with the quantitized data. E: Data consolidation, wherein both quantitative and qualitative data are combined to create new or consolidated variables or datasets. F: Data comparison involves comparing data from the qualitative and quantitative data sources. G: Data integration characterizes the final stage, whereby both quantitative and qualitative data are integrated into either a coherent whole or two separate sets (i.e., qualitative and quantitative) of coherent wholes.
 Mixed research involves a cyclical, recursive, and interactional process.  Recursion can take place within a single study (especially an extended study);  Recursion can also take place across related studies by informing future research and leading to new or reformulated research purposes and questions.  Three steps in the mixed methods research process warrant some further discussion, especially purpose (Step 2), data analysis (Step 5), and legitimation (Step 7).
Mixed methods research. newpptx
28

More Related Content

Mixed methods research. newpptx

  • 2.  Introduction  The purposes of this article  Three types of research designs  Comparison of Qualitative & Quantitative research  Pragmatism – Philosophy behind MMR  Reasons for “mixing”  How methods can be mixed  Planning mixed methods procedures  Strengths of Mixed Research  Weaknesses of Mixed Research  Toward a ParsimoniousTypology of Mixed Research Methods  A Mixed Methods Research Process Model 2
  • 3.  Mixed methods research is formally defined here as: The class of research where the researcher mixes or combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques, methods, approaches, concepts or language into a single study.
  • 4.  It is the "third wave“ or third research movement, a movement that moves past the ‘paradigm wars’ by offering a logical and practical alternative.  Philosophically, mixed research makes use of the pragmatic method and system of philosophy.  Its logic of inquiry includes the use of induction (or discovery of patterns),deduction (testing of theories and hypotheses),and abduction (uncovering and relying on the best of a set of explanations for understanding one's results).
  • 5.  Mixed methods research also is an attempt to legitimate the use of multiple approaches in answering research questions, rather than restricting or constraining researchers‘ choices  It is an expansive and creative form of research, not a limiting form of research.  It is inclusive, pluralistic, and complementary, and it suggests that researchers take an eclectic approach to method selection and the thinking about and conduct of research.
  • 6. The purposes of this article are  to position mixed methods research (mixed research is a synonym)as the natural complement to traditional qualitative and quantitative research  to present pragmatism as offering an attractive philosophical partner for mixed methods research, and  to provide a framework for designing and conducting mixed methods research.
  • 7.  Qualitative research – exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.  Quantitative research – testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables.  Mixed methods research – an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. 7
  • 8. Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Purpose To understand & interpret social interactions. To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect, & make predictions. Group Studied Smaller & not randomly selected. Larger & randomly selected. Variables Study of the whole, not variables. Specific variables studied Type of Data Collected Words, images, or objects. Numbers and statistics. Form of Data Collected Qualitative data such as open- ended responses, interviews, participant observations, field notes, & reflections. Quantitative data based on precise measurements using structured & validated data- collection instruments. 8
  • 9. Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Type of Data Analysis Identify patterns, features, themes. Identify statistical relationships. Objectivity and Subjectivity Subjectivity is expected. Objectivity is critical. Role of Researcher Researcher & their biases may be known to participants in the study, & participant characteristics may be known to the researcher. Researcher & their biases are not known to participants in the study, & participant characteristics are deliberately hidden from the researcher (double blind studies). Results Particular or specialized findings that is less generalizable. Generalizable findings that can be applied to other populations. Scientific Method Exploratory or bottom–up: the researcher generates a new hypothesis and theory from the data collected. Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher tests the hypothesis and theory with the data. 9
  • 10. Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research View of Human Behavior Dynamic, situational, social, & personal. Regular & predictable. Most Common Research Objectives Explore, discover, & construct. Describe, explain, & predict. Focus Wide-angle lens; examines the breadth & depth of phenomena. Narrow-angle lens; tests a specific hypotheses. Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural environment. Study behavior under controlled conditions; isolate causal effects. Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective. Single reality; objective. Final Report Narrative report with contextual description & direct quotations from research participants. Statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, & statistical significance of findings. 10
  • 11.  Arises out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than antecedent conditions.  There is a concern with applications—what works— and solutions to problems.  Instead of focusing on methods, researchers emphasize the research problem and use all approaches available to understand the problem. 11
  • 12. 12  The insufficient argument – either quantitative or qualitative may be insufficient by itself.  Multiple angles argument – quantitative and qualitative approaches provide different “pictures”  The more-evidence-the-better argument – combined quantitative and qualitative provides more evidence  Community of practice argument – mixed methods may be the preferred approach within a scholarly community  Eager-to-learn argument – it is the latest methodology  “Its intuitive” argument – it mirrors “real life”
  • 13. Types of mixing Comments Two types of research question. One fitting a quantitative approach and the other qualitative. The manner in which the research questions are developed. Preplanned (quantitative) versus participatory/emergent (qualitative). Two types of sampling procedure. Probability versus purposive. Two types of data collection procedures. Surveys (quant) versus focus groups (qual). Two types of data analysis. Numerical versus textual (or visual). Two types of data analysis. Statistical versus thematic. Two types of conclusions. Objective versus subjective interpretations. 13
  • 14. Timing Weighting Mixing Theorizing No Sequence Concurrent Equal Integrating Explicit Sequential - Qualitative first Qualitative Connecting Implicit Sequential - Quantitative first Quantitative Embedding 14
  • 15.  Words, pictures, and narrative can be used to add meaning to numbers.  Numbers can be used to add precision to words, pictures, and narrative.  Researcher can generate and test a grounded theory.  Can answer a broader and more complete range of research questions  A researcher can use the strengths of an additional method to overcome the weaknesses in another method by using both in a research study.  Can provide stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence and corroboration of findings.  Can add insights and understanding that might be missed when only a single method is used.  Can be used to increase the generalizability of the results.  Qualitative and quantitative research used together produce more complete knowledge necessary to inform theory and practice.
  • 16.  Can be difficult for a single researcher to carry out both qualitative and quantitative research, especially if two or more approaches are expected to be used concurrently; it may require a research team.  Researcher has to learn about multiple methods and approaches and understand how to mix them appropriately.  Methodological purists contend that one should always work within either a qualitative or a quantitative paradigm.  More expensive & More time consuming.  Some of the details of mixed research remain to be worked out fully by research methodologists (e.g., problems of paradigm mixing, how to qualitatively analyze quantitative data,how to interpret conflicting results).
  • 17. The majority of mixed methods research designs can be developed from the two major types of mixed methods research:  Mixed-model (mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches within or across the stages of the research process).  Mixed method (the inclusion of a quantitative phase and a qualitative phase in an overall research study). Six mixed-model designs are shown in Figure 1 (see Designs 2 through 7).
  • 19.  These six designs are called across-stage mixed- model designs because the mixing takes place across the stages of the research process.  Within-stage mixed-model design would be the use of a questionnaire that includes a summated rating scale (quantitative data collection) and one or more open-ended questions (qualitative data collection).
  • 20. To construct a mixed-method design, the researcher must make two primary decisions:  (a) whether one wants to operate largely within one dominant paradigm or not.  (b) whether one wants to conduct the phases concurrently or sequentially. In contrast to mixed-model designs, mixed-method designs are similar to conducting a quantitative mini-study and a qualitative mini-study in one overall research study.
  • 21. Mixed methods research process model comprises eight distinct steps: (1) determine the research question; (2) determine whether a mixed design is appropriate; (3) select the mixed method or mixed-model research design; (4) collect the data; (5) analyze the data; (6) interpret the data; (7) legitimate the data; (8) draw conclusions (if warranted)and write the final report. Mixed research starts with a purpose and one or more research questions, the rest of the steps can vary in order (i.e., they are not necessarily linear or unidirectional), and even the question and/or purpose can be revised when needed.
  • 23. There are five major purposes or rationales for conducting mixed methods research. (a)Triangulation (i.e., seeking convergence and corroboration of results from different methods and designs studying the same phenomenon); (b) Complementarity (i.e., seeking elaboration, enhancement, illustration, and clarification of the results from one method with results from the other method); (c) Initiation(i.e., discovering contradictions that lead to re-framing of the research question); (d) Development (i.e., using the findings from one method to help inform the other method); (e) Expansion(i.e., seeking to expand the breadth and range of research by using different methods for different inquiry components)
  • 24. a) Data reduction involves reducing the dimensionality of the qualitative data (e.g., via exploratory thematic analysis, memoing) and quantitative data (e.g., via descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis). b) Data display, involves describing pictorially the qualitative data (e.g., matrices, charts, graphs, networks, lists, rubrics, andVenn diagrams) and quantitative data (e.g., tables, graphs). c) Data transformation stage, wherein quantitative data are converted into narrative data that can be analyzed qualitatively i.e., qualitized; and/or qualitative data are converted into numerical codes that can be represented statistically (i.e.,quantitized;
  • 25. D: Data correlation involves the quantitative data being correlated with the qualitized data or the qualitative data being correlated with the quantitized data. E: Data consolidation, wherein both quantitative and qualitative data are combined to create new or consolidated variables or datasets. F: Data comparison involves comparing data from the qualitative and quantitative data sources. G: Data integration characterizes the final stage, whereby both quantitative and qualitative data are integrated into either a coherent whole or two separate sets (i.e., qualitative and quantitative) of coherent wholes.
  • 26.  Mixed research involves a cyclical, recursive, and interactional process.  Recursion can take place within a single study (especially an extended study);  Recursion can also take place across related studies by informing future research and leading to new or reformulated research purposes and questions.  Three steps in the mixed methods research process warrant some further discussion, especially purpose (Step 2), data analysis (Step 5), and legitimation (Step 7).
  • 28. 28