MATI Social Networks Montreal 2009
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Presentation on Open groups networks and collectives at MATI - Universite de Montreal, HEC et Ecole Polytechnique
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MATI Social Networks Montreal 2009
- 1. Learning to Learn in Open Groups, Networks and Collectives Terry Anderson, PhD Professor and Canada Research Chair in Distance Education
- 2. Presentation Overview Compelling case for use & re-use of open content New models of connected learning New roles for our educational Institutions
- 3. Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada Fastest growing university in Canada 34,000 students, 700 courses 100% distance education Graduate and Undergraduate programs All English, but many course Athabasca credit equivalencies with TÉLUQ * Athabasca University University Master & Doctorate – Distance Education Only USA Regionally Accredited University in Canada
- 4. Values We can (and must) continuously improve the quality, effectiveness, appeal, cost and time efficiency of learning. Learner control and freedom is integral to 21st Century formal education and life-long learning. Education and lifelong learning for elites is not sufficient for planetary survival “Today’s learners want to be active participants in the learning process – not mere listeners; they have a need to control their environments, and they are used to easy access to the staggering amount of content and knowledge available at their fingertips” EduCause Horizon Report 2009
- 5. The compelling Case for Openness Imagine a world in which every single person is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That's what we're doing. – Terry Foote, Wikipedia
- 6. Open Education Resources (OERs) Vision + Affordance “At the heart of the open educational resources movement is the simple and powerful idea that; the world’s knowledge is a public good in general the World Wide Web provides an extraordinary opportunity for everyone to share, use, and reuse that knowledge.” Hewlett Foundation Smith, & Casserly. The promise of open educational resources. Change 38(5): 8–17, 2006
- 7. OER Granularity Diagrams, photos Articles (Open access publications) Games, simulations, activities Units of learning (IMS LD) Units and courses Programs Special Issue of IRRODL edited by Dave Wiley fall 2009
- 8. OER’s are Open Meaning you can: Augment Edit Customize Aggregate and Mashup Reformat Re-publish But they need to be licensed – not just put online See Scott Leslie’s 10 minute video at http://www.edtechpost.ca/gems/opened.htm
- 9. A Tale of 3 books Open Access E-Learning for the 21st Commercial publisher Century 100,000 + downloads & 934 copies sold at Commercial Pub. Individual chapters $52.00 1200 sold @ $135.00 2,000 copies in Arabic 500 hardcopies sold @ $50 Buy at Amazon!! Translation @ $8. Free at aupress.org
- 10. Reading OERs Ebooks – just around the corner?
- 11. Reading OERs Espresso Book Machine Binding: Perfect-bound books, indistinguishable from the bookstore copy. Page-Count: 40 to 830 pages. Speed: A 300-page book in less than 4 minutes. File Format: Standard PDF for text and cover. Books can be downloaded from the web, or in person from CDs, flash drives, etc. Cost $.03 /page Reading Green - “Each of the books printed and sold… will save 5.8 kilograms in carbon emissions,”. Kanter 2008
- 12. Problems with OER Little take up by conventional teachers Too little reward and recognition for authors Too few learners, by themselves, actually engage with the content Trouble breaking away from dependence on text books Undeveloped business case Too few teachers remix and repost content Too difficult to upload, tag and share Solution?? Vibrant communities of Produsers??
- 13. “… issues of copyright, collective agreements and intellectual property remain to be fully resolved before content can be as widely shared as software is.” LA TÉLÉ-UNIVERSITÉ (TÉLUQ) L’université à distance de L’université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM) A CASE STUDY IN OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES PRODUCTION AND USE IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA Stewart & Roberts, 2006
- 14. Our own Experiment: Course development based on OER’s 4 Athabasca University courses: Nursing, Communications (Writing for the Theatre) English for Business, & Educ. Tech Vastly different results Critical variable was the attitude of the developer(s) Christiansen, J., & Anderson, T. (2004) Feasibility of course development based on learning objects: Research analysis of three case studies. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Education,
- 15. What is missing? Clear pedagogical goals Culture of development, sharing and remix Network and social software Solutions Lack of Business models Reducing dependence on text books? How much does current production cost? Can we engage students to produce high quality content? Are ads more palatable than fees?
- 16. The Emerging Political Economy of Peer Production: Michael Bauwens a 'third mode of production' different from for-profit or public production by state-owned enterprises. Its product is not exchange value for a market, but but use-value for a community of users “produce use-value through the free cooperation of producers who have access to distributed capital” www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=499
- 17. Prod-Users - From production to produsage - Axel Bruns (2008) Users become active participants in the production of artifacts: Examples: Open source movement Wikipedia Citizen journalism (blogs) Immersive worlds Distributed creativity - music, video, Flickr
- 18. Produsage Principles produsage.org Community-Based –the community as a whole can contribute more than a closed team of producers. Fluid Heterarcy – produsers participate as is appropriate to their personal skills, interests, and knowledge, and may form loose sub-groups to focus on specific issues, topics, or problems Unfinished Artifacts –projects are continually under development, and therefore always unfinished; Common Property, Individual Rewards – contributors permit (non-commercial) community use, adaptation, and further development of their intellectual property, and are rewarded by the status capital they gain through this process
- 19. Open Educational Resources Produser Model Produser/Consumer Ex. WikiEducator Ex. MIT OCW Open participation Restricted participation Emergent governance Staff production Unrestricted licensing Institutional governance Mass growth potential Non commercial license Mora, M. (2008)
- 20. OERs and Web 2.0 – Disruptive Technologies Christensen (1997, 2008) innovation and the impact of disruptive technologies. A disruptive technology “transforms a market whose services are complicated and expensive into one where simplicity, convenience, accessibility and affordability characterize that industry” p. 11 Unless steered by very wise leaders organizations will “shape every innovation into a sustaining innovation - one that fits processes, values, and the economic model of the organization - because organizations cannot naturally disrupt themselves” p. 74
- 21. Short Case study: Open University UKʼs Development of Open Learn openlearn.open.ac.uk Rationale Opportunity: The risk of doing nothing when technology and globalization issues need to be addressed. A testbed for new technology and new ways of working way to work with external funders who share similar aims and ideals A chance to learn how to draw on the world as a resource. Brand Promotion A route for outreach beyond current student body Demonstration of the quality of Open University materials in new regions.
- 22. Open Learn Example 490 units http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/
- 24. Social Learn: to devise means to put ourselves out of business - before our competitors do!! “For 3000 years education has made the learner adapt to the system. SocialLearn [1] aims to reverse this and make the education system adapt to the learner.” Make the formal informal, and the informal formal. Web 2.0 tools, attitudes, learning designs http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/sociallearn/ Martin Weller
- 25. Creative Literacies driving Web 2.0: “The ability to experiment with technology in order to create and manipulate content that serves social goals rather than merely retrieving and absorbing information” p. 107 Burgess, J. (2006) Learning to Blog. Uses of Blogs Bruns &Jacobs
- 26. We are producing content - How best to harness this creativity? 65,000 videos uploaded to YouTube every day Facebook 24 million photos uploaded daily 50 million blogs, 50% written by under 19 year olds Scientific America 229(3) 2008 & FaceBook Home
- 27. OERs concluded We have opportunity, tools, demand and capacity to revolutionize the production and distribution of powerful learning content. But Education is more than content, how do we organize ourselves for effective learning?
- 29. Social Learning Taxonomy of the Many Network Group Collective Dron and Anderson, 2007 29
- 30. Social Learning Taxonomy of the Many LMS Network Group Web 2.0 Tools Collective Semantic Web Tools
- 31. Social Learning Each of us participates in Groups, Networks and Collectives. Learning is enhanced by exploiting the affordances of all three sources of social learning. Issues, memes, opportunities and learning activities arise at all three levels of granularity. Tools are designed and often work best at particular levels, but can always be appropriated Formalize the formal Informalize the formal (Martin Weller)
- 32. Choosing the right tool? OR http://www.go2web20.net 2806 logos as of Feb.16, 2009
- 33. 1. Formal Education and Groups: Classes, cohorts & collaboration Leads to increases: completion rates, achievement satisfaction as compared to individualized learning Collaborative projects forge strong links Familiar logistic challenges similar to institutional, campus-based learning Can operate ‘behind the garden wall” to allow freedom for expression and development Refuge for scholarship
- 34. Formal Learning and Groups Long history of research and study Established sets of tools Classrooms, Learning Management Systems Synchronous (video & net conferencing) Email Need to develop face to face, mediated and blended group learning skills
- 35. Groups as Communities of Practice Wengler’s ideas of Community of Practice mutual engagement – synchronous and notification tools joint enterprise – collaborative projects, “pass the course” a shared repertoire – common tools, LMS, IM and doc sharing
- 36. Distributed Web 2.0 Group Tools
- 37. Problems with Groups Restrictions in time, space, pace, & relationship - NOT OPEN Often overly confined by teacher expectation and institutional curriculum control Usually Isolated from the authentic world of practice “low tolerance of internal difference, sexist and ethicized regulation, high Relationships demand for obedience to its norms and exclusionary practices.” Cousin & Deepwell 2005 Paulsen (1993) Group think (Baron, 2005) Law of Cooperative Freedom Poor preparation for Lifelong Learning beyond the course
- 38. Challenges of using new social software tools for group tasks Control Pacing and Deadlines Support Privacy Assessment Ownership and perseverance
- 39. Groups are necessary, but not sufficient for quality learning.
- 40. 2. Formal Learning with Networks Networks create and sustain links between individuals creating flexible communication and information spaces Networks link diversity, span boundaries, enable communication among disparate individuals Each of us may belong to many networks Networks can connect self-paced and independent learners to cooperative study activities Network: An integrated system of resources and people 40
- 41. Networks Provide resources from which students’ extract and contribute information In school one should learn to build, contribute to and manage one’s networks Transparency provides application and validation of information and skills developed in formal learning Provides role models for new students Networks last beyond the course - basis for ongoing support and advise from alumni and professional communities 41
- 42. “People who live in the intersection of social worlds are at higher risk of having good ideas” Burt, 2005, p. 90
- 43. Communities of Practice Distributed Share common interest Self organizing Open No expectation of meeting or even knowing all members of the Network Little expectation of reciprocity Contribute for social capital, altruism and a sense of improving the world/practice through contribution (Brown and Duguid, 2001)
- 44. Communities of Practice Networks Distributed Share common interest Self organizing Open No expectation of meeting or even knowing all members of the Network Little expectation of reciprocity Contribute for social capital, altruism and a sense of improving the world/practice through contribution (Brown and Duguid, 2001)
- 45. Groups are Managed - Networks Emerge! Networks cannot be controlled like a group - requires new types of learning activity and leadership Meritocracy nor autocracy Need to both amplify and extinguish interactions Facilitate quality knowledge and artifact construction Stimulate emergent behaviours and adaptation 45
- 46. The New Yorker September 12, 2005
- 47. Clickstream Data Yields High-Resolution Maps of Science
- 48. Building Networks of Practice in Education Motivation – marks, rewards, self and net efficacy, net- presence Structural support Exposure and training Transparent systems Wireless access, mobile computing Cognitive skills – content + procedural, disclosure control Social connections, reciprocity Creating and sustaining a spiral of social capital building Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998)
- 49. Network Pedagogies Connectivism Learning is network formation: adding new nodes, creating new paths between people and learning resources “Learning can reside outside of ourselves (within an organization or a database), is focused on connecting specialized information sets, and the connections that enable us to learn are more important than our current state of knowing.” Siemens, G. (2007) Complexity Learning in environments in which activities and outcomes emerge in response to authentic need creates powerful learning opportunities Learning at the edge of chaos Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education See the Networked Student by Wendy Drexler 49
- 50. Social Software works to facilitate and build Networks Focus is on the individual’s spaces and the way they share and expose their space to others Reflections (blog) Tagged Resources (photos, links, tasks) Accomplishments (portfolio, artifacts) Sharing and growing interests and skills (utube Finding friends, study buddies (profiles) Scheduling, coordinating (calendars, shared workspaces) Collaborative work spaces (wikis, doc sharing) 50
- 51. Network Tool Set (example) Text Text 51 Stepanyan, Mather & Payne, 2007
- 52. Access Controls in Elgg
- 53. Brainify.com Social tagging network for students
- 54. Voicethread.com
- 55. Networks force Individual Ownership and Construction “Networks in contrast (to groups and communities) make no claims about the type and character of the links between nodes” Chris Jones, (2004) This forces network participants to more actively engage in their own network development, off loading the responsibility from teachers and empowering learners to build and manage their own networks
- 56. quot;the network contains within it antagonistic clusterings, divergent sub-topologies, rogue nodesquot; Galloway and Thacker, 2007 p. 34 “There is crack in everything, that's how the light gets in” Leonard Cohen Image from http://www.flickr.com/photos/eeblet/423397690/
- 57. Researching Educational Networks of Practice How to sustain input beyond the course ? What type of control is needed to support and grow trust and provide sufficient privacy? Control and evaluation ? Appropriate tool sets ?
- 58. 3. Collectives: Harvesting the Wisdom of Crowds 58
- 59. 3. Formal Education and Collectives “a kind of cyber-organism, formed from people linked algorithmically…it grows through the aggregation of Individual, Group and Networked activities” Dron & Anderson, 2007 Collectives used to aggregate, then filter, compare, contrast and recommend. Personal and collaborative search and filter for learning Smart retrieval from the universal library of resources – human and learning objects Allows discovery and validation of norms, values, opinion and “ways of understanding” 59
- 60. Problem with very weak ties Information, communication and interaction with those we share very weak ties is likely of most value, because they have access to resources and connections that we do not. But they are also least likely to want to expend energy sharing their data. Collective applications work best when we contribute for our individual gain, affording harvesting for collective gain Ex. Social bookmarking
- 62. Collective Examples: Determining our Effect Analysis of blog postings using semantic and matching techniques Potential uses: uncover suicidal ideation mental health of the community understand evolving communication genres measure impact of popular memes understanding and predicting early adopters See Mishne, & de Rijke (2006) Capturing Global Mood Levels using Blog Posts 62
- 64. Collective Example: Terry’s Store at Amazon Drachsler, H., Hummel, G., & Koper, R. (2009). Identifying the Goal, User model and Conditions of Recommender Systems for Formal and Informal Learning. Journal of Digital Information, 10(2)
- 65. Explicit recommender systems: Explicit 65
- 66. Collective filtering of stories and comments Customizable by individuals to set quality of comments displayed Critical mass essential but demonstrates how informed readers collectively filter for each other “6,000 or 7,000 comments on a busy day that other people write (and review) and just a dozen stories of just a paragraph or two that we actually generate,” Rob Malda, Founder Slashdot
- 67. Collective Examples for Educational Application Artifact Ranking systems: Google Search; CitULike; Tag Clouds: What do collectives find of interest? Recommendation Systems: People like me, like ….. Wikis: Contributions from the crowd Folksonomies: Bottom up and emergent classification systems Voting and auctions: Perfect market? Prediction Markets: Net based psychology and sociology
- 68. Hive mind? Borgs? Group consciousness? Collectively managing planet Earth What does it mean to be aware of each other? Collectives operate as mirrors to monitor and learn from our collective selves (Spivack, 2006) 68
- 69. Are We what we click? “If you want to understand the new connected world and how we choose to live in it, Look no further than our Internet behaviour; after all, we are what we clickquot; p 203” Tancer, (2008) Behaviours (online searches, paths etc.) viewed collectively offer powerful insights into human behaviour
- 70. Collectives, Privacy & Identity Best way to protect personal integrity is by creating a robust but realistic web presence. Your actions are being mined, best to be a miner rather than a lump of coal! Active social net users are more socially active and integrated than non users (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007) Use of Blogs reduces feelings of alienation and isolation among online learners (Dickey, 2004) When perceived interest and benefits increase, willingness to provide personal data increases (Dinev & Hart, 2006)
- 71. Learning Content Net Blogs E-portfolios Calendar Resources Assignments Course and social Grades Communities Syllabus Discussions?
- 72. Learning Content Collectives Net GROUPS Blogs E-portfolios Calendar Resources Assignments Course and social NETWORKS Grades Communities syllabus
- 73. Web Tool Affordances Content Presence Communi- Reflection Collabor- Discovery cation ation Blogs Social Tagging Twitter Web Conference Web CT
- 74. Schoolis not the primary learning context. By using all the resources of content, places, groups, networks and collectives we prepare students for a life and a love of learning.
- 75. Research Content Connections
- 76. quot;He who asks a question is a fool for five minutes; he who does not ask a question remains a fool forever.” Chinese Proverb Your comments and questions most welcomed! Terry Anderson terrya@athabascau.ca http://cde.athabascau.ca/faculty/terrya.php Blog: terrya.edubogs.org