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Motion of the earth

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Merlyn Denesia
Merlyn Denesia

The Giant Impact Theory proposes that the Moon was formed about 4.5 billion years ago from the debris of a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This collision created a disk of molten rock and debris that eventually consolidated to form the Moon. Some earlier ideas on the Moon's formation included it forming alongside Earth or being captured after forming elsewhere in the solar system.

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THE EARTH- MOON SYSTEM
Some earlier ideas on how the moon was formed: • the moon is a sister world that formed in orbit Earth as the Earth formed • the moon formed somewhere else in the solar where there was little iron, and then was captured into orbit around Earth • early Earth spun so fast that it spun off the moon, idea would produce a moon similar to Earth's
THE GIANT IMPACT THEORY • Proposed by William Hartmann and Donald Davis in 1975 • It is the idea that a catastrophic collision about 4.5 BYA between Earth and a protoplanet about half the Earth’s size created a disk of molten rock, gas, and debris consolidated to form the moon
Motion of the earth
Motion of the earth
MEASUREMENTS Kinds of Measurement Measurement Equatorial Circumference 40 075.16 km Diameter 12 756.32 km Radius 6 378.1 km Polar Circumference 40,008 km Diameter 12, 713.54 km Radius 6 356.8 km2 Area Total Surface Area 509 700 000 km2 Land 148 400 000 km2 Water 361 300 000 km2
Age of Earth Approx. 4.5 billion years old Distance from sun 149,597,870.7 km Mass 5.974 x 1027 kg Density 5.52 g/cm3 Surface gravity 9.8 m/s2 Equatorial inclination 23.50 Highest part Mt. Everest at 8 848 m above sea level Lowest part Shore of the Dead Sea at 429 m below sea level Deepest part of the ocean Part of Mariana’s Trench at 11 033 m below surface Highest recorded temperature 58 degrees Celsius at Al Aziziyah, Libya Lowest recorded temperature -89.2 degrees Celsius at Vostok Station, Antarctica on July 21, 1983
EARTH’S MOTION • Axis – an imaginary straight line running from the North to the South Pole • Rotation – spinning motion of Earth, counterclockwise at km/min or 16 556 km/hr -- Earth rotates on its own axis every 23 hrs, 56 mins, 4.09 sec
Motion of the earth
• Revolution – Earth revolves around the Sun once every 365 days, 6 hrs, 9 min, 9.54 sec in a slightly elliptical orbit oPerihelion – Earth is at its closest point in its orbit at 147 km, it moves the fastest oAphelion – Earth is at its farthest point in its orbit at 152 km, it moves the slowest • Axial Precession – The slow wobble of the Earth’s axis -- the Earth’s reaction to the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on its equatorial bulge -- It takes 26 000 years to complete one turn or wobble of the Earth’s axis
Motion of the earth
KEPLER’S THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION • Introduced by Johannes Kepler A.THE LAW OF ELLIPSES  path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus
Motion of the earth
B. THE LAW OF EQUAL AREAS An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweet out equal in equal intervals of time Speed at which planet moves through space is constantly changing Planet moves fastest when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is furthest from the sun
Motion of the earth
C. THE LAW OF HARMONIES The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun Comparison between the motion characteristics of a single planet
Planet Period (yr) Average Distance (au) T2/R3 (yr2/au3) Mercury 0.241 0.39 0.98 Venus .615 0.72 1.01 Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mars 1.88 1.52 1.01 Jupiter 11.8 5.20 0.99 Saturn 29.5 9.54 1.00 Uranus 84.0 19.18 1.00 Neptune 165 30.06 1.00 Pluto 248 39.44 1.00

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Motion of the earth

  • 2. Some earlier ideas on how the moon was formed: • the moon is a sister world that formed in orbit Earth as the Earth formed • the moon formed somewhere else in the solar where there was little iron, and then was captured into orbit around Earth • early Earth spun so fast that it spun off the moon, idea would produce a moon similar to Earth's
  • 3. THE GIANT IMPACT THEORY • Proposed by William Hartmann and Donald Davis in 1975 • It is the idea that a catastrophic collision about 4.5 BYA between Earth and a protoplanet about half the Earth’s size created a disk of molten rock, gas, and debris consolidated to form the moon
  • 6. MEASUREMENTS Kinds of Measurement Measurement Equatorial Circumference 40 075.16 km Diameter 12 756.32 km Radius 6 378.1 km Polar Circumference 40,008 km Diameter 12, 713.54 km Radius 6 356.8 km2 Area Total Surface Area 509 700 000 km2 Land 148 400 000 km2 Water 361 300 000 km2
  • 7. Age of Earth Approx. 4.5 billion years old Distance from sun 149,597,870.7 km Mass 5.974 x 1027 kg Density 5.52 g/cm3 Surface gravity 9.8 m/s2 Equatorial inclination 23.50 Highest part Mt. Everest at 8 848 m above sea level Lowest part Shore of the Dead Sea at 429 m below sea level Deepest part of the ocean Part of Mariana’s Trench at 11 033 m below surface Highest recorded temperature 58 degrees Celsius at Al Aziziyah, Libya Lowest recorded temperature -89.2 degrees Celsius at Vostok Station, Antarctica on July 21, 1983
  • 8. EARTH’S MOTION • Axis – an imaginary straight line running from the North to the South Pole • Rotation – spinning motion of Earth, counterclockwise at km/min or 16 556 km/hr -- Earth rotates on its own axis every 23 hrs, 56 mins, 4.09 sec
  • 10. • Revolution – Earth revolves around the Sun once every 365 days, 6 hrs, 9 min, 9.54 sec in a slightly elliptical orbit oPerihelion – Earth is at its closest point in its orbit at 147 km, it moves the fastest oAphelion – Earth is at its farthest point in its orbit at 152 km, it moves the slowest • Axial Precession – The slow wobble of the Earth’s axis -- the Earth’s reaction to the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on its equatorial bulge -- It takes 26 000 years to complete one turn or wobble of the Earth’s axis
  • 12. KEPLER’S THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION • Introduced by Johannes Kepler A.THE LAW OF ELLIPSES  path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus
  • 14. B. THE LAW OF EQUAL AREAS An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweet out equal in equal intervals of time Speed at which planet moves through space is constantly changing Planet moves fastest when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is furthest from the sun
  • 16. C. THE LAW OF HARMONIES The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun Comparison between the motion characteristics of a single planet
  • 17. Planet Period (yr) Average Distance (au) T2/R3 (yr2/au3) Mercury 0.241 0.39 0.98 Venus .615 0.72 1.01 Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mars 1.88 1.52 1.01 Jupiter 11.8 5.20 0.99 Saturn 29.5 9.54 1.00 Uranus 84.0 19.18 1.00 Neptune 165 30.06 1.00 Pluto 248 39.44 1.00

Editor's Notes

  1. This theory failed because it could not explain why the moon lacks iron This failed when lunar rocks showed the same isotope composition as the Earth. it failed when analysis of the total angular momentum and energy involved indicated that the present Earth-moon system could not form in this way.
  2. Precessional movement of Earth. Earth rotates (white arrows) once a day around its rotational axis (red); this axis itself rotates slowly (white circle), completing a rotation in approximately 26,000 years