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Multicast in computer Architecture

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Dinesh Kumar
Dinesh Kumar

This document summarizes and compares different multicast routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It reviews tree-based protocols like AMRoute and AMRIS that build multicast trees, as well as mesh-based protocols like ODMRP and CAMP that build multicast meshes. It finds that mesh-based protocols generally outperform tree-based protocols because the multiple routes in a mesh make it more robust to node mobility and channel fading. The document presents simulation results showing how different protocols are affected by parameters like node speed, number of multicast sources, group size, and network traffic load. ODMRP is found to be the most robust to mobility and have the lowest overhead.

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Multicast ad hoc networks • • • • • • Review of M ulticasting in wired networks Tree based wireless multicast M esh based wireless multicast – ODMRP Performance comparison Reliable, congestion controlled multicast Scalable multicast, M-LANM AR
Multicast Routing • M ulticast: delivery of same packet to a group of receivers • M ulticasting is becoming increasingly popular in the Internet (video on demand; whiteboard; interactive games) • M ultiple unicast vs multicast
Multicast Group Address • M -cast group address installed in all receivers in the group • Internet uses Class D address for m-cast • M -cast address distribution etc. managed by IGMP Protocol
The Multicast Tree problem • Problem: find the best (e.g., min cost) tree which interconnects all the members
Multicast Tree options • GROUP SHARED TREE: single tree; the root (node C below) is the “CORE” or the “Rendez Vous” point; all messages go through the CORE • SOURCE BASED TREE: each source is the root of its own tree connecting to all the members; thus N separate trees
Group Shared Tree • Predefined CORE for given m-cast group (eg, posted on web page) • New members “join” and “leave” the tree with explicit join and leave control messages • Tree grows as new branches are “grafted” onto the tree • CBT (Core Based Tree) and PIM Sparse-Mode are Internet m-cast protocols based on GSTree • All packets go through the CORE
Source Based Tree • Each source is the root of its own tree: the tree of shortest paths • Packets delivered on the tree using “reverse path forwarding” (RPF); i.e., a router accepts a packet originated by source S only if such packet is forwarded by the neighbor on the shortest path to S • In other words, m-cast packets are “forwarded” on paths which are the “reverse” of “shortest paths” to S
Per-Source Tree Multicast Each source supports own separate tree “Probing and Pruning” tree maintenance Reverse Path Forwarding (to avoid endless packet circulation) “Fast Source” problem S2 S1 R2 R1
RP-based Shared Tree Multicast RP (Rendezvous Point)based “Shared” tree Tree maintenance: soft state “off-center” RP longer paths than shortest path tree RP S1
Shared Tree vs. Per-source Tree Shared Tree: + + − − scalability less sensitive to fast source longer path off center RP R2 R3 Per-Source Tree: + + + − − shortest path traffic distribution no central node scalability problem fast source problem RP S2 R4 R1 S1
Wireless Tree Multicast Limitations in High Mobility RP • • • In a mobile situation, tree is fragile: connectivity loss, multipath fading Need to refresh paths very frequently High control traffic overhead
Proposed solution: Forwarding Group Multicast Forwarding Group FG FG FG FG FG • • • • All the nodes inside the “bubble” forward the M-cast packets via “restricted” flooding Multicast Tree replaced by Multicast “Mesh” Topology Flooding redundancy helps overcome displacements and fading FG nodes selected by tracing shortest paths between M-cast members
Forwarding Group Concept • • • A set of nodes in charge of forwarding multicast packets Supports shortest paths between any member pairs Flooding helps overcome displacements and channel fading
ODMRP (On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol) • • • • Forwarding Group Multicast concept Tree replaced by Mesh On-demand approach Soft state
FG Maintenance (On-Demand Approach) • • • • A sender periodically floods control messages when it has data to send All intermediate nodes set up route to sender (backward pointer) Receivers update Member Tables ; periodically broadcast Join Tables Nodes on path to sources set FG_Flag; FG nodes broadcast Join Tables
Soft State Approach • No explicit messages required to join/leave multicast group (or FG) • An entry of a receiver’s Member Table expires if no Join Request is received from that sender entry during MEM _TIMEOUT • Nodes in the forwarding group are demoted to non-forwarding nodes if not refreshed (no Join Tables received) within FG_TIMEOUT
A Performance Comparison Study of Ad Hoc Wireless Multicast Protocols
Simulation Environment • • • • • • • • • Written in PARSEC within GloMoSim Library 50 nodes placed in 1000m X 1000m space Free space channel propagation model Radio range: 250 m Bandwidth: 2 Mb/s MAC: IEEE 802.11 DCF Underlying unicast : Wing Routing Prot (for AMRoute & CAMP) Multicast members and sources are chosen randomly with uniform probabilities Random waypoint mobility
Goal • Compare mesh- and tree-based multicast protocols – Mesh-based: ODMRP, CAMP, Flooding – Tree-based: AMRoute, AMRIS • Evaluate sensitivity to the following parameters: – – – – Mobility (ie, speed) Number of multicast sources Multicast group size Network traffic load
Multicast Protocols • Adhoc Multicast Routing (AMRoute) – Bidirectional shared tree with a core – Relies on unicast protocol to provide routes between multicast members and to handle mobility – Suffers from temporary loops and non-optimal trees
Multicast Protocols (cont’d) • Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol utilizing Increasing id-numberS (AMRIS) – Each node is assigned an ID number to build a tree – The increasing id is used in tree maintenance and localized repair – Beacons are sent by each node to neighbors • Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol (CAMP) – A shared mesh for each multicast group – Cores are used to limit the flow of join requests – Relies on certain underlying unicast protocols (e.g., WRP, ALP, etc.)
Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of Mobility Speed • • • • 20 members 5 sources each send 2 pkt/sec Mesh protocols outperform tree protocols Multiple routes help overcome fading and node displacements
Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of # of Sources • • • • 20 members 1 m/sec of mobility speed Total traffic load of 10 pkt/sec Increasing the number of sender makes mesh richer for ODMRP and CAMP
Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of M ulticast Group Size • • • • 5 sources each send 2 pkt/sec 1 m/sec of mobility speed Flooding and ODMRP not affected by group size CAMP builds massive mesh with growth of the members
Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of Network Load • • • 20 members and 5 sources no mobility AMRIS is the most sensitive to traffic load due to large beacon transmissions
Conclusions Tree schemes: Too fragile to mobility lower throughput in heavy load lower control O/H Meshed Based scheme (CAMP): Better than tree schemes (mesh more robust) Mesh requires increasing maintenance with mobility ODMRP: most robust to mobility& lowest O/H Lessons learned: – Mesh-based protocols outperform tree-based protocols – Multiple routes help overcome node displacements and fading

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Multicast in computer Architecture

  • 1. Multicast ad hoc networks • • • • • • Review of M ulticasting in wired networks Tree based wireless multicast M esh based wireless multicast – ODMRP Performance comparison Reliable, congestion controlled multicast Scalable multicast, M-LANM AR
  • 2. Multicast Routing • M ulticast: delivery of same packet to a group of receivers • M ulticasting is becoming increasingly popular in the Internet (video on demand; whiteboard; interactive games) • M ultiple unicast vs multicast
  • 3. Multicast Group Address • M -cast group address installed in all receivers in the group • Internet uses Class D address for m-cast • M -cast address distribution etc. managed by IGMP Protocol
  • 4. The Multicast Tree problem • Problem: find the best (e.g., min cost) tree which interconnects all the members
  • 5. Multicast Tree options • GROUP SHARED TREE: single tree; the root (node C below) is the “CORE” or the “Rendez Vous” point; all messages go through the CORE • SOURCE BASED TREE: each source is the root of its own tree connecting to all the members; thus N separate trees
  • 6. Group Shared Tree • Predefined CORE for given m-cast group (eg, posted on web page) • New members “join” and “leave” the tree with explicit join and leave control messages • Tree grows as new branches are “grafted” onto the tree • CBT (Core Based Tree) and PIM Sparse-Mode are Internet m-cast protocols based on GSTree • All packets go through the CORE
  • 7. Source Based Tree • Each source is the root of its own tree: the tree of shortest paths • Packets delivered on the tree using “reverse path forwarding” (RPF); i.e., a router accepts a packet originated by source S only if such packet is forwarded by the neighbor on the shortest path to S • In other words, m-cast packets are “forwarded” on paths which are the “reverse” of “shortest paths” to S
  • 8. Per-Source Tree Multicast Each source supports own separate tree “Probing and Pruning” tree maintenance Reverse Path Forwarding (to avoid endless packet circulation) “Fast Source” problem S2 S1 R2 R1
  • 9. RP-based Shared Tree Multicast RP (Rendezvous Point)based “Shared” tree Tree maintenance: soft state “off-center” RP longer paths than shortest path tree RP S1
  • 10. Shared Tree vs. Per-source Tree Shared Tree: + + − − scalability less sensitive to fast source longer path off center RP R2 R3 Per-Source Tree: + + + − − shortest path traffic distribution no central node scalability problem fast source problem RP S2 R4 R1 S1
  • 11. Wireless Tree Multicast Limitations in High Mobility RP • • • In a mobile situation, tree is fragile: connectivity loss, multipath fading Need to refresh paths very frequently High control traffic overhead
  • 12. Proposed solution: Forwarding Group Multicast Forwarding Group FG FG FG FG FG • • • • All the nodes inside the “bubble” forward the M-cast packets via “restricted” flooding Multicast Tree replaced by Multicast “Mesh” Topology Flooding redundancy helps overcome displacements and fading FG nodes selected by tracing shortest paths between M-cast members
  • 13. Forwarding Group Concept • • • A set of nodes in charge of forwarding multicast packets Supports shortest paths between any member pairs Flooding helps overcome displacements and channel fading
  • 14. ODMRP (On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol) • • • • Forwarding Group Multicast concept Tree replaced by Mesh On-demand approach Soft state
  • 15. FG Maintenance (On-Demand Approach) • • • • A sender periodically floods control messages when it has data to send All intermediate nodes set up route to sender (backward pointer) Receivers update Member Tables ; periodically broadcast Join Tables Nodes on path to sources set FG_Flag; FG nodes broadcast Join Tables
  • 16. Soft State Approach • No explicit messages required to join/leave multicast group (or FG) • An entry of a receiver’s Member Table expires if no Join Request is received from that sender entry during MEM _TIMEOUT • Nodes in the forwarding group are demoted to non-forwarding nodes if not refreshed (no Join Tables received) within FG_TIMEOUT
  • 17. A Performance Comparison Study of Ad Hoc Wireless Multicast Protocols
  • 18. Simulation Environment • • • • • • • • • Written in PARSEC within GloMoSim Library 50 nodes placed in 1000m X 1000m space Free space channel propagation model Radio range: 250 m Bandwidth: 2 Mb/s MAC: IEEE 802.11 DCF Underlying unicast : Wing Routing Prot (for AMRoute & CAMP) Multicast members and sources are chosen randomly with uniform probabilities Random waypoint mobility
  • 19. Goal • Compare mesh- and tree-based multicast protocols – Mesh-based: ODMRP, CAMP, Flooding – Tree-based: AMRoute, AMRIS • Evaluate sensitivity to the following parameters: – – – – Mobility (ie, speed) Number of multicast sources Multicast group size Network traffic load
  • 20. Multicast Protocols • Adhoc Multicast Routing (AMRoute) – Bidirectional shared tree with a core – Relies on unicast protocol to provide routes between multicast members and to handle mobility – Suffers from temporary loops and non-optimal trees
  • 21. Multicast Protocols (cont’d) • Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol utilizing Increasing id-numberS (AMRIS) – Each node is assigned an ID number to build a tree – The increasing id is used in tree maintenance and localized repair – Beacons are sent by each node to neighbors • Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol (CAMP) – A shared mesh for each multicast group – Cores are used to limit the flow of join requests – Relies on certain underlying unicast protocols (e.g., WRP, ALP, etc.)
  • 22. Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of Mobility Speed • • • • 20 members 5 sources each send 2 pkt/sec Mesh protocols outperform tree protocols Multiple routes help overcome fading and node displacements
  • 23. Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of # of Sources • • • • 20 members 1 m/sec of mobility speed Total traffic load of 10 pkt/sec Increasing the number of sender makes mesh richer for ODMRP and CAMP
  • 24. Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of M ulticast Group Size • • • • 5 sources each send 2 pkt/sec 1 m/sec of mobility speed Flooding and ODMRP not affected by group size CAMP builds massive mesh with growth of the members
  • 25. Packet Delivery Ratio as a Function of Network Load • • • 20 members and 5 sources no mobility AMRIS is the most sensitive to traffic load due to large beacon transmissions
  • 26. Conclusions Tree schemes: Too fragile to mobility lower throughput in heavy load lower control O/H Meshed Based scheme (CAMP): Better than tree schemes (mesh more robust) Mesh requires increasing maintenance with mobility ODMRP: most robust to mobility& lowest O/H Lessons learned: – Mesh-based protocols outperform tree-based protocols – Multiple routes help overcome node displacements and fading