Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Muscular system

•Download as PPT, PDF•
•
A
amyottmers

The document provides an overview of the muscular system, including the three main types of muscle (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac), their characteristics, and comparisons. It describes skeletal muscle in more detail, including its functions, sites of attachment, properties, anatomy, and naming conventions. Examples are given throughout to illustrate muscle actions, locations, shapes, and other naming traits. Key muscles are highlighted for the head/neck, axial skeleton, shoulder, elbow/forearm, hand, hip, thigh, and lower leg.

1 of 34
Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement  3 basic muscle types are found in the body   Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle
Characteristics of Muscles Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)  Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments  All muscles share some terminology   Prefix myo refers to muscle  Prefix mys refers to muscle  Prefix sarco refers to flesh
Comparison of Types of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics      Most attach to bones by tendon Cells are multinucleate Striated—have visible binding Voluntary Cells surrounded & bundled by connective tissue
Smooth Muscle Characteristics      Has no striations Spindle-shaped cells Single Nucleus Involuntary—no conscious control Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle      Has striations Usually has a single nucleus Joined to another cardiac muscle cell Involuntary Found only in the heart
Skeletal Muscle  Functions of Skeletal Muscle      Produce Movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate Heat Sites of Muscle Attachment    Bones Cartilage Connective tissue coverings  Muscle Fibers blend into a connective tissue attachment    Tendon—cordlike structure Aponeurosis—sheet-like structure Properties of Muscle     Irritability – ability to receive and respond to a stimulus Contractibility – ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received Extensibility – ability to lengthen when an adequate stimulus is received Elasticity – ability to return to normal shape
Anatomy of a Muscle Cell
Naming Skeletal Muscles Direction of Muscle Fibers Location Action Skeletal Muscle Origin & Insertion Size Shape Number Of Origins
Direction of Muscle Fibers   Relative to the Midline RECTUS = parallel to the midline   TRANSVERSE = perpendicular to midline   Rectus Abdominus Transverse Abdominus OBLIQUE = diagonal to midline  External Oblique
Location  Structure near which muscle is found  FRONTALIS = near FRONTAL bone  OCCIPITALIS = near OCCIPITAL bone
Size   Relative Size of Muscle MAXIMUS = largest   MEDIUS = middle   Fibularis Longus BREVIS = short   Gluteus Minimus LONGUS = longest   Gluteus Medius MINIMUS = smallest   Gluteus Maximus Fibularis Brevis TERTIUS = shortest  Fibularis Tertius
Number of Origins   Number of tendons of origin BICEPS = Two  Biceps Brachii  Biceps Femoris  TRICEPS = Three  Triceps  Brachii QUADRICEPS = Four  Quadriceps Femoris
Shape      Relative Shape of the Muscle DELTOID = triangular shape Δ TRAPEZIUS = trapezoid shape  SERRATUS = sawtoothed ♒ RHOMBOIDEUS = rhomboid shape  TERES = round ○
Origin & Insertion    Origin – attachment to an immoveable bone Insertion – attachment to a movable bone ILIO COSTALIS= attaches to the ilium & ribs (costal = ribs)
Action NAME ACTION EXAMPLE FLEXOR EXTENSOR Decrease angle at a joint Flexor Carpi Radialis Increase angle at a joint Extensor Carpi Ulnaris ABDUCTOR Move bone away from midline Abductor Pollicis Longus ADDUCTOR LEVATOR Move bone toward midline Adductor Longus Produce upward movement Levator Scapulae DEPRESSOR Produce downward movement Depressor Labii Inferioris SUPINATOR Turn palm upward/anterior Supinator PRONATOR Turn palm downward/posterior Pronator Teres
Types of Muscle--Actions     Prime mover (Agonist) – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
Head & Neck Muscles
Head & Neck Muscles       Frontalis: elevate eyebrows  Orbicularis Oculi: close eyelid  Zygomaticus: draw angle of lip upward  Buccinator: draws cheeks against teeth Orbicularis Oris: closes mouth  Platysma: draws lower lip down & back       Cranial Aponeurosis: connects frontalis to occipitalis Temporalis: elevates mandible Occipitalis: draws scalp back Masseter: elevates mandible Sternocleidomastoid:   Flexes head Draws head toward shoulder
Muscles of Mastication     Masseter: elevates mandible Temporalis: elevates mandible Medial pterygoid: elevates mandible Lateral pterygoid: depresses mandible
Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
Muscles of the Axial Skeleton  Intrinsic Muscles  Erector Spinae: maintain posture of back/extension • Spinalis • Longissimus • Iliocostalis   Oblique Muscles: rotation of the vertebrae Muscles of Quiet Respiration     Abdominal Muscles   • Semispinalis • Multifidus • Rotatores    Diaphragm External Intercostals Internal Intercostals— deep breaths External Obliques Internal Obliques Transverse Abdominus Rectus Abdominus Quadratus Lumborum
Muscles of Scapular Stabilization  Trapezius:         Retraction (M) Elevation (S) Depression (I) Upward Rotation (S, M) Rhomboid—retraction Levator Scapular—Elevation Pectoralis Major—Protraction Serratus Anterior—Protraction
Anterior Muscles of Shoulder  Deltoid     Pectoralis Major      Flexion (A, M)/Extension (P, M) Abduction (M)/Adduction (A) Internal (A) /External Rotation (P) Adduction Flexion Extension Internal Rotation Biceps Brachii—Flexion
Posterior Muscles of Shoulder  Teres Major     Latissimus Dorsi     Adduction Extension Internal Rotation Adduction Extension Internal Rotation Triceps Brachii   Adduction Extension
Rotator Cuff Muscles (SITS)  Supraspinatus   Abduction Infraspinatus   External Rotation Teres Minor   External Rotation Subscapularis  Internal Rotation
Muscles of the Elbow/Forearm   Triceps Brachii— Extension Bicep Brachii—     Brachialis—Flexion Brachioradialis—      Flexion Supination Flexion Pronation Pronator Teres Pronator Quadratus Supinator Longus
Muscles of the Wrist & Hand       Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Digitorum Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Extensor Carpi Radialis Extensor Digitorum Anterior (Palmar) View Posterior (Dorsal) View
Muscles Of Hip: Anterior Muscles
Muscles of Hip: Anterior Muscles  Medial/Adductor Muscles:  Adductor Magnus  Adductor Longus  Adductor Brevis  Gracilis  Anterior Muscles  Iliopsoas—Flexion  Pectineus— • Flexion • Adduction  Sartorius— • Flexion • Lateral Rotation
Muscles of Hip: Gluteal Muscles     ** Gluteus Minimus is under the Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus— Extension Gluteus Medius— Abduction Gluteus Minimus— Abduction Tensor Fasciae Latae—  Flexion  Abduction
Muscles of Anterior Thigh  “Quadriceps”  Rectus Femoris— • Hip flexion • Knee extension     Vastus Lateralis— knee extension Vastus Medialis— knee extension Vastus Intermedius— knee extension Sartorius— • Hip & Knee Flexion • Lateral Hip Rotation **Vastus Intermedius is beneath Rectus Femoris
Muscles of Posterior Thigh  “Hamstrings”  Responsible for Knee Flexion & Hip Extension  Semimembranosus  Semitendinosus  Biceps Femoris  Gastrocnemius  Knee Flexion
Muscles of the Lower Leg  Anterior Compartment     Posterior Compartment    Tibialis Anterior—Dorsiflexion & inversion Extensor Digitorum Longus Fibularis Tertius—dorsiflexion & eversion Gastrocnemius—plantarflexion, knee flexion Soleus—plantarflexion Lateral Compartment   Fibularis Longus—plantarflexion & eversion Fibularis Brevis—plantarflexion & eversion

More Related Content

Muscular system

  • 1. Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement  3 basic muscle types are found in the body   Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle
  • 2. Characteristics of Muscles Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)  Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments  All muscles share some terminology   Prefix myo refers to muscle  Prefix mys refers to muscle  Prefix sarco refers to flesh
  • 4. Skeletal Muscle Characteristics      Most attach to bones by tendon Cells are multinucleate Striated—have visible binding Voluntary Cells surrounded & bundled by connective tissue
  • 5. Smooth Muscle Characteristics      Has no striations Spindle-shaped cells Single Nucleus Involuntary—no conscious control Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
  • 6. Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle      Has striations Usually has a single nucleus Joined to another cardiac muscle cell Involuntary Found only in the heart
  • 7. Skeletal Muscle  Functions of Skeletal Muscle      Produce Movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate Heat Sites of Muscle Attachment    Bones Cartilage Connective tissue coverings  Muscle Fibers blend into a connective tissue attachment    Tendon—cordlike structure Aponeurosis—sheet-like structure Properties of Muscle     Irritability – ability to receive and respond to a stimulus Contractibility – ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received Extensibility – ability to lengthen when an adequate stimulus is received Elasticity – ability to return to normal shape
  • 8. Anatomy of a Muscle Cell
  • 9. Naming Skeletal Muscles Direction of Muscle Fibers Location Action Skeletal Muscle Origin & Insertion Size Shape Number Of Origins
  • 10. Direction of Muscle Fibers   Relative to the Midline RECTUS = parallel to the midline   TRANSVERSE = perpendicular to midline   Rectus Abdominus Transverse Abdominus OBLIQUE = diagonal to midline  External Oblique
  • 11. Location  Structure near which muscle is found  FRONTALIS = near FRONTAL bone  OCCIPITALIS = near OCCIPITAL bone
  • 12. Size   Relative Size of Muscle MAXIMUS = largest   MEDIUS = middle   Fibularis Longus BREVIS = short   Gluteus Minimus LONGUS = longest   Gluteus Medius MINIMUS = smallest   Gluteus Maximus Fibularis Brevis TERTIUS = shortest  Fibularis Tertius
  • 13. Number of Origins   Number of tendons of origin BICEPS = Two  Biceps Brachii  Biceps Femoris  TRICEPS = Three  Triceps  Brachii QUADRICEPS = Four  Quadriceps Femoris
  • 14. Shape      Relative Shape of the Muscle DELTOID = triangular shape Δ TRAPEZIUS = trapezoid shape  SERRATUS = sawtoothed ♒ RHOMBOIDEUS = rhomboid shape  TERES = round ○
  • 15. Origin & Insertion    Origin – attachment to an immoveable bone Insertion – attachment to a movable bone ILIO COSTALIS= attaches to the ilium & ribs (costal = ribs)
  • 16. Action NAME ACTION EXAMPLE FLEXOR EXTENSOR Decrease angle at a joint Flexor Carpi Radialis Increase angle at a joint Extensor Carpi Ulnaris ABDUCTOR Move bone away from midline Abductor Pollicis Longus ADDUCTOR LEVATOR Move bone toward midline Adductor Longus Produce upward movement Levator Scapulae DEPRESSOR Produce downward movement Depressor Labii Inferioris SUPINATOR Turn palm upward/anterior Supinator PRONATOR Turn palm downward/posterior Pronator Teres
  • 17. Types of Muscle--Actions     Prime mover (Agonist) – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
  • 18. Head & Neck Muscles
  • 19. Head & Neck Muscles       Frontalis: elevate eyebrows  Orbicularis Oculi: close eyelid  Zygomaticus: draw angle of lip upward  Buccinator: draws cheeks against teeth Orbicularis Oris: closes mouth  Platysma: draws lower lip down & back       Cranial Aponeurosis: connects frontalis to occipitalis Temporalis: elevates mandible Occipitalis: draws scalp back Masseter: elevates mandible Sternocleidomastoid:   Flexes head Draws head toward shoulder
  • 20. Muscles of Mastication     Masseter: elevates mandible Temporalis: elevates mandible Medial pterygoid: elevates mandible Lateral pterygoid: depresses mandible
  • 21. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
  • 22. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton  Intrinsic Muscles  Erector Spinae: maintain posture of back/extension • Spinalis • Longissimus • Iliocostalis   Oblique Muscles: rotation of the vertebrae Muscles of Quiet Respiration     Abdominal Muscles   • Semispinalis • Multifidus • Rotatores    Diaphragm External Intercostals Internal Intercostals— deep breaths External Obliques Internal Obliques Transverse Abdominus Rectus Abdominus Quadratus Lumborum
  • 23. Muscles of Scapular Stabilization  Trapezius:         Retraction (M) Elevation (S) Depression (I) Upward Rotation (S, M) Rhomboid—retraction Levator Scapular—Elevation Pectoralis Major—Protraction Serratus Anterior—Protraction
  • 24. Anterior Muscles of Shoulder  Deltoid     Pectoralis Major      Flexion (A, M)/Extension (P, M) Abduction (M)/Adduction (A) Internal (A) /External Rotation (P) Adduction Flexion Extension Internal Rotation Biceps Brachii—Flexion
  • 25. Posterior Muscles of Shoulder  Teres Major     Latissimus Dorsi     Adduction Extension Internal Rotation Adduction Extension Internal Rotation Triceps Brachii   Adduction Extension
  • 26. Rotator Cuff Muscles (SITS)  Supraspinatus   Abduction Infraspinatus   External Rotation Teres Minor   External Rotation Subscapularis  Internal Rotation
  • 27. Muscles of the Elbow/Forearm   Triceps Brachii— Extension Bicep Brachii—     Brachialis—Flexion Brachioradialis—      Flexion Supination Flexion Pronation Pronator Teres Pronator Quadratus Supinator Longus
  • 28. Muscles of the Wrist & Hand       Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Digitorum Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Extensor Carpi Radialis Extensor Digitorum Anterior (Palmar) View Posterior (Dorsal) View
  • 30. Muscles of Hip: Anterior Muscles  Medial/Adductor Muscles:  Adductor Magnus  Adductor Longus  Adductor Brevis  Gracilis  Anterior Muscles  Iliopsoas—Flexion  Pectineus— • Flexion • Adduction  Sartorius— • Flexion • Lateral Rotation
  • 31. Muscles of Hip: Gluteal Muscles     ** Gluteus Minimus is under the Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus— Extension Gluteus Medius— Abduction Gluteus Minimus— Abduction Tensor Fasciae Latae—  Flexion  Abduction
  • 32. Muscles of Anterior Thigh  “Quadriceps”  Rectus Femoris— • Hip flexion • Knee extension     Vastus Lateralis— knee extension Vastus Medialis— knee extension Vastus Intermedius— knee extension Sartorius— • Hip & Knee Flexion • Lateral Hip Rotation **Vastus Intermedius is beneath Rectus Femoris
  • 33. Muscles of Posterior Thigh  “Hamstrings”  Responsible for Knee Flexion & Hip Extension  Semimembranosus  Semitendinosus  Biceps Femoris  Gastrocnemius  Knee Flexion
  • 34. Muscles of the Lower Leg  Anterior Compartment     Posterior Compartment    Tibialis Anterior—Dorsiflexion & inversion Extensor Digitorum Longus Fibularis Tertius—dorsiflexion & eversion Gastrocnemius—plantarflexion, knee flexion Soleus—plantarflexion Lateral Compartment   Fibularis Longus—plantarflexion & eversion Fibularis Brevis—plantarflexion & eversion