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MySQL: Crash Course Introduction
Keith Larson
keith.larson@oracle.com
MySQL Community Manager

The following is intended to outline our general product
direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and
may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a
commitment to deliver any material, code, or
functionality, and should not be relied upon in making
purchasing decisions.
The development, release, and timing of any features or
functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at
the sole discretion of Oracle.
Safe Harbor Statement

Who am I and who are you?
Keith Larson
MySQL Community Manager
sqlhjalp.blogspot.com
Started with MySQL during the dot.com days.
Primary real world work was with a MySQL InnoDB replicated
chain environment that easily held over 4 billion rows of user
data.
Numerous other sites developed on LAMP stack over the last
13 years.
Who are you?
– DBAs?
– Developers?
– Already have replicated databases?
– Cluster Users or Cluster curious?

• Oracle's Investment into MySQL
• Provide high-level overview
• Familiarize with the key concepts
• Emphasize MySQL specificity
• Community Edition, version 5.5 GA
Agenda

The official way to pronounce “MySQL” is
“My Ess Que Ell”
but we do not mind if you pronounce it as
“my sequel”
Pronouciation

MySQL Crash Course
Started in 80s
Acquired by SUN Microsystems in 2008 for 1B USD
Acquired by Oracle in 2009
Dual licensing: GPL v.2 + commercial
“M” in “LAMP” stack
Easy of use: the 15 minute rule
Background of MySQL

Built together
Tested together
Managed together
Serviced together
Based on open standards
Lower cost
Lower risk
More reliable
Hardware and Software
Engineered to Work Together
MySQL Completes The Stack

More Product Releases Than Ever Before
Continuous Innovation
Q2 CY2010 Q3 CY2010 Q4 CY2010 Q1 CY2011
• MySQL Workbench 5.2
GA!
• MySQL Database 5.5
• MySQL Enterprise Backup 3.5
• MySQL Enterprise Monitor 2.3
• MySQL Cluster Manager 1.1
All GA!
A Better MySQL
Q2 CY2011
• MySQL Enterprise Monitor 2.2
• MySQL Cluster 7.1
• MySQL Cluster Manager 1.0
All GA!
• MySQL Database
5.6
• MySQL Cluster 7.2
DMR*
and MySQL Labs!
(“early and often”)
*Development Milestone Release

Enterprise 2.0SaaS, Cloud
Web OEM / ISV’s
Telecommunications
Industry Leading Customers
Rely on MySQL

>70% of Oracle shops run MySQL
mysql.com/downloads/
MySQL: Still Free, Open to the Community
Available to download and use under the GPL:
• MySQL Database (Community Server)
• MySQL Cluster
• MySQL Workbench Community Edition
• MySQL Connectors
• MySQL Proxy
• Documentation (free to use, not covered under GPL)
• Forums

“I’m really blown away by MySQL 5.5’s improvements. “
- Don MacAskill, SmugMug
“My expectations for 5.5 were not high. I am pleasantly
surprised!”
- Mark Callaghan, Facebook, MySQL UC Keynote
"Oracle really did a great job with MySQL 5.5 -- in record
time! It has lots of new features and performance
improvements that our customers need and
want. We're very excited about this release."
- Sheeri K. Cabral, Oracle Ace Director and
Database Operations Manager, PalominoDB
MySQL 5.5 Early Adopters Speak! GA

MySQL Components
MySQL
Server
MySQL Workbench
mysql (cmd-line client)
System Tools
MySQL Enterprise Monitor
Direct I/O
“Not Only SQL”
NoSQL
MySQL
Proxy
Cn
Cn
Cn
Your ApplicationCn
SQL

MySQL Server
Standalone (mysqld)
UNIX daemon
Windows service
Regular process on UNIX or Windows
Embedded (libmysqld)
Shared / Dynamic library

MySQL Server Components
InnoDB
DB1
InnoDB
DB2
MyISAM
DB3
InnoDB MyISAM
Core
SQL-query processing, …
Plugin 1 Plugin 2 Plugin 3 The Core
Plugins
Storage Engines
Full-text search
plugins
Audit plugins
Authentication
plugins
…

SE defines data storage and retrieval
Every regular table belongs to some SE
Most known Storage Engines:
InnoDB (default since 5.5) – fully transactional SE
MyISAM (default prior to 5.5) – NON-transactional SE
Default Storage Engine
Storage Engine

• Default Storage Engine for MySQL 5.5 and above
• ACID-compliant transactions, MVCC
• Row-level locking
• Two phase commit
• Efficient indexing
• Fast DDL operations
• Table compression
• Automatic crash recovery
• Referential integrity
• Online backup
• More
MySQL Database
InnoDB - Transactional by Default

Storage Engines:
Select a specialized storage engine for a particular application
need.
InnoDB: a high-reliability and high-performance storage engine
for MySQL designed for transaction processing. It follows the
ACID model. Row-level locking and Oracle-style consistent
reads increase multi-user concurrency and performance
MyISAM: -oldest storage engine has many features
that have been developed over years.
Memory: creates tables with contents that are stored in memory.
MySQL Cluster offers the same features as the MEMORY
engine with higher performance levels, and provides
additional features

Storage Engines:
CSV: data file is a plain text file
ARCHIVE: is used for storing large amounts of data without
indexes in a very small footprint.
BLACKHOLE:accepts data but throws it away and does not
store it but the binary log is enabled.

Open Source
A Storage Engine
Horizontal partitioning (distribute rows, not
columns)
Partitioning functions:
The modulus
Range
Internal hashing function
Linear hashing function
Partitioning

Open Source
One-way, master and slaves
Asynchronous or Semi-synchronous replication
Replication formats:
Statement-based replication (SBR): propagate SQL
statements
Row-based replication (RBR): propagate row changes
Mixed-based replication: SBR or RBR depending on
the query
Replication

MySQL Replication Overview
Native in MySQL
Used for Scalability and
HA
Asynchronous as
standard
Semi-Synchronous
support added in
MySQL 5.5
Each slave adds
minimal load on master

Writes & Reads Reads Reads
• Write to one master
• Read from many slaves, easily add more as needed
• Perfect for read/write intensive apps
Application
MySQL Replication
Load Balancer
MySQL Database
Replication Enables Scalability

Open Source
Different source tree, different versioning (7.x)
In-memory, shared-nothing architecture
“Synchronous, multi-master replication”
Cluster

Copyright 2011 Oracle Corporation 26
MySQL Database
High Availability with MySQL Replication

MySQL Architecture
Parallel Database with no SPOF: High Read & Write
Performance & 99.999% uptime
MySQL Cluster Data Nodes
MySQL Cluster
Application Nodes
Clients
MySQL
Cluster
Mgmt
LDAPREST
NoSQL
SQL,JDBC,
ODBC,ADO

Node Failure Detection & Self-Healing Recovery

Cluster – Typical Performance
Availability
99.999% (<5 min downtime / year)
Performance
Response Time 2-5 millisecond (with synchronous replication
and access via NDB API
Throughput of 10,000+ replicated transactions/sec on a 2
Node Cluster, with 1 CPU Per Node (minimal configuration)
Throughput of 100,000 replicated transactions/sec on 4 Node
Cluster, with 2 CPU Per Node (low-end configuration)
Failover
Sub-second failover enables you to deliver service
without interruption
GA

Backup
The way depends on the application
Possible solutions:
MySQL Enterprise Backup
Replication
mysqldump
…
Overview

• Online Backup for InnoDB
• Full, Incremental, Partial Backups (scriptable interface)
• Compression
• Point in Time, Full, Partial Recovery options
• Metadata on status, progress, history
• Unlimited Database Size
• Cross-Platform
• Windows, Linux, Unix
• Certified with Oracle Secure Backup
MEB Backup
Files
MySQL
Database Files
mysqlbackup
Ensures quick, online backup and recovery of your MySQL apps.

Is it standard SQL?
Yes
aim is to support the full ANSI/
ISO SQL standard, but
without making
concessions to speed and
quality of the code
No
Depends on engine

MySQL Concepts
MySQL aims to follow The SQL Standard
Not PL/SQL
Prepared Statements
Views
Stored Programs
SHOW statements and especially SHOW
CREATE …
Administrative statements
SQL

MySQL Concepts
Database or Schema
Current database (per connection)
Database – a set of files in “the data directory”
System database (mysql)
Virtual databases:
INFORMATION_SCHEMA
PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
Database

MySQL Concepts
Full Unicode 5.0 for data
Encodings: UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32, UCS-2
Two encodings for UTF-8:
utf8 – 1..3 bytes, BMP only
utf8mb4 – 1..4 bytes, BMP and supplemental
Alias utf8mb3 == utf8
Metadata are in utf8
(no supplementary characters in identifiers)
Unicode

MySQL Concepts
Know your options
9 numeric data types
CHAR, VARCHAR
BLOBs
Date/time types
…
Weak typing
SELECT 1 + ‘ 2nd place’ => 3
Types

MySQL Concepts
Error: code, level, SQL-state, message
Error messages are localized
Error level: errors, warnings, notes
The actual error level depends on configuration
Serious errors might be thrown as warnings:
SELECT 1 + ‘ 2nd place’
Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: ' 2nd place'
SHOW WARNINGS
SQL Conditions

MySQL Variables
User Variables:
– Weakly typed
– SESSION variables
– Arbitrary names
– Available for any user
– No declaration needed
– Syntax:
– SELECT @a
– SET @a = 1
User Variables

MySQL Variables
SP Variables:
– Strongly typed
– Only inside SP
– Arbitrary names
– Must be declared
– Syntax:
– DECLARE x INT
– SELECT x
– SET x = 1
Stored Program Variables

MySQL Variables
System Variables:
– Configuration options
– Fixed names
– Fixed types
– GLOBAL requires SUPER
– Syntax:
– SET / SELECT @@v1
– SET / SELECT @@session.v1
– SET / SELECT @@global.v2
– SHOW VARIABLES LIKE …
System Variables

MySQL Variables
Status Variables:
– Read-only
– Provide stat / information
– Not
PERFOMANCE_SCHEMA
– SHOW GLOBAL STATUS
…
– SHOW SESSION STATUS
…
System Variables

MySQL Configuration
Highly configurable
Command line options
Configuration files (plain-text, INI-like files with
groups)
Several configuration files (/etc, $HOME, …)
The last value takes precedence
<exe> --help – order of loading files
SQL interface to get or change configuration
parameters
Overview

MySQL Configuration
Very important variable
Affects data consistency!
It might be remembered
…
… or it might be not
Thus: set it once for all
• Recommended value:
STRICT_ALL_TABLES |
NO_ZERO_DATE |
NO_ZERO_IN_DATE |
NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER |
IGNORE_SPACE |
ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZE
RO
SQL MODE

MySQL Configuration
• SET AUTOCOMMIT = ON | OFF (default: ON)
• Auto-commit means COMMIT after each statement
• Use START TRANSACTION if you plan to use
ROLLBACK
• START TRANSACTION == BEGIN [WORK]
AUTOCOMMIT

MySQL Configuration
Database name – directory name
Table name – file name(s)
Case-sensitive or case-insensitive ?
lower_case_table_names = 0, 1, 2
Defines how to name files on disk
Defines how to compare
So: use lowercase everywhere
Identifier Case Sensitivity

Connecting to The Server
Named Pipe and Shared Memory are disabled by default
IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity supported
OverviewProtocol
Connection
Type
Operating
Systems
TCP/IP
Local and
Remote
Any
UNIX Socket File Local only UNIX
Named Pipe Local only Windows
Shared Memory Local only Windows
Overview

Connecting to The Server
--bind-address can be of use (all: 0.0.0.0)
Beware:
‘mysql -pfoo’ != ‘mysql -p foo’
-pfoo means password is ‘foo’
-p foo means “ask password”, and the default database is ‘foo’
mysql does SHOW DATABASES and SHOW TABLES on
connect
Hints

Understanding Privileges
User or User Account
Privilege – what is allowed for the user
SHOW GRANTS – get privileges for the current
user
SHOW GRANTS FOR …
SHOW PRIVILEGES – list of all available
privileges
Basics

Global: GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO …
Database: GRANT SELECT ON db1.* TO …
Table: GRANT SELECT ON db1.t1 TO …
Column: GRANT SELECT(a) ON db1.t1 TO …
Server administration privileges – global only
SUPER
USAGE
Other privileges
Hierarchy

SUPER
A “different” privilege
Ignores init_connect
Bypasses read_only
…
GRANT ALL ON *.* … grants SUPER!
USAGE
Allows the user to just connect to the server
Mind the default database in client connections
Beware of …

WITH GRANT OPTION
enables the user to give to / to remove from other
users those privileges that the user has
GRANT SELECT ON db1.* TO foo@bar WITH
GRANT OPTION
GRANT DELETE ON db1.* TO foo@bar
SHOW GRANTS FOR foo@bar
-> GRANT SELECT, DELETE ON db1.*
TO foo@bar WITH GRANT OPTION
Beware of …

User: username@hostname
Precisely: ‘user-name-mask’@’host-name-mask’
Host name – client host name (“from” host name)
User name mask:
can be empty (anonymous user) – all users
Host name mask:
can be empty – all host names
can have ‘%’ (e.g.: %.foo.com)
Identifying the User

Connecting as foo from localhost…
Should be foo@%, right ?
The most specific values are used
BUT: host name matching is done before user
name
host user
localhost bar
localhost
% foo
‘’@localhost will be chosen !
Anonymous users…

SELECT CURRENT_USER()
The authenticated user name and host name
SELECT USER()
The user name and host name provided by the client
For our example:
CURRENT_USER(): ‘’@locahost
USER(): foo@localhost
Useful Functions

Working With Tables
Regular tables
Temporary tables (per session)
Views
INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables
PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA tables
Overview

Working With Tables
Mind the storage engine!
Temporary tables are in the same namespace !
Temporary tables shadow regular ones !
5.5: CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES is not
enough
5.6: CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES is enough
Hints

The First Steps
Server – Community or Enterprise (for 30 days)
Cluster –real-time open source transactional database designed for
fast, always-on access to data under high throughput conditions.
Workbench – visual database design application that can be used to
efficiently design, manage and document database schemata
Proxy – a simple program that sits between your client and MySQL
server(s) that can monitor, analyze or transform their communication.
Connectors – ODBC, Java, .Net, MXJ, C/C++, DBI, Ruby, Python,
etc.
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/
Installation Options

How to get MySQL
Community:
Freely downloadable version of the world's most popular open
source database. It is available under the GPL license and is
supported by a huge and active community of open source
developers.
Enterprise:
Paid subscription includes support and the following
• MySQL Enterprise Backup
• MySQL Enterprise Security
– External Authentication
• MySQL Enterprise Scalability
– Thread Pool
• MySQL Enterprise High Availability
– Oracle VM Template
– Windows Clustering
• MySQL Enterprise Monitor
Free for 30 day evaluation

The First Steps
Choosing the version
5.1 – previous GA version
5.5 – the latest GA version
5.6 – development release
Choosing the edition
Community Edition (Community Server)
Enterprise Editions (even MySQL Classic and MySQL
Standard)
Source or Binary
Download

The First Steps
• Where are the configuration files
Default configuration might be not so good
Performance, …
SQL_MODE
AUTOCOMMIT
…
Post-installation steps: Configuration

The First Steps
Secure the installation
Don’t run under ‘root’
Have separate directories (configuration, data, binary
logs, …)
Change ‘root’ password
Remove default accounts
Post-installation steps: Security

• Reach out to the community
– Irc on freenode
– Forums.mysql.com
• Oracle Support
• Certifications
MySQL Support
How can I get help ?

• 24 X 7 Problem Resolution
Services
• Unlimited Support Incidents
• Knowledge Base
• Maintenance Releases, Bug
fixes, Patches, Updates
• MySQL Consultative Support
• Staffed by experienced,
seasoned MySQL Engineers
Oracle Premier Support for MySQL

• MySQL Database, Visual Development/Admin, Monitoring,
Backup tools, and Oracle Lifetime Support services
MySQL Enterprise
Monitor
Performance
Monitoring/ Alerts
Hot fixes
Service packs
MySQL Workbench
Oracle Lifetime Support
MySQL Enterprise Edition
Query Analyzer
Dev/Admin, Monitoring/
Backup Tools
Oracle Lifetime
Support Services

• Oracle High Availability
• Oracle Linux
• Oracle VM + MySQL Template
• Oracle Fusion MiddleWare
• WebLogic Server 10.3.1 +
• Database Adapter for Oracle SOA Suite 11.1.1.1 +
• Oracle BPM 11.1.1.3 +
• Oracle Virtual Directory 11.1.1.1+
• Oracle Data Integrator 11.1.1.3 +
• Oracle Enterprise Performance Management 11.1.2
• Oracle Identity Analytics 11.1.1.3
• Open SSO STS, Open SSO Fedlet 11.1.1.3
MySQL Enterprise Certifications
Oracle Products

• Oracle Golden Gate
• Bi-directional replication between MySQL and Oracle
• Exadata Data Stores – Enterprise DW, legacy apps,
etc.
• Hybrid Applications (MySQL frontend + Oracle data
store)
• Oracle Secure Backup
• MySQL Enterprise Backup 3.6 - supports backup
streaming to OSB via SBT API
MySQL Enterprise Certifications
Oracle Products
Enables you to manage your Oracle and MySQL databases
with Oracle tools/solutions you are already using.

Additional Resources
mysql.com
• TCO calculator
• White Papers
• Customer use cases and success stories
dev.mysql.com
• Downloads
• Documentation
• Forums
• PlanetMySQL
eDelivery.com
• Download and evaluate all MySQL products

mysql.com
• Download MySQL 5.5, MySQL Cluster 7.1 GA, GPL Products
• MySQL Products, Editions, Licensing Options
• TCO calculator
• Upcoming Events
• Customer use cases and success stories
dev.mysql.com
• Download MySQL 5.6 DMR and Labs “early access” features
• Developer Zone Articles, How to’s
eDelivery.com
• Download and evaluate all MySQL products

Planet.mysql.com
• Blog feeds from the experts and the community
Books:
• MySQL by Paul DuBois
• MySQL Administrator's Bible
• High Performance MySQL: Optimization, Backups, Replication,
and More
forums.mysql.com
• Community interaction

Xaprb.com
www.xaprb.com/blog/2009/03/13/50-things-to-know-before-migrating-oracle-to-mysql/
50 things to know before migrating Oracle to MySQL
It is a little old but worth the read

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