Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Natural selection

•Download as PPT, PDF•
•
ayan ali ali
ayan ali ali

The document summarizes key concepts in evolution including Darwin's theory of natural selection. It discusses early theories of evolution from Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and how Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on the Galapagos Islands led him to propose natural selection in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Natural selection proposes that individuals with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce and leave more offspring, gradually changing the traits of a population over generations. The document also outlines evidence of evolution such as fossils, taxonomy, and molecular biology as well as mechanisms of microevolution like genetic drift and gene flow that can lead to speciation, the evolution of new species.

1 of 44
EvolutionEvolution andand DarwinDarwin
EvolutionEvolution • The processesprocesses that have transformed life on earth from it’s earliest formsearliest forms to the vast diversitydiversity that characterizes it today. • A changechange in the genes!!!!!!!!genes!!!!!!!!
Old Theories of EvolutionOld Theories of Evolution • Jean Baptiste LamarckJean Baptiste Lamarck (early 1800’s) proposed: ““The inheritance of acquired characteristics”The inheritance of acquired characteristics” • He proposed that by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends to developdevelop certain characteristicscharacteristics, which it passespasses on to its offspringoffspring.
““The Inheritance of AcquiredThe Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”Characteristics” • Example:Example: A giraffe acquired its long neck because its ancestor stretched higher and higher into the trees to reach leaves, and that the animal’s increasingly lengthened neck was passed on to its offspring.
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin • Influenced by Charles LyellInfluenced by Charles Lyell who published “Principles of Geology”.“Principles of Geology”. • This publication led DarwinDarwin to realize that natural forces gradually change Earth’s surface and that the forces of the past are still operating in modern times.
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin • Darwin set sail on the H.M.S. BeagleH.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836) to survey the south seas (mainly South America(mainly South America and the Galapagos Islands)and the Galapagos Islands) to collect plants and animals. • On the Galapagos Islands,Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed species that lived no where else in the world. • These observations led Darwin to write a book.
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin • Wrote in 1859Wrote in 1859: “On the Origin of Species“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”by Means of Natural Selection” • Two main points:Two main points: 1.1. Species were not created in their presentSpecies were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species.form, but evolved from ancestral species. 2.2. Proposed a mechanism for evolution:Proposed a mechanism for evolution: NATURAL SELECTIONNATURAL SELECTION
Natural SelectionNatural Selection • IndividualsIndividuals with favorablefavorable traitstraits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environmentenvironment. • Also known as “Differential Reproduction”“Differential Reproduction” • Example:Example: English peppered moth (English peppered moth (BistonBiston betulariabetularia)) - light and dark phases- light and dark phases
Darwin’s 5 points 1. Population has variations. 2. Some variations are favorable. 3. More offspring are produced than survive 4. Those that survive have favorable traits. 5. A population will change over time.
Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection • The selective breedingselective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man. • Question:Question: What’s the ancestor of the domesticated dog? • Answer:Answer: WOLFWOLF
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution 1.1. Biogeography:Biogeography: Geographical distribution of species.Geographical distribution of species. 2. Fossil Record:2. Fossil Record: Fossils and the order in which they appearFossils and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rockin layers of sedimentary rock (strongest(strongest evidence).evidence).
Eastern Long Necked Turtle
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution 3. Taxonomy:3. Taxonomy: Classification of life forms.Classification of life forms. 4. Homologous structures:4. Homologous structures: Structures that are similar because ofStructures that are similar because of common ancestrycommon ancestry (comparative anatomy)(comparative anatomy)
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution 5. Comparative embryology:5. Comparative embryology: Study of structures that appear duringStudy of structures that appear during embryonic development.embryonic development. 6. Molecular biology:6. Molecular biology: DNA and proteins (amino acids)DNA and proteins (amino acids)
Population GeneticsPopulation Genetics • The sciencescience of genetic changegenetic change in population. • Remember:Remember: Hardy-Weinberg equation.
PopulationPopulation • A localized group of individualsindividuals belonging to the same speciessame species.
SpeciesSpecies • A group of populationspopulations whose individualsindividuals have the potential to interbreedinterbreed and produce viableviable offspring.
Gene PoolGene Pool • The total collection of genescollection of genes in a population at any one time.
Hardy-Weinberg PrincipleHardy-Weinberg Principle • The conceptconcept that the shuffling of genesshuffling of genes that occur during sexual reproduction, by itself, cannot changecannot change the overall genetic makeup of a population.
Hardy-Weinberg PrincipleHardy-Weinberg Principle • This principleprinciple will be maintained in nature only if all fivefive of the following conditions are met: 1.1. Very large populationVery large population 2.2. Isolation from other populationsIsolation from other populations 3.3. No net mutationsNo net mutations 4.4. Random matingRandom mating 5.5. No natural selectionNo natural selection
Hardy-Weinberg PrincipleHardy-Weinberg Principle • Remember:Remember: If these conditions are met, the population is at equilibriumequilibrium. • This means “No Change” or “No“No Change” or “No Evolution”.Evolution”.
MacroevolutionMacroevolution • The origin of taxonomic groups higherhigher than the species levelthan the species level.
MicroevolutionMicroevolution • A change in a population’s gene poolpopulation’s gene pool over a secession of generations. • Evolutionary changesEvolutionary changes in species over relatively brief periods of geological timegeological time.
Five Mechanisms of MicroevolutionFive Mechanisms of Microevolution 1. Genetic drift:1. Genetic drift: Change in the gene pool of a smallChange in the gene pool of a small population due to chance.population due to chance. • Two examples:Two examples: a. Bottleneck effecta. Bottleneck effect b. Founder effectb. Founder effect
a. Bottleneck Effecta. Bottleneck Effect • Genetic driftGenetic drift (reduction of alleles in a population) resulting from a disasterdisaster that drastically reducesreduces population sizepopulation size. • Examples:Examples: 1.1. EarthquakesEarthquakes 2.2. Volcano’sVolcano’s
b. Founder Effectb. Founder Effect • Genetic driftGenetic drift resulting from the colonizationcolonization of a new location by a small number of individuals. • Results in random changerandom change of the gene pool. • Example:Example: 1.1. Islands (first Darwin finch)Islands (first Darwin finch)
Five Mechanisms of MicroevolutionFive Mechanisms of Microevolution 2. Gene Flow:2. Gene Flow: TThe gain or loss of allelesgain or loss of alleles from a population by the movementmovement of individuals or gametes. • Immigration or emigrationImmigration or emigration.
Five Mechanisms of MicroevolutionFive Mechanisms of Microevolution 3. Mutation:3. Mutation: Change in an organism’s DNA thatChange in an organism’s DNA that creates a new allele.creates a new allele. 4. Non-random mating:4. Non-random mating: The selection of mates other thanThe selection of mates other than by chance.by chance. 5. Natural selection:5. Natural selection: Differential reproduction.Differential reproduction.
Modes of ActionModes of Action • Natural selectionNatural selection has three modesthree modes of action: 1.1. Stabilizing selectionStabilizing selection 2.2. Directional selectionDirectional selection 3.3. Diversifying selectionDiversifying selection Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
1.1. Stabilizing SelectionStabilizing Selection • ActsActs upon extremesextremes and favorsfavors the intermediateintermediate. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
2.2. Directional SelectionDirectional Selection • FavorsFavors variants of one extremeone extreme. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
3.3. Diversifying SelectionDiversifying Selection • FavorsFavors variants of opposite extremesopposite extremes. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
SpeciationSpeciation • The evolutionevolution of new species.
Reproductive BarriersReproductive Barriers • Any mechanismmechanism that impedesimpedes two species from producing fertile and/or viable hybridfertile and/or viable hybrid offspringoffspring. • Two barriers:Two barriers: 1.1. Pre-zygotic barriersPre-zygotic barriers 2.2. Post-zygotic barriersPost-zygotic barriers
1.1. Pre-zygotic BarriersPre-zygotic Barriers a. Temporal isolation:a. Temporal isolation: Breeding occurs at different times for different species. b. Habitat isolation:b. Habitat isolation: Species breed in different habitats. c. Behavioral isolation:c. Behavioral isolation: Little or no sexual attraction between species.
1.1. Pre-zygotic BarriersPre-zygotic Barriers d. Mechanical isolation:d. Mechanical isolation: Structural differences prevent gamete exchange. e. Gametic isolation:e. Gametic isolation: Gametes die before uniting with gametes of other species, or gametes fail to unite.
2.2. Post-zygotic BarriersPost-zygotic Barriers a. Hybrid inviability:a. Hybrid inviability: Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity. b. Hybrid sterility:b. Hybrid sterility: Hybrid fails to produce functional gametes. c. Hybrid breakdown:c. Hybrid breakdown: Offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile.
Allopatric SpeciationAllopatric Speciation • Induced when the ancestralancestral population becomes separatedseparated by a geographicalgeographical barrier.barrier. • Example:Example: Grand Canyon and ground squirrels
Adaptive RadiationAdaptive Radiation • Emergence of numerous speciesEmergence of numerous species from a common ancestorcommon ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments. • Example:Example: Darwin’s FinchesDarwin’s Finches
Sympatric SpeciationSympatric Speciation • Result of a radical change in the genome that produces a reproductively isolated sub-reproductively isolated sub- populationpopulation within the parent population (rare). • Example: Plant evolution - polyploidExample: Plant evolution - polyploid A species doubles it’s chromosome #chromosome # to become tetraploid. reproductive sub-population Parent population
Interpretations of SpeciationInterpretations of Speciation • Two theories:Two theories: 1.1. Gradualist Model (Neo-Darwinian):Gradualist Model (Neo-Darwinian): Slow changes in species overtime. 2.2. Punctuated Equilibrium:Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change.
Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution • SpeciesSpecies from different evolutionary branchesevolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments.very similar environments. • Example:Example: 1.1. Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia).Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia). 2.2. Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) andSidewinder (Mojave Desert) and Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)
CoevolutionCoevolution • Evolutionary changeEvolutionary change, in which one species act as a selective forceselective force on a secondsecond species, inducing adaptations that in turn act as selective force on the firstfirst species. • Example:Example: 1.1. Acacia ants and acacia treesAcacia ants and acacia trees 2.2. Humming birds and plants with flowersHumming birds and plants with flowers with long tubeswith long tubes
This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.

More Related Content

Natural selection

  • 2. EvolutionEvolution • The processesprocesses that have transformed life on earth from it’s earliest formsearliest forms to the vast diversitydiversity that characterizes it today. • A changechange in the genes!!!!!!!!genes!!!!!!!!
  • 3. Old Theories of EvolutionOld Theories of Evolution • Jean Baptiste LamarckJean Baptiste Lamarck (early 1800’s) proposed: ““The inheritance of acquired characteristics”The inheritance of acquired characteristics” • He proposed that by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends to developdevelop certain characteristicscharacteristics, which it passespasses on to its offspringoffspring.
  • 4. ““The Inheritance of AcquiredThe Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”Characteristics” • Example:Example: A giraffe acquired its long neck because its ancestor stretched higher and higher into the trees to reach leaves, and that the animal’s increasingly lengthened neck was passed on to its offspring.
  • 5. Charles DarwinCharles Darwin • Influenced by Charles LyellInfluenced by Charles Lyell who published “Principles of Geology”.“Principles of Geology”. • This publication led DarwinDarwin to realize that natural forces gradually change Earth’s surface and that the forces of the past are still operating in modern times.
  • 6. Charles DarwinCharles Darwin • Darwin set sail on the H.M.S. BeagleH.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836) to survey the south seas (mainly South America(mainly South America and the Galapagos Islands)and the Galapagos Islands) to collect plants and animals. • On the Galapagos Islands,Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed species that lived no where else in the world. • These observations led Darwin to write a book.
  • 7. Charles DarwinCharles Darwin • Wrote in 1859Wrote in 1859: “On the Origin of Species“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”by Means of Natural Selection” • Two main points:Two main points: 1.1. Species were not created in their presentSpecies were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species.form, but evolved from ancestral species. 2.2. Proposed a mechanism for evolution:Proposed a mechanism for evolution: NATURAL SELECTIONNATURAL SELECTION
  • 8. Natural SelectionNatural Selection • IndividualsIndividuals with favorablefavorable traitstraits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environmentenvironment. • Also known as “Differential Reproduction”“Differential Reproduction” • Example:Example: English peppered moth (English peppered moth (BistonBiston betulariabetularia)) - light and dark phases- light and dark phases
  • 9. Darwin’s 5 points 1. Population has variations. 2. Some variations are favorable. 3. More offspring are produced than survive 4. Those that survive have favorable traits. 5. A population will change over time.
  • 10. Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection • The selective breedingselective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man. • Question:Question: What’s the ancestor of the domesticated dog? • Answer:Answer: WOLFWOLF
  • 11. Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution 1.1. Biogeography:Biogeography: Geographical distribution of species.Geographical distribution of species. 2. Fossil Record:2. Fossil Record: Fossils and the order in which they appearFossils and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rockin layers of sedimentary rock (strongest(strongest evidence).evidence).
  • 13. Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution 3. Taxonomy:3. Taxonomy: Classification of life forms.Classification of life forms. 4. Homologous structures:4. Homologous structures: Structures that are similar because ofStructures that are similar because of common ancestrycommon ancestry (comparative anatomy)(comparative anatomy)
  • 14. Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution 5. Comparative embryology:5. Comparative embryology: Study of structures that appear duringStudy of structures that appear during embryonic development.embryonic development. 6. Molecular biology:6. Molecular biology: DNA and proteins (amino acids)DNA and proteins (amino acids)
  • 15. Population GeneticsPopulation Genetics • The sciencescience of genetic changegenetic change in population. • Remember:Remember: Hardy-Weinberg equation.
  • 16. PopulationPopulation • A localized group of individualsindividuals belonging to the same speciessame species.
  • 17. SpeciesSpecies • A group of populationspopulations whose individualsindividuals have the potential to interbreedinterbreed and produce viableviable offspring.
  • 18. Gene PoolGene Pool • The total collection of genescollection of genes in a population at any one time.
  • 19. Hardy-Weinberg PrincipleHardy-Weinberg Principle • The conceptconcept that the shuffling of genesshuffling of genes that occur during sexual reproduction, by itself, cannot changecannot change the overall genetic makeup of a population.
  • 20. Hardy-Weinberg PrincipleHardy-Weinberg Principle • This principleprinciple will be maintained in nature only if all fivefive of the following conditions are met: 1.1. Very large populationVery large population 2.2. Isolation from other populationsIsolation from other populations 3.3. No net mutationsNo net mutations 4.4. Random matingRandom mating 5.5. No natural selectionNo natural selection
  • 21. Hardy-Weinberg PrincipleHardy-Weinberg Principle • Remember:Remember: If these conditions are met, the population is at equilibriumequilibrium. • This means “No Change” or “No“No Change” or “No Evolution”.Evolution”.
  • 22. MacroevolutionMacroevolution • The origin of taxonomic groups higherhigher than the species levelthan the species level.
  • 23. MicroevolutionMicroevolution • A change in a population’s gene poolpopulation’s gene pool over a secession of generations. • Evolutionary changesEvolutionary changes in species over relatively brief periods of geological timegeological time.
  • 24. Five Mechanisms of MicroevolutionFive Mechanisms of Microevolution 1. Genetic drift:1. Genetic drift: Change in the gene pool of a smallChange in the gene pool of a small population due to chance.population due to chance. • Two examples:Two examples: a. Bottleneck effecta. Bottleneck effect b. Founder effectb. Founder effect
  • 25. a. Bottleneck Effecta. Bottleneck Effect • Genetic driftGenetic drift (reduction of alleles in a population) resulting from a disasterdisaster that drastically reducesreduces population sizepopulation size. • Examples:Examples: 1.1. EarthquakesEarthquakes 2.2. Volcano’sVolcano’s
  • 26. b. Founder Effectb. Founder Effect • Genetic driftGenetic drift resulting from the colonizationcolonization of a new location by a small number of individuals. • Results in random changerandom change of the gene pool. • Example:Example: 1.1. Islands (first Darwin finch)Islands (first Darwin finch)
  • 27. Five Mechanisms of MicroevolutionFive Mechanisms of Microevolution 2. Gene Flow:2. Gene Flow: TThe gain or loss of allelesgain or loss of alleles from a population by the movementmovement of individuals or gametes. • Immigration or emigrationImmigration or emigration.
  • 28. Five Mechanisms of MicroevolutionFive Mechanisms of Microevolution 3. Mutation:3. Mutation: Change in an organism’s DNA thatChange in an organism’s DNA that creates a new allele.creates a new allele. 4. Non-random mating:4. Non-random mating: The selection of mates other thanThe selection of mates other than by chance.by chance. 5. Natural selection:5. Natural selection: Differential reproduction.Differential reproduction.
  • 29. Modes of ActionModes of Action • Natural selectionNatural selection has three modesthree modes of action: 1.1. Stabilizing selectionStabilizing selection 2.2. Directional selectionDirectional selection 3.3. Diversifying selectionDiversifying selection Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
  • 30. 1.1. Stabilizing SelectionStabilizing Selection • ActsActs upon extremesextremes and favorsfavors the intermediateintermediate. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
  • 31. 2.2. Directional SelectionDirectional Selection • FavorsFavors variants of one extremeone extreme. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
  • 32. 3.3. Diversifying SelectionDiversifying Selection • FavorsFavors variants of opposite extremesopposite extremes. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large
  • 34. Reproductive BarriersReproductive Barriers • Any mechanismmechanism that impedesimpedes two species from producing fertile and/or viable hybridfertile and/or viable hybrid offspringoffspring. • Two barriers:Two barriers: 1.1. Pre-zygotic barriersPre-zygotic barriers 2.2. Post-zygotic barriersPost-zygotic barriers
  • 35. 1.1. Pre-zygotic BarriersPre-zygotic Barriers a. Temporal isolation:a. Temporal isolation: Breeding occurs at different times for different species. b. Habitat isolation:b. Habitat isolation: Species breed in different habitats. c. Behavioral isolation:c. Behavioral isolation: Little or no sexual attraction between species.
  • 36. 1.1. Pre-zygotic BarriersPre-zygotic Barriers d. Mechanical isolation:d. Mechanical isolation: Structural differences prevent gamete exchange. e. Gametic isolation:e. Gametic isolation: Gametes die before uniting with gametes of other species, or gametes fail to unite.
  • 37. 2.2. Post-zygotic BarriersPost-zygotic Barriers a. Hybrid inviability:a. Hybrid inviability: Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity. b. Hybrid sterility:b. Hybrid sterility: Hybrid fails to produce functional gametes. c. Hybrid breakdown:c. Hybrid breakdown: Offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile.
  • 38. Allopatric SpeciationAllopatric Speciation • Induced when the ancestralancestral population becomes separatedseparated by a geographicalgeographical barrier.barrier. • Example:Example: Grand Canyon and ground squirrels
  • 39. Adaptive RadiationAdaptive Radiation • Emergence of numerous speciesEmergence of numerous species from a common ancestorcommon ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments. • Example:Example: Darwin’s FinchesDarwin’s Finches
  • 40. Sympatric SpeciationSympatric Speciation • Result of a radical change in the genome that produces a reproductively isolated sub-reproductively isolated sub- populationpopulation within the parent population (rare). • Example: Plant evolution - polyploidExample: Plant evolution - polyploid A species doubles it’s chromosome #chromosome # to become tetraploid. reproductive sub-population Parent population
  • 41. Interpretations of SpeciationInterpretations of Speciation • Two theories:Two theories: 1.1. Gradualist Model (Neo-Darwinian):Gradualist Model (Neo-Darwinian): Slow changes in species overtime. 2.2. Punctuated Equilibrium:Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change.
  • 42. Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution • SpeciesSpecies from different evolutionary branchesevolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments.very similar environments. • Example:Example: 1.1. Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia).Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia). 2.2. Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) andSidewinder (Mojave Desert) and Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)
  • 43. CoevolutionCoevolution • Evolutionary changeEvolutionary change, in which one species act as a selective forceselective force on a secondsecond species, inducing adaptations that in turn act as selective force on the firstfirst species. • Example:Example: 1.1. Acacia ants and acacia treesAcacia ants and acacia trees 2.2. Humming birds and plants with flowersHumming birds and plants with flowers with long tubeswith long tubes
  • 44. This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.