BTS functions include modulation, channel coding, interleaving, encryption, frequency hopping, frame formatting, and signal strength measurements. The CGI uniquely identifies a cell using LAI and CI. The FCCH carries frequency synchronization information. The SCH carries timing synchronization and BSIC information. The BCCH broadcasts cell information like LAI and CI. The PCH pages mobiles for calls/SMS. The RACH is used by mobiles to request resources. The AGCH sends resource grants in response to RACH requests. The SDCCH is used for location updates, call setup, and SMS. The SACCH carries signal strength measurements and timing/power control information. The FACCH can replace bursts on the SDC
1. The PBCH is a downlink physical channel that broadcasts essential initial access parameters like system bandwidth. It occupies 72 subcarriers in the first 4 OFDM symbols of the second slot of every 10ms radio frame. The PBCH carries a 14-bit MIB that is coded at a low rate and mapped to center subcarriers.
2. The PCFICH indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH. It occupies 16 resource elements in the first symbol of each 1ms subframe. The PCFICH carries the CFI value which is coded to use the full 32 bits.
3. The PDCCH carries downlink control information like resource allocations using QPSK.
This document discusses the GSM slot structure and multiple access scheme. It explains that GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA, dividing carriers by frequency and then dividing time using TDMA. Each GSM slot lasts 0.577ms and 8 slots are grouped into a 4.615ms TDMA frame. There are different types of frames and bursts used to carry various data and provide synchronization. The document then describes the structure and purpose of normal, synchronization, frequency correction, and random access bursts.
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
This document discusses L3 messages and system information messages in GSM networks. L3 messages are used for controlling mobile station behavior in idle and dedicated modes and for location updates. System information messages are downlink messages sent on the BCCH or SACCH channels to provide mobile stations with needed network information like cell parameters and neighbor cell lists. Examples of system information messages and their contents are provided.
Physical channels carry information over the air interface between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Logical channels map user data and signaling information onto physical channels. There are two main types of logical channels - traffic channels which carry call data, and control channels which communicate service information. Control channels include broadcast channels which transmit cell-wide information, common channels used for paging and access procedures, and dedicated channels for signaling during calls or when not on a call. Logical channels are mapped onto physical channels to effectively transmit information wirelessly between network components in a GSM system.
ell Allocation (CA) is the subset of the total frequency band that is available for one BTS. It can be viewed as the total transport resource available for traffic between the BTS and its attached MSs. One Radio Frequency CHannel (RFCH) of the CA is used to carry synchronization information and the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH). This can be any of the carriers in the cell and it is known as the BCCH carrier or the c
carrier. Strong efficiency and quality requirements have resulted in a
0
rather complex way of utilizing the frequency resource. This chapter describes the basic principles of how to use this resource from the physical resource itself to the information transport service offered by the BTS.
Carrier separation is 200 kHz, which provides: • 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band • 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band • 299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band
Using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each of these carriers is divided into eight Time Slots (TS). One TS on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel, i.e. on each duplex pair of carriers there are eight physical channels.
A variety of information is transmitted between the BTS and thMS. The information is grouped into different logical channelsEach logical channel is used for a specific purpose such as paging, call set-up and speech. For example, speech is sent on the logical channel Traffic CHannel (TCH). The logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels.
The information in this chapter does not include channels specific for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). For basic information on GPRS see chapter 14 of this documentation.
The document describes the physical layer of WCDMA FDD mode, including:
1. An overview of the WCDMA physical layer specifications and documents.
2. Descriptions of transport channels (dedicated, common), physical channels, and the mapping between them.
3. Details on specific aspects of the physical layer such as spreading/modulation, multiplexing/channel coding, measurements, and procedures.
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
The document discusses the interfaces used in GSM networks to transmit user and signalling data between network elements. It describes the A, A-ter, and A-bis interfaces. The A interface connects the MSC to the transcoder. The A-ter connects the transcoder to the BSC. The A-bis connects the BSC to the BTS. It then discusses the frame structure and data transmission across these interfaces, including how channels are mapped and what type of information is carried in each interface like voice data, signalling data and O&M alarms.
• -How the channel concept is used on the radio interface
• -Different burst formats in the radio interface
• -The hierarchical frame structure
• -The content sent in different logical channels
• -The mapping of the logical channels
• -Superframe and Hyperframe
• -MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
• INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
• TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
• LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
• CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
• BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
• PIN management
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
The document discusses the different types of logical channels used in the GSM air interface, including traffic channels, control channels, and dedicated control channels. It provides details on the purpose and function of various control channels like the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Common Control Channels (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH). The BCCH broadcasts information about the cell and network. The CCCH includes channels like the Paging Channel (PCH) and Random Access Channel (RACH) for paging and call requests. The DCCH comprises channels like SDCCH, SACCH, and FACCH that are used for call setup and in-call signaling.
This document describes radio transmission techniques and channels in GSM networks. It discusses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and defines physical and logical channels. It provides details on different control channels like Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH). It also describes traffic channels and various burst types used in GSM frames.
The document discusses various logical channels used in GSM networks such as broadcast control channel (BCCH), common control channels (CCCH), dedicated control channels (DCCH), and traffic channels (TCH). It describes the purpose and usage of different channel types including stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH), slow associated control channel (SACCH), and fast associated control channel (FACCH). The document also covers topics like burst structure, mapping of logical channels to physical channels, and usage of SDCCH in GSM networks.
Hi.....
Add 4G parameters in tems window||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmKi0O9dWpQ&t=3s
Training of 2G+3G+4G ON TEMS
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System information messages contain data about the mobile network that mobile stations need to communicate with the network. There are 12 different types of system information messages that provide information like cell channel descriptions, neighboring cell information, location area identities, and parameters for random access channel control. These messages are continuously broadcast on common control channels to both idle and active mobile stations.
The document summarizes the channel structure in UMTS systems. It describes the different types of channels including physical channels, transport channels, and logical channels. It then provides details on specific uplink and downlink physical channels, such as the dedicated physical channels (DPDCH, DPCCH), common pilot channel (CPICH), primary common control physical channel (P-CCPCH), and synchronization channel (SCH). The functions of different protocol layers including L1, MAC, RLC, and RRC are also summarized.
GSM uses frequency division duplexing with carriers separated by 200 kHz. Each carrier is divided into 8 time slots using TDMA. Logical channels like traffic channels and signaling channels are mapped onto these physical time slots. Traffic channels carry user data at either full rate or half rate, while signaling channels include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels used for functions like synchronization, paging, call setup, and handover.
HARQ is a technique that combines error correction codes with automatic repeat requests (ARQ). It allows errors that are uncorrectable by the error correction code alone to be corrected through retransmissions. There are two main types of HARQ - Type I adds error detection and forward error correction to each message, while Type II alternates between message bits and error detecting parity bits. Soft combining at the receiver improves performance by combining incorrectly received blocks with retransmissions. Incremental redundancy, used in technologies like HSDPA, improves performance over chase combining by sending different coded bits with each retransmission. HARQ is used in mobile networks to provide high speed data transmission.
This document describes properties of the radio path in GSM including fast fading caused by multipath propagation which results in problems like inter-symbol interference. It discusses solutions like frequency hopping, channel coding, and antenna diversity. It also describes logical channels in the air interface like traffic channels and control channels, and different burst types like synchronization bursts, normal bursts and access bursts used to transmit different logical channels.
The document discusses how to eliminate fear and insecurity within an organization by moving away from adversarial relationships and using fear-based motivation. It recommends praising and empowering employees rather than dictating to them, clearly defining job roles and expectations, and creating a workplace culture defined by collaboration rather than competition in order to encourage innovation and change. Leaders should aim to set a calm emotional tone and make employees feel secure in their roles.
This document provides a floor plan for a 5 bedroom, 3 bathroom home located at 215 Barberry Lane in Dallas, GA. The 3,400 square foot home includes an entrance foyer, office/living room, dining room, kitchen, breakfast nook, family room, pantry, laundry room, 2 car garage, and 5 bedrooms including a master bedroom with sitting room and bathroom. The second floor contains 3 bedrooms and a bathroom.
Creative commons, an alternative solution to copyright restrictionsalbamunyoz
This report provides an analysis and exhaustive explanation of Copyright restrictions in order to encourage creators to choose Creative Commons licenses. The purpose is not only to give a clear understanding of why authors should chose Creative Commons licenses, but also to raise awareness of the harmful consequences of Copyright for the whole society or the public domain.
Business Pan for my previous startup Intellex Marketing, a retail media and marketing analytics firm, which delivers targeted promotions and marketing messages in a modern trade store at the POS in the form of printed coupons. Each promotion is customized based on the basket contents. Our solution is a great tool for brand marketers and merchandisers to reach their target segment thereby reducing marketing spillage and influencing shopper behavior.
This document provides tips for advanced searching on Google, including using operators like filetype, asterisk, tilde, allintitle, inurl, and allinurl to narrow searches. It gives examples of how to search for specific types of files, broaden or narrow searches, and search within titles or URLs. Tasks provide additional examples for practicing each operator to search for presentations on a topic, lesson plans, middle names, foods someone likes, journals on a topic, song lyrics, and dictionary definitions.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la Versión Israelita Nazarena de las Sagradas Escrituras. Explica que se basa en traducciones bíblicas judías antiguas al castellano, así como en los textos hebreos y griegos originales. Además, restaura los nombres hebreos originales y el Tetragrámaton YHWH, siguiendo la evidencia de que esta es la pronunciación correcta del Nombre Sagrado.
The document summarizes the role of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) in drug development. The BCS classifies drugs based on their solubility and permeability properties, which determine drug absorption. It is a useful tool in drug discovery, development, and regulation. The BCS includes four classes of drugs based on being highly or poorly soluble and permeable. It provides a framework for understanding how solubility and permeability impact bioavailability and for developing drug products.
Los lamentables 32 días de estadía de mi madre en la Residencia para Adultos...Sandra G. C. Cabrera
Comparto con ustedes un escrito personal sobre una muy dolorosa y triste situación que me (nos) tocó vivir durante los últimos días de vida de mi madre.
Creative commons, an alternative solution to copyright restrictionsalbamunyoz
This report provides an analysis and exhaustive explanation of Copyright restrictions in order to encourage creators to choose Creative Commons licenses. The purpose is not only to give a clear understanding of why authors should chose Creative Commons licenses, but also to raise awareness of the harmful consequences of Copyright for the whole society or the public domain.
The document is a presentation on responsive web design. It discusses the evolution of responsive design, how to develop responsive sites using techniques like media queries and CSS, tools to use, best practices, and how to get started with responsive design. It provides examples and recommendations for making sites responsive across different devices.
Intellex Marketing - Targeted Coupon Marketing at Point of SaleVivek Lath
The document proposes a new advertising medium called ShopSense that would deliver targeted promotions and advertisements to shoppers based on their purchases. It would analyze transaction data from retail stores to provide:
1) Granular targeting of customer segments for brands/advertisers.
2) Opportunities for retailers to monetize foot traffic and increase customer loyalty.
3) Additional promotions and ads for shoppers via printouts at the point-of-sale checkout. The service would charge brands per printed promotion and revenue share with retailers.
My presentation on need for resiliency and how to achieve using Netflix Hystrix. This was received well across the team and uploading for the sake of others
Coordination involves harmonizing all activities of an organization to facilitate its working and success. The key principles of coordination include direct personal contact, early coordination during planning, reciprocity between interdependent factors, and continuity as an ongoing process. Coordination is a basic management responsibility that requires unity of purpose and continuous effort, especially in group work. Effective coordination techniques include sound planning, simplified organization structures, committees to address interdepartmental issues, self-coordination through horizontal communication, effective leadership and communication, and use of the chain of command. Barriers to coordination can arise from issues like competition, threats to autonomy, disagreements, differing expectations, lack of trust, perceived costs and benefits, unilateral actions, staff turnover, and poor
UMTS uses logical, transport, and physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) broadcasts general system information to mobile devices in idle state. The Paging Control Channel (PCCH) informs users of incoming calls or messages. The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is used to establish new connections between mobile devices and the network. Transport channels like the Broadcast Channel (BCH) and Dedicated Channel (DCH) carry data from the logical channels. Physical channels such as the Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) and Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) provide the transmission medium and perform channel coding.
This presentation discusses about the WCDMA air Interface used in 3G i.e. UMTS. This Radio Interface has great capability on which Third Generation of Mobile Communication is built, with backward compatibility.
This document discusses BSS parameter configurations in GSM networks. It describes the channel configurations including TDMA frame structure, signaling channels like BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH, and traffic channels like TCH. It explains combined and separated signaling channel configurations and shows examples of multiframe structures for different channel types. It also covers capacity calculations for SDCCH channels and includes an Erlang B table.
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
This document summarizes key radio parameters in GSM networks. It describes parameters for network identification like CGI and BSIC, which help identify cells and distinguish neighboring base stations. It also covers system control parameters for random access, including MAXRETRANS, Tx_Integer, and AC. Finally, it discusses cell selection parameters and network function parameters that control aspects like paging and location updating.
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in a GSM network. It describes:
- Possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8, SDCCH/4, and combinations using 1 or 2 timeslots and TRXs.
- How logical channels like SDCCH, TCH, SACCH, and CBCH are mapped to physical timeslots and frames.
- The usage of SDCCH for functions like registration, call setup, SMS, and supplementary services.
- Parameters involved in SDCCH dimensioning like traffic estimations, congestion reasons and detection, and preventative actions.
The document discusses various logical channels in GSM including broadcast channels (BCH), common control channels (CCCH), dedicated control channels (DCCH), and traffic channels (TCH). It describes the purpose and usage of different channel types like FCCH, SCH, BCCH, PCH, RACH, AGCH, SDCCH, SACCH, and FACCH. It also covers topics like call setup using SDCCH, burst structure, mapping of logical channels to physical channels, and SDCCH configuration and dimensioning.
- CDMA allows multiple users to communicate over the same frequency channel by using unique code sequences. Each user is assigned a code and any data transmitted is mixed together on transmission. The receiving device can separate the signals based on the individual codes.
- GSM uses frequency division duplexing with different frequency bands for the uplink and downlink. The uplink band ranges from 890-915 MHz and the downlink from 935-960 MHz. Frequency carriers are spaced at 200 kHz intervals.
- The main components of GSM architecture are the mobile station, base station subsystem (BTS and BSC), and mobile switching center. Logical channels in GSM include traffic channels, broadcast channels, paging channels
The document discusses various channels used in GSM networks. It describes physical channels that transfer bits between network elements and logical channels distinguished by the nature of carried information. It provides details on different types of logical channels including traffic, broadcast, common control and dedicated control channels. It also explains concepts like bursts, frames, multiframe structures and how they are used to organize speech and data on traffic channels.
- The document discusses LTE physical channels, transport channels, and logical channels. It provides details on the different channels used in the downlink and uplink.
- The main physical channels described include the PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH, PUCCH, PUSCH, and PRACH. The transport channels include the BCH, DL-SCH, PCH, MCH, UL-SCH, and RACH. The logical channels include the BCCH, PCCH, CCCH, MCCH, DCCH, DTCH, and MTCH.
- Link adaptation procedures for the downlink and uplink are also summarized, including how CQI is used to determine the
GSM channels can be classified as either logical or physical channels. Traffic channels carry encoded speech or user data at either full rate (22.8 Kb/s) or half rate (11.4 Kb/s). Control channels carry signaling information and include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels. The broadcast control channel provides cell and network identification using BCCH, SCH, and FCH. Common control channels include PCH, RACH, and AGCH to establish calls. Dedicated control channels like SDCCH, SACCH, and FACCH are used after a call is established and during a call.
This document discusses WCDMA channels at different levels including logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. It provides details on:
- Logical channels describe the type of information transferred and include control and traffic channels.
- Transport channels describe how logical channels are transferred over the interface and include dedicated and common channels.
- Physical channels provide the transmission medium and are defined by specific codes. They include channels like DPDCH, DPCCH, PDSCH, PRACH, and CPICH.
- The document also discusses the radio frame structure in WCDMA and details on different physical channel types and their characteristics.
This document summarizes key aspects of second-generation digital wireless systems including TDMA-based IS-136 and GSM as well as CDMA-based IS-95. It describes the basic infrastructure components including base stations, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers. It also provides overviews of channel structures and framing in GSM, IS-136 and IS-95 including descriptions of broadcast, traffic and control channels. Mobile registration, authentication and handoff procedures are also summarized.
This document summarizes the key principles of GSM frequency band allocation and multiple access technology. It discusses that GSM uses both FDMA and TDMA, with frequency bands divided into 200 kHz carriers and time divided into timeslots. The basic transmission unit in GSM is a burst, which is transmitted within a slot over a carrier. Different burst types carry different information for functions like access, synchronization, and data transmission.
Logical channels are divided into traffic channels and control channels. Traffic channels (TCH) transmit data and voice, while control channels (CCH) handle signaling and control. CCHs include broadcast, common, and dedicated channels. Broadcast CCHs like FCCH, SCH, and BCCH transmit general network information. Common CCHs include PCH, RACH, and AGCH for paging, accessing the network, and assigning dedicated channels. Dedicated CCHs comprise SDCCH, SACCH, and FACCH for call setup and handover signaling. TCHs include full rate, half rate, and enhanced full rate channels for various data and voice transmission rates.
Distributed contention based mac protocol for cognitive radioIffat Anjum
Introduction
System Model
DC-MAC Design
Network Initialization
DC-MAC Working
Data Transfer on Home Channel
Data Transfer on a Foreign Channel
Performance Analysis
Conclusion
References
GSM Network Analysis and KPI Optimisation discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for optimizing GSM networks. It describes the architecture of GSM networks including mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems and operation support subsystems. It then covers various GSM concepts like channels, frame structure, bursts and call flows. The document outlines different types of KPIs like accessibility, retainability and speech quality for both voice and data services. Finally, it discusses how to optimize specific KPIs like blocking, dropping and handover success rates by checking network parameters and using tools like OSS, MRR and NCS reports.
This document discusses the parameters and configuration of base station subsystems (BSS) in GSM networks. It describes the channel configuration including logical and physical channels, signaling channels, traffic channels, and their organization into frames, multiframes, and hyperframes. It also provides an example calculation of SDCCH capacity for a cell with 325 subscribers, showing that 5 SDCCHs are needed to support call establishment and location update with a 1% blocking probability based on Erlang B, requiring a separate rather than combined channel configuration.
Paradigm Shifts in User Modeling: A Journey from Historical Foundations to Em...Erasmo Purificato
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Coordinate Systems in FME 101 - Webinar SlidesSafe Software
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- Enhance Your Understanding: Gain a clear overview of what coordinate systems are and their value
- Learn Practical Applications: Why we need datams and projections, plus units between coordinate systems
- Maximize with FME: Understand how FME handles coordinate systems, including a brief summary of the 3 main reprojectors
- Custom Coordinate Systems: Learn how to work with FME and coordinate systems beyond what is natively supported
- Look Ahead: Gain insights into where FME is headed with coordinate systems in the future
Don’t miss the opportunity to improve the value you receive from your coordinate system data, ultimately allowing you to streamline your data analysis and maximize your time. See you there!
Blockchain technology is transforming industries and reshaping the way we conduct business, manage data, and secure transactions. Whether you're new to blockchain or looking to deepen your knowledge, our guidebook, "Blockchain for Dummies", is your ultimate resource.
The DealBook is our annual overview of the Ukrainian tech investment industry. This edition comprehensively covers the full year 2023 and the first deals of 2024.
AC Atlassian Coimbatore Session Slides( 22/06/2024)apoorva2579
This is the combined Sessions of ACE Atlassian Coimbatore event happened on 22nd June 2024
The session order is as follows:
1.AI and future of help desk by Rajesh Shanmugam
2. Harnessing the power of GenAI for your business by Siddharth
3. Fallacies of GenAI by Raju Kandaswamy
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Performance budgets have been around for more than ten years. Over those years, we’ve learned a lot about what works, what doesn’t, and what we need to improve. In this session, Tammy revisits old assumptions about performance budgets and offers some new best practices. Topics include:
• Understanding performance budgets vs. performance goals
• Aligning budgets with user experience
• Pros and cons of Core Web Vitals
• How to stay on top of your budgets to fight regressions
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Key Takeaways:
* Understand why connection pooling is essential for high-traffic applications
* Explore various connection poolers available for PostgreSQL, including pgbouncer
* Learn the configuration options and functionalities of pgbouncer
* Discover best practices for monitoring and troubleshooting connection pooling setups
* Gain insights into real-world use cases and considerations for production environments
This presentation is ideal for:
* Database administrators (DBAs)
* Developers working with PostgreSQL
* DevOps engineers
* Anyone interested in optimizing PostgreSQL performance
Contact info@mydbops.com for PostgreSQL Managed, Consulting and Remote DBA Services
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Quantum Communications Q&A with Gemini LLM. These are based on Shannon's Noisy channel Theorem and offers how the classical theory applies to the quantum world.
1. BTS function
Modulation/De-modulation
Channel Coding/Decoding
Interleaving
Encryption/Ciphering
Frequency Hopping
TRAU Frame Formatting
BCCH management
Signal Strength Measurement for active connections
Idle Channel Measurements on free channels
To identify a cell uniquely across PLMNs, an identity called the Cell Global
Identity (CGI) is defined. CGI is obtained by the concatenation of LAI and the
CI.
Frequency Correction Channel: FCCH
One way channel operating in forward direction and using frequency correction
burst format
Bears information for Frequency Synchronization
142 all 0 bits in this burst causes GMSK modulator to deliver an unmodulated
carrier for the entire duration of the timeslot
Upon detecting this sine wave the MS can adjust its frequency reference
appropriately
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Uses the synchronization burst format
Raw Data information for SCH is of 89 bits
64 bits are same for each cell and helps them to achieve timing synchronization.
6 bits are for the identification of BTS and mapped on Base Station Identity
Code (BSIC) = NCC (3 bit) + BCC (3 bit)
BSIC avoids ambiguity or interference which can arise when a MS can receive SCH
from two cells using the same BCCH frequency.
Network Colour Code (NCC)
Used to identity the BTS for which measurement is made.
Base-Station Colour Code (BCC)
Each 8 BCC value maps to a different Training Sequence.
Different training sequences allow for a better transmission in case of
interference
19 bits represent the TDMA frame number (reduced frame number)
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
One way channel operating in the forward direction and using the normal burst
format
BCCH Occur in timeslot 0 of some specific carriers known as BCCH carriers
After locking on to the frequency and frame structure in the cell, MS needs some
more general information broadcast on the BCCH for call setup purposes
Cell Identity (CI)
Network Identity (LAI)
Control Channel structure
BCCH Frequencies of neighboring cells
GPRS Supported or not.
Paging Channel: PCH
One way channel operating in the forward direction and using the normal burst
format
Mobile subscribers are paged this channel for incoming calls or short messages
Every MS in a cell periodically listen to this channel
Uses same coding scheme as used for BCCH
Random Access Channel: RACH
One way channel operating in the reverse direction and using the access burst
format
When MS wants to initiate dialogue with network, this channel is used to send
request to network for a dedicated resource
The actual communication between the MS and the network will takes place later
on the dedicated channel.
If the request is not granted within a specific time period, the MS repeats the
2. request on RACH
Access Grant Channel: AGCH
AGCH is a one way channel operating in forward direction and using the normal
burst format
In response to requests from different MS on RACH, the network allocates a
specific dedicated signaling channel (SDCCH) against each request for further
communication.
The response to the request is sent on AGCH.
Uses same coding scheme as used for BCCH
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel: SDCCH
Two way channel using normal burst format
As per the allocation conveyed over the AGCH, both the MS & the BTS switch over
to the assigned SDCCH for a further communication
The Following tasks require the use of SDCCH
Location Updates
Call Setup
SMS
Uses the same coding scheme as used by BCCH
Slow Associated Control Channel: SACCH
Two way channel using normal burst format
SACCH is always associated with TCH or SDCCH
When associated with a TCH, the SACCH occurs in 12 or 25 frame of each 26-frame
multi frame
Each message comprises of 456 bits so 4 multi frames are required to transmit a
message
Since a 26-frame multiframe requires 120ms, a SAACH message over 4 multi-frame
requires 480ms.
Thus, power control that is linked to SAACH exchanges is hindered by the low
rates of SAACH exchange. (But then, SAACH was meant to be slow!)
Used to convey the periodic carrier-signal strength measurements to the network
While an MS is busy on a call over a traffic channel (TCH) or in communication
with MSC on the SDCCH, MS takes periodic carrier-signal strength measurements on
own base station & neighboring base stations.
Based on the analysis of measurements taken by BTS & the MS, the BSC conveys
information on timing advance & MS transmitter power control
Uses the same coding scheme as used by BCCH
Fast Associated Control Channel: FACCH
FACCH is a two way channel using normal burst format
FACCH can be associated with SDCCH or TCH
FACCH works on the principle of stealing
The burst of speech is replaced by FACCH signaling
FACCH is used to convey
Handover information
Uses the same coding scheme as used by BCCH
Full Rate Traffic Channel
This channel carries information at rate of 22.8 Kbps
Half Rate Traffic Channel
This channel carries information at rate of 11.4 Kbps
Enhanced Full Rate Speech
GMSK Adaptive Multi Rate (Half Rate and Full Rate)
Circuit Switched Data (Transparent): 600/1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400.
Circuit Switched Data (Non-transparent): 9600, 14400.
Group 3 Fax: 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400.
CS 1 to 4
MCS 1 to 9
High-Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) for 9.6/14.4 kbps
Enhanced Circuit Switched Data 28.8/32.0/43.2 Kbps per TS
Generally two configurations are mainly used
Separate SDCCH: FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
Addresses a channel configuration in which no SDCCH are available on TS 0.
In this case SDCCH sub channels are defined on TS 1
Rest of the TS are used by Traffic channels
Combined SDCCH: FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4
3. Addresses a channel configuration in which all control channels are assigned to
TS 0
In this case TS1 is also available for Traffic channels
The downlink direction of TS 0 of the BCCH-TRX is used by various channels.
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
Four SDCCH sub channels (optional);
CCCH
This use is possible because the logical channels can time-share TS 0 in
different TDMA frames of 51 frame Multi frame
Multiplexing of FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH on TS 0 of radio frequency C0 (51 Frame
Multiframe)
Cycle of 51 TDMA frame (0-50), The structure is repeated after IDLE frame
It contains one block of 4 frames for BCCH and 9 Blocks of 4 frames for CCCH
(AGCH/PCH)
Referred to as OMUSIG channel
There is one OMUSIG channel per BTS (typically 16 to 64Kbps).
BSC controls operations of the whole BTS through this channel.
There is O&M SW running on BTS that handles all command on O&M channel.
OMUSIG uses LAPD as link layer protocol.
Typical operations include:
Initialization
Configuration
SW Download
Alarm handling and Fault reporting
Block and Reset
Loop Test and other test operations
Referred to as TRXSIG channel
There is one TRXSIG channel per TRX (typically 16 Kbps).
All mobile signalling (including RR signalling) is carried over TRXSIG channel.
There is RR SW running on each TRX that handles all command on TRX signaling
channel.
TRXSIG uses LAPD as link layer protocol.
Typical operations is explained in subsequent slides.
Apart from the OMUSIG and TRXSIG channels, there are traffic channels for each
Timeslot of a TRX.
Thus, if there are N TRX, then there are 8N traffic channels, each of 16Kbps
link speed.
A host of traffic types can be carried, each with different channel coding. The
following are some of the basic traffic channel types:
Full Rate
Half Rate Speech
The traffic channels are carried over either TRAU frame format or GPRS Layer 1
frame format.
These frame formats define how BTS and BSC exchange stream of information at
layer 1.
For example, while 13Kbps is required for carrying user traffic on Abis, the
TRAU frame is allocated 3Kbps. Thus, there is bandwidth for signaling traffic.
Note: There is no LAPD for traffic channels. LAPD provides reliable delivery and
is not feasible for user traffic.
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At L3, Abis Interface defines a set of sub-procedures (48.058)
At L2, the LAPD protocol is followed based on Q.931(48.056)
At L1, the E1 PCM structure is followed
The TRXSIG Layer 3 Signaling has four basic set of procedures:
Common Channel Management
Dedicated Channel Management
4. Radio Link Management
TRX Management
Refer 3GPP 48.058 for details
Common Channel Management includes procedures for enabling mobile to obtain
dedicated channels (I.e. SDCCH and TCH) for communication. Till such state is
reached, the communication takes place through RACH and AGCH.
The procedures belonging to this category include:
System Information Broadcast (over BCCH)
Paging (over PCH)
Initial Channel Request (via RACH)
Immediate Assignment (over AGCH)
Note: The logical channels shown in brackets do not apply for Abis. It
only indicates for example that Paging message received over Abis is sent over
PCH channel or random access received over RACH is relayed over Abis.
Dedicated Channel Management includes procedures for managing the state of
dedicated channels (I.e. SDCCH and TCH).
The procedures belonging to this category include:
Channel Activation/release
Handover support
Mode modify
Power Control
Measurement Reporting
Ciphering Control
Radio Link Management procedures relay the actions on air interface to BSC over
Abis or receive instructions from BSC to trigger actions over air interface.
The procedures belonging to this category include:
Request/Indication for Link Establishment
Request/Indication for Link Release
Transparent data transfer from MS to BSC
Transparent data transfer from BSC to MS
TRX Management procedures include few other procedures related to measurement
handling.
The procedures belonging to this category include:
Interference on idle channels
Note: Measurement of interference on idle channels is different from
measurements for dedicated channels. The latter form part of dedicated channel
handling procedures.
Some form of flow control
Error control
LAPD frame format is specified by ITU Q.920 and Q.921.
3GPP TS 48.056 adapts this to provide signaling on Abis interface.
LAPD provides reliable data link layer for information transfer.
Option is available to send relatively less important messages in un-
acknowledged mode.
The mobile sees various protocol layers:
Layer 1: GSM Physical layer with BTS (already covered)
Layer 2: LAPDm layer with BTS
Layer 3a: RR layer with BSC
Layer 3b: MM/CC layer with MSC
Based on LAPD protocol, but adapted for mobile environment.
That is why it is referred to as modified LAPD or simply LAPDm.
The modifications from LAPD are as follows:
There is no Frame Check
This functionality is provided by channel coding/interleaving
There is no start and end flag
Frame delineation is done by use of burst
The first set of messages (I.e. SABME) can carry layer 3 data to save air
interface resources.
LAPDm carries ‘maximum‘ message size of 18 to 23bytes.
LAPDm is defined in 3GPP TS 04.05 and 04.06
There are different types of LAPDm format:
A-format: A frame in the A-format generally can be sent on any DCCH in both
5. directions, uplink and downlink. The A-format frame is sent as a fill frame when
no payload is available on an active connection.
B-format: The B-format is used on the Air-interface to transport the actual
signaling data; hence, every DCCH and every ACCH use this format. If the
information to be transmitted requires less space, this space has to be filled
with fill-in octets.
Bbis format: Most simple one is the Bbis in which there is no header/trailer
(just the information field). This is used for BCCH, PCH, and AGCH. For this,
addressing is not necessary, since these are CCCHs, in which addressing is not
required. In contrast to the DCCH, the CCCH transports only point-to-multipoint
messages.
Note: For CCCH, the LAPDm is effectively short-circuited (I.e. no LAPDm).
Note: For traffic channels, there is no LAPDm.
Important LAPDm parameters:
SAPI:
0 for RR, MM and CC
3 for SMS and SS
Um Protocols: L3 protocol
At L3, the protocols residing on Um interface are:
Radio Resource Protocol
Mobility Management Protocol
Call Control
Supplementary Service
Short Message Service
The message type is identified by the Protocol Discriminator.
L3 Um Protocols: Radio Resource Management
The RR protocol is specified in 04.18
The messages are processed in the BSS or even in the MSC.
The RR protocol is required for managing physical and logical channels of GSM
Air interface
Important procedures are:
Channel Request Procedures
System Information Broadcast Procedures
Paging Procedures
Cipher mode Handling
Handover Related Procedures
Measurement Reports
Some of these procedures are explained in Procedure section.
L3 Um Protocols: Mobility Management
The MM protocol is specified in 24.008
The MM messages are processed between MS and MSC/VLR.
The MM protocol is required for managing terminal mobility, temporary identity
management, authentication, etc.
Important procedures are:
IMSI Attach/Location Updated
IMSI Detach
Authentication Request/Response
Identity Request
TMSI Re-allocation
Service Request
L3 Um Protocols: Call Control
The CC protocol is specified in 24.008
The CC messages are processed between MS and MSC/VLR.
The CC protocol is required for managing calls.
Important procedures are:
Setup
Call Proceeding
Alerting
Connect
Release
6. Release Complete
L3 Um Protocols: SS and SMS
The SS and SMS related L3 protocol is specified in 24.010/011
These messages are processed between MS and MSC/VLR.
Important procedures are:
Register/Facility for SS procedure
Similarly, there are procedures for sending/receiving SMS
A Interface Protocol: BSSAP
Used between MSC and BSS
The BSS Application Part (BSSAP) is split into two sub application parts, these
are:
BSS Management Application Part (BSSMAP)
Supports the procedures between MSC and BSS for call handling and resource
management.
For e.g. Paging, Reset, etc.
Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP).
This includes the MM and CC messages as discussed earlier.
These messages are transparent to the BSS
Defined in 3GPP TS 08.08
A Interface Protocol: BSSmAP
Used between MSC and BSS
Defined in 3GPP TS 08.08
Important procedures include
Assignment
Handover
Reset
Cipher Mode
Others