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S2 GE Notes - Tourism

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L
LEEENNA

Tourism has both positive and negative economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts. Economically, it creates jobs but also seasonal unemployment. While it contributes to local economies, it can also result in unequal development and loss of incomes. Socio-culturally, it enables cultural exchange but can also lead to loss of local identity and income inequality. Environmentally, tourism supports conservation efforts but the large number of visitors can exceed an area's carrying capacity and degrade the natural environment through pollution, litter, and damage to fragile ecosystems. Ecotourism aims to mitigate these impacts through responsible tourism that sustains local environments and communities.

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SECONDARY TWO GEOGRAPHY TOURISM (PART ONE) Definitions • Tourist • Tourism • Tourist destination • Tourist origin / tourist generating area Types of Tourism (based on where tourists come from) 1. Domestic tourism − Increasing trend 2. International tourism − Increasing trend Reasons for the Growth of Tourism a. Demand factors  Disposable income  Leisure time  Changing lifestyles b. Supply factors  Attractions & amenities  Accessibility  Affordability  Ancillary / subsidiary services  Quality service c. Other factors  Media advertising & marketing  Ease of making travel bookings  Business meetings/conventions  Reduction of political barriers
TOURISM (PART TWO) The Growth of Tourism • Why countries (esp LDCs) are keen to develop tourism • Mass tourism: large no. of visitors going to a place Impacts of the Growth of Tourism a. Economic impacts Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Creation of jobs  Tourists buy goods (eg souvenirs, local food and products) and services (eg. massage) from the destination country.  This creates a large number of jobs for the local people (eg. hotel receptionists, tour guides, bus drivers, chefs, retailers etc).  Seasonal unemployment  During some seasons or during off peak periods such as disease outbreak (eg SARS) / unstable political situations (eg. riots) / natural disasters (eg. tsunami), tourist arrivals will decrease.  This can lead to seasonal unemployment for the people working in the tourism industry.  Drop in tourist arrivals will cause the tourism revenue of the destination country to drop.  Contribution to local economies  When tourists visit a city, they spend on goods and services.  This provides income for the local people and improves their standard of living.  With more income, the local people can now afford and buy more goods and services.  This creates jobs and improves the incomes of other people. (multiplier effect)  Enclave tourism  Tourists staying in resorts/taking cruises only allow limited economic benefits to the destination countries.  There is little interaction between tourists and the local community  This widens the social/cultural gap between these the tourists and the local community.  Diversification of local economies  The tourism industry creates an economy with a variety of industries and businesses.  This reduces the overdependence on a particular type of industry.  Unequal development of industries  Governments may be eager to develop the tourism industry.  Primary industries (eg. agriculture) and secondary industries (eg. manufacturing) may be neglected/underdeveloped.
Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Contribution to country’s revenue  When tourists visit a country, they spend money in the country.  This allows different stakeholders in the tourism industry (eg. tour guides, travel agencies, hotels etc) to earn profits.  When tourists travel to a country, they pay taxes.  This contributes to tourism revenue for the destination country.  Loss of incomes  As some of the tour companies and hotels are owned by foreigners, the profits/revenue earned from tourists goes to the foreign owners instead of the locals. (leakages)  Foreigners who have better qualifications/more working experience may be employed instead of the local people.  This results in loss of job opportunities for the local people. (leakages)  Development of infrastructure  To attract more tourists, the government needs to develop the country’s infrastructure (eg. better roads & amenities etc).  This would enrich the lives of the local people.  Governments can use the revenue from tourism to upgrade attractions and build facilities such as hospitals/schools.  This would improve the standard of living of the local people.  High infrastructure costs  A large capital is required to build supporting infrastructure/upgrade tourist attractions.  But the money may be better spent on providing education and healthcare which may be more beneficial for the local society in the long run.  Increase in foreign investment  Foreign investors may set up new hotel businesses in the destination country.  Other foreign investors may be encouraged to follow.  This would make the country more attractive to foreign investors.  This promotes local economic growth and provides jobs for local people.  Foreign-owned hotels may provide training for the local people (eg. training in customer service/hospitality, & train local people to speak the English language).  This would upgrade the skills of the local people.  Increase in prices  When there are many tourists, there is a greater demand for goods and services.  This causes competition for basic goods and services, and this competition increases the prices of these goods and services.  The local people end up having to pay more for these goods and services.
b. Socio-cultural impacts Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Exchange of values  When tourists interact with local people, the tourist will develop a better understanding of the local culture / traditions / way of life.  Clash of values  Tourists may not be aware of the local customs and etiquette (ie. right behaviors).  Thus, locals may perceive tourists’ attire (ie. scantily- clad/spaghetti top) and behavior (eg. PDA) as inappropriate/disrespectful.  Preservation of heritage  Tourists come to a place to visit and learn about the local culture and customs.  This encourages the locals to actively preserve the local heritage & maintain buildings/artifacts to attract tourists.  Loss of local identity and local culture  Local people may be encouraged to discard their traditional activities for tourism-related ones to make a living.  Conflict for resource use  The growing demand for tourism facilities may result in competition for resources like water and electricity between tourists and local people.  Economic/income inequality  Foreigners are usually better skilled/better qualified. Thus they usually get the higher-paying tourism jobs while the locals get the lower-paying jobs.  This creates an income gap which can lead to conflict between foreigners and locals working in the tourism industry.  Friction may arise from frequent contact between the poorer local people and the rich tourists.  Crime generation  Tourists usually bring along with them cash & expensive products (eg. cameras, phones and other electronic products).  This may tempt local people to pickpocket tourists as an easy way to make a living.  Tourists may be attracted to the availability of drugs/gambling opportunities in some countries.  As more and more tourist travel to these countries to buy drugs/gamble, it encourages the drug/gambling trade to flourish.  This may also cause the local people to become addicted to drugs/gambling.
c. Environmental impacts Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Conservation of natural areas  Governments/local authorities conserve natural environments, as they are valuable tourist destinations (potential source of income!).  Tourists are also taught to abide by rules to protect fragile environments (eg coral reefs, caves etc).  Environmental degradation  Footpath erosion  Littering  Pollution  Pest infestation  Plane flights release large amounts of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere.  Exceeded carrying capacity  The environment is not able to cope with the great number of incoming tourists.  Thus, the quality of the environment deteriorates.  Eg. Too many tourists trampling on the vegetation & soil can cause the area to suffer from soil erosion.  Damage to fragile ecosystems  Tourism developments (eg. building steel structures/cable cars/hotels) can damage the natural environment (eg. reshape mountain slopes/tree removal/change the coastline).  When ships bring in tourists and dock near the coast, it can damage the surrounding coastal environments (eg. coral reefs). Ecotourism • Responsible travel to natural areas that: o conserves the environment o sustains the well-being of local people • Growing awareness of the increasing negative impacts of tourism on the environment & people  led to growth of ecotourism. • With proper management: ecotourism can bring greater benefits to the environment & people Case study of Serengeti • Positive impacts of tourism • Negative impacts of tourism

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S2 GE Notes - Tourism

  • 1. SECONDARY TWO GEOGRAPHY TOURISM (PART ONE) Definitions • Tourist • Tourism • Tourist destination • Tourist origin / tourist generating area Types of Tourism (based on where tourists come from) 1. Domestic tourism − Increasing trend 2. International tourism − Increasing trend Reasons for the Growth of Tourism a. Demand factors  Disposable income  Leisure time  Changing lifestyles b. Supply factors  Attractions & amenities  Accessibility  Affordability  Ancillary / subsidiary services  Quality service c. Other factors  Media advertising & marketing  Ease of making travel bookings  Business meetings/conventions  Reduction of political barriers
  • 2. TOURISM (PART TWO) The Growth of Tourism • Why countries (esp LDCs) are keen to develop tourism • Mass tourism: large no. of visitors going to a place Impacts of the Growth of Tourism a. Economic impacts Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Creation of jobs  Tourists buy goods (eg souvenirs, local food and products) and services (eg. massage) from the destination country.  This creates a large number of jobs for the local people (eg. hotel receptionists, tour guides, bus drivers, chefs, retailers etc).  Seasonal unemployment  During some seasons or during off peak periods such as disease outbreak (eg SARS) / unstable political situations (eg. riots) / natural disasters (eg. tsunami), tourist arrivals will decrease.  This can lead to seasonal unemployment for the people working in the tourism industry.  Drop in tourist arrivals will cause the tourism revenue of the destination country to drop.  Contribution to local economies  When tourists visit a city, they spend on goods and services.  This provides income for the local people and improves their standard of living.  With more income, the local people can now afford and buy more goods and services.  This creates jobs and improves the incomes of other people. (multiplier effect)  Enclave tourism  Tourists staying in resorts/taking cruises only allow limited economic benefits to the destination countries.  There is little interaction between tourists and the local community  This widens the social/cultural gap between these the tourists and the local community.  Diversification of local economies  The tourism industry creates an economy with a variety of industries and businesses.  This reduces the overdependence on a particular type of industry.  Unequal development of industries  Governments may be eager to develop the tourism industry.  Primary industries (eg. agriculture) and secondary industries (eg. manufacturing) may be neglected/underdeveloped.
  • 3. Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Contribution to country’s revenue  When tourists visit a country, they spend money in the country.  This allows different stakeholders in the tourism industry (eg. tour guides, travel agencies, hotels etc) to earn profits.  When tourists travel to a country, they pay taxes.  This contributes to tourism revenue for the destination country.  Loss of incomes  As some of the tour companies and hotels are owned by foreigners, the profits/revenue earned from tourists goes to the foreign owners instead of the locals. (leakages)  Foreigners who have better qualifications/more working experience may be employed instead of the local people.  This results in loss of job opportunities for the local people. (leakages)  Development of infrastructure  To attract more tourists, the government needs to develop the country’s infrastructure (eg. better roads & amenities etc).  This would enrich the lives of the local people.  Governments can use the revenue from tourism to upgrade attractions and build facilities such as hospitals/schools.  This would improve the standard of living of the local people.  High infrastructure costs  A large capital is required to build supporting infrastructure/upgrade tourist attractions.  But the money may be better spent on providing education and healthcare which may be more beneficial for the local society in the long run.  Increase in foreign investment  Foreign investors may set up new hotel businesses in the destination country.  Other foreign investors may be encouraged to follow.  This would make the country more attractive to foreign investors.  This promotes local economic growth and provides jobs for local people.  Foreign-owned hotels may provide training for the local people (eg. training in customer service/hospitality, & train local people to speak the English language).  This would upgrade the skills of the local people.  Increase in prices  When there are many tourists, there is a greater demand for goods and services.  This causes competition for basic goods and services, and this competition increases the prices of these goods and services.  The local people end up having to pay more for these goods and services.
  • 4. b. Socio-cultural impacts Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Exchange of values  When tourists interact with local people, the tourist will develop a better understanding of the local culture / traditions / way of life.  Clash of values  Tourists may not be aware of the local customs and etiquette (ie. right behaviors).  Thus, locals may perceive tourists’ attire (ie. scantily- clad/spaghetti top) and behavior (eg. PDA) as inappropriate/disrespectful.  Preservation of heritage  Tourists come to a place to visit and learn about the local culture and customs.  This encourages the locals to actively preserve the local heritage & maintain buildings/artifacts to attract tourists.  Loss of local identity and local culture  Local people may be encouraged to discard their traditional activities for tourism-related ones to make a living.  Conflict for resource use  The growing demand for tourism facilities may result in competition for resources like water and electricity between tourists and local people.  Economic/income inequality  Foreigners are usually better skilled/better qualified. Thus they usually get the higher-paying tourism jobs while the locals get the lower-paying jobs.  This creates an income gap which can lead to conflict between foreigners and locals working in the tourism industry.  Friction may arise from frequent contact between the poorer local people and the rich tourists.  Crime generation  Tourists usually bring along with them cash & expensive products (eg. cameras, phones and other electronic products).  This may tempt local people to pickpocket tourists as an easy way to make a living.  Tourists may be attracted to the availability of drugs/gambling opportunities in some countries.  As more and more tourist travel to these countries to buy drugs/gamble, it encourages the drug/gambling trade to flourish.  This may also cause the local people to become addicted to drugs/gambling.
  • 5. c. Environmental impacts Positive impacts (+) Negative impacts (-)  Conservation of natural areas  Governments/local authorities conserve natural environments, as they are valuable tourist destinations (potential source of income!).  Tourists are also taught to abide by rules to protect fragile environments (eg coral reefs, caves etc).  Environmental degradation  Footpath erosion  Littering  Pollution  Pest infestation  Plane flights release large amounts of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere.  Exceeded carrying capacity  The environment is not able to cope with the great number of incoming tourists.  Thus, the quality of the environment deteriorates.  Eg. Too many tourists trampling on the vegetation & soil can cause the area to suffer from soil erosion.  Damage to fragile ecosystems  Tourism developments (eg. building steel structures/cable cars/hotels) can damage the natural environment (eg. reshape mountain slopes/tree removal/change the coastline).  When ships bring in tourists and dock near the coast, it can damage the surrounding coastal environments (eg. coral reefs). Ecotourism • Responsible travel to natural areas that: o conserves the environment o sustains the well-being of local people • Growing awareness of the increasing negative impacts of tourism on the environment & people  led to growth of ecotourism. • With proper management: ecotourism can bring greater benefits to the environment & people Case study of Serengeti • Positive impacts of tourism • Negative impacts of tourism