Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in sensor devices

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 1, February 2022, pp. 1003~1010
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp1003-1010  1003
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy
and transmission in sensor devices
Anitha Krishna Gowda1
, Ananda Babu Jayachandra2
, Raviprakash Madenur Lingaraju3
,
Vinay Doddametikurke Rajkumar4
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru, India
2
Department of Information Science and Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, India
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kalpataru Institute of Technology, Tiptur, India
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 29, 2020
Revised Jul 3, 2021
Accepted Jul 18, 2021
Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent
mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the
potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches
are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme
shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much
inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated
mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards
extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this
manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for
offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to
balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation
performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed
system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced
memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid
MAC protocols.
Keywords:
Collision
Energy saving
Hybrid MAC protocol
Network lifetime
Wireless sensor network
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Anitha Krishna Gowda
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Global Academy of Technology
Bengaluru, India
Email: anitharesearchvtu@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor network is known for its cost effective mechanism for extracting information from
the surroundings in form of physical attributes [1]. The extracted information is forwarded to the user via the
process of data fusion and data aggregation after a clustering is carried out [2]. In this entire process of
capturing the data to forwarding the data, significant amount of energy is drained as well as still there are
extent of data collision in the large and distributed environment of deployment. At present, there are various
studies associated with data quality [3] and energy efficiency [4] where various forms of approaches have
been presented till date. Out of all the approaches, the medium access control (MAC) scheme is witnessed to
offer more capability to deal with this situation. The prime responsibility of MAC protocol is to make a
decision for a favorable condition for accessing the shared medium for resisting possibility of collision while
perform data aggregation [5]. This is very much essential as a sensor node doesn’t have higher degree of
processing capability nor it has any extensive resource availability, hence, a better form of performance can
be only ensured if they operate by accessing sharing medium. The fact is when the sensor nodes is in idle
condition, there is higher consumption of resources compared to active state of communication. The
operational features of the radio of sensor node are directly controlled by MAC protocol and it formulates a

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 1, February 2022: 1003-1010
1004
decision for accessing the shared medium. When a sensor node executes MAC protocol, it witnesses idle
listening, over heading, overhead of protocol, and fluctuation of traffic that causes drainage of energy. It will
also mean that there will be extensive drainage of energy by the medium access and therefore, it is essential
to consider energy efficient as core objective while working on MAC protocol design. As per theory and
deployment, there are various forms of MAC protocols [6] viz. i) contention based and ii) schedule based. In
contention-based MAC scheme, there is no dependency towards central coordination of sensors in order to
access medium. Some of the examples are sensor MAC (S-MAC) [7], Berkley MAC for Low power sensor
network (B-MAC) [8], predictive wake up MAC (PW-MAC) [9]. In schedule-based MAC, the medium
access is arbitrated using an explicit order or schedule in order to facilitate transmission. Some of the
examples of schedule-based MAC are low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) [10], Power-
efficient and delay aware medium access protocol [11], priority-based MAC (PRIMA) [12]. However, both
this MAC protocols have been witnessed with advantageous features as well as challenges which are
overcomed in hybrid MAC protocols which uses both the schemes in order to offer access to shared medium.
Hybrid MAC protocols are of two types of mainly zebra MAC (Z-MAC) [13] and advertisement MAC (A-
MAC) [14]. However, hybrid MAC scheme is comparatively new and there is less investigation carried out
in order to evaluate their applicability over various test environments with challenging scenario. Such
protocols are in beginning level of deployment in the advanced application of wireless sensor network where
more work is required to facilitate smarter slot management and effective scheduling practices. Therefore, the
proposed system offers a discussion a novel hybrid MAC system which unlike any existing system offers
better scheduling scheme. The prime agenda of this implementation is also to evolve up with an integrated
framework with a special emphasis towards balance between energy conservation as well as data aggregation
performance. Section 1 discusses about the existing literatures where different techniques of hybrid mac
scheme over various test environment are discussed for detection schemes used in data aggregation for
sensory application followed by discussion of research problems and proposed solution. Section 2 discusses
about algorithm implementation where primary and secondary hybrid MAC scheme is discussed and
elaborated followed by discussion of result analysis with more detailing about comparison in section 3.
Finally, the conclusive remarks are provided in section 4.
At present, there are various hybrid MAC approaches used in wireless sensor network and are
discussed in our work [15]. The recent work carried out by Al-Janabi et al. [16] have discussed about a
stochastic model for hybrid MAC using Markov a model where the energy performance is improved
significantly. Ruan et al. [17] have performed a comparative study for different forms of network in order to
assess the efficiency of hybrid MAC protocol. Existing studies has also seen various case studies where
hybrid MAC approach has been used. A unique study carried out by Madi and Al-Qamzi [18] have presented
a MAC approach for hybrid network system considering mobility factor while work of Zhang et al. [19] have
considered for underwater sensory application where the slot management is carried out on the basis of traffic
load. The discussion presented by Saboor et al. [20] have disclosed certain open end research issues
associated with used of hybrid MAC in special cases of application. Ammar et al. [21] have presented a
cooperative scheme with single relay in distributed manner with a sole purpose of minimizing the energy
consumption and assured quality of service. Haqbeen et al. [22] have used the dynamic scheduling for
resisting delay mainly while applying hybrid MAC approach. Study towards optimization of network
performance has been studied by Hu et al. [23] where a different form of wireless network has been studied
to find that it offers maximum capacity. A case study of industrial application has been taken by Meinyk
et al. [24] where the study found different hybrid MAC applicable over resource constrained wireless
transmission. Saad et al. [25] have offered an optimized scheme focusing on machine-to-machine
communication using hybrid MAC system where Monte-Carlo simulation has been used. Yang et al. [26]
have integrated conventional time division multiple access (TDMA) and carrier sense multiple access with
(CSMA) scheme addressing energy issue and throughput issue in mobility scenario of sensory application.
Deng et al. [27] have used contention-based MAC approach on lightweight network and reservation-based
approach on heavy network. Ma et al. [28] have presented a unique scheduling practice that uses physical
parameters of sensory application to find that it offers better data delivery. Another unique MAC approach
has been introduced by Jeon et al. [29] for optimizing the memory system which can be applicable on any
architecture associated with data streams. Cao et al. [30] has carried out investigation towards reservation
system of multiple numbers of slots. The work of Alam and Kim [31] has emphasized on heterogeneous
sensor network and developed a hybrid MAC protocol that makes use of directional antenna. Nguyen et al.
[32] have developed a hybrid MAC approach meant for eliminating surplus beacons to reduce overhead.
Apart from this, there are various other approaches e.g., Yang et al. [33], Liu et al. [34], Hu et al. [35],
Hamiane et al. [36]. Therefore, it can be seen that there has been extensive work carried out towards hybrid
MAC approach considering different use cases where majority of the work has focused on energy problems
in wireless network. The above discussed work has its advantages claimed in the papers itself; however, its

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and … (Anitha Krishna Gowda)
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identified issues after reviewing are briefed in next section. The significant research problems are as follows:
i) existing approaches has not assessed the applicability of hybrid MAC over the variable traffic load scenario
which renders them unapplicable over real-time traffic system; ii) inclusion of more involvement of slots in
developing hybrid MAC scheme incurs extensive resource usage which degrades the communication
performance over a long run; iii) although scheduling is carried out in existing system but they are not found
to offer supportability of collision avoidance and interference; iv) there are less number of hybrid MAC
scheme which balances energy efficiency along with data transmission performance in wireless sensor
network.
Therefore, the problem statement of the proposed study can be stated as “developing a simplified
hybrid MAC scheme with a unique scheduling scheme to offer a better form of equilibrium between data
aggregation performance and energy efficiency”. With continuation of our prior work [37], [38] the main
goal of the proposed system is to design and develop a novel hybrid MAC approach that could offer an
optimal performance for data aggregation in wireless sensor network. Figure 1 highlights the implementation
scheme of proposed system where it can be seen that it initiates from a neighborhood discovery of the sensor
nodes followed by a unique and simplified clustering operation unlike any existing system. This operation is
further followed by a synchronization process which is about managing an effective time slot suitable in
dynamic order. This operation is essentially meant for resisting an event of collision while performing
routing operation. The next part of the planning of proposed design consists of selection of intermediate
sensors where the preference is given for the nodes occur in single hop which is considered information
about location, energy, and buffer. A simplified energy modeling is design, which ensures to restrict and fine
tune the transmittance energy as per the demand of the current data forwarding. Finally, a logical condition is
formulated which ensures that selection process of an intermediate nodes.
An analytical methodology is adopted in order to construct the proposed system. It should be noted
that proposed system mainly aims for energy efficiency by ensuring that complete mechanism of the data
aggregation process obeys the principle of a novel scheduling process. Another significance of the proposed
system is also to offer a good performance of the data delivery along with the energy efficiency in presence
of any challenging traffic load situation in wireless sensor network. The next section discusses about the
algorithm description.
Figure 1. Schema of proposed methodology
2. ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION
The complete implementation of the proposed system is carried out in two stages of implementation
viz. primary and secondary hybrid MAC scheme. The complete focus of the algorithm implementation is to
offer a good balance between the communication performances along with energy control while performing
data aggregation in wireless sensor network. The descriptions of the algorithms are as follows:
2.1 Algorithm for primary hybrid MAC scheme
The core responsibility of this primary scheme is to offer a better sleep and awake management for
the sensor node to carry out enhanced hybrid MAC scheduling. The algorithm takes the input of number of
nodes n in presence of a single base station which can be placed at any position over the simulation area.

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Unlike any clustering approaches in existing system, the algorithm performs clustering on the basis of user
input of number of clusters nc. The operation leads to a yield of data to be transmitted data and energy e. The
steps of the algorithms are as follows:
Algorithm for Primary Hybrid MAC scheme
Input: n (nodes), nc (number of cluster)
Output: data (transmitted data), e (energy)
Start
1. For i=1: n
2. If d<r
3. Cmat=[(i, n+1),(n+1, i)]=1
4. c, p]=f1(Cmat, xy,)
5. End
6. If h1n≠(n+1)
7. h2n=h1(h1n)
8. If j<nc
9. cid=f2(j, n/nc)
10. If j=1:nc
11. For k=1: length(idx)
12. forward synmsg
13. End
14. For l = 1: pr
15. m(cidx(pr(l)))=m
16. End
17. Apply e=f3(cidx)
18. Forward data
19. End
20. End
End
The algorithm takes the n number of node and dispersed randomly in simulation area. The algorithm
computes the distance d among each node (Line-2). A condition is formulated which checks if the nodes
come within the transmission range r for each other using Euclidean distance (Line-2). This operation is
followed by upgrading the Cmat matrix to unity values. The Cmat matrix stores all the nodes which are within
the transmission range of each other (Line-3) as well as it also computes the distance xy between all nodes in
its new position with the base station. This operation is followed by applying an explicit function f1(x) which
act as new transmission scheme considering input arguments of matrix Cmat and distance xy (Line-4). This
function formulates a communication vector on the basis of shortest path between two nodes with an
outcome of cost c and path p (Line-4). The next part of the algorithm is to search for double hops h2n from
the single hop h1n considering a matrix h1 which has all information of single hop nodes (Line-6 and Line-7).
This process is followed by assigning a cluster identity where a function f2(x) is formed which assigns the
random numbers to the communicating nodes considering number of nodes n and number of clusters (Line-
9). The consecutive process is to consider all the clusters nc (Line-10) and it extracts all the identity of the
nodes which are the part of clusters and it considers the length of that identity (Line-11) followed by
forwarding of the sync message synmsg (Line-12). The proposed system also considers different levels of
priority and selects the node for participating in data forwarding process on the basis of pr priority level
(Line-15). Another function f3(x) is formulated for energy control for all the nodes inside cluster cidx
(Line-17).
2.2. Algorithm for secondary hybrid MAC scheme
The primary algorithm discussed mainly about the slot management thereby revving a new form of
hybrid MAC protocol considering hop wise communication; however, it is essential to ensure the
participation of an intermediate sensor in order to ensure prevention of collision in proposed system. The
hybrid nature of the MAC protocol in prior algorithm is further required to ensure extensive participation of
all the sensors where intermediate sensors are very much important in the data forwarding process.
Therefore, this algorithm is responsible for performing further optimization towards the primary hybrid MAC
protocol with respect to energy efficiency. The core idea is to enhance the scalability too while performing
communication. The algorithm essentially chooses an intermediate sensor in order to ensure that their
communication successfully takes place. The algorithm takes an input of nodes and data to be forwarded
which after processing yields nr finally selected intermediate node. The steps of the algorithm are as follows:
Algorithm for Secondary Hybrid MAC Scheme
Input: n (nodes), data (data to be forwarded)
Output: nr (final relay sensor)

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Start
1. For i=1: n
2 ns forward data(nr)
3. nr forwardsu(ϕ1 ϕ2)
4. If τ(ϕ1)>φ
5. declare ϕ2 as ϕ1
6. If τ(ϕ2)>φ
7. search new ϕ2
8. If τ(ϕ1 ϕ2)>φ
9. declare msgànr
10. End
11. Select new nr
12. End
End
The execution of the proposed algorithm considers similar number of sensors that offers an outcome
of number of intermediate nodes nr in order to facilitate a robust transmission of the data packet among the
sensor node. The proposed system performs an essential consideration that every single hop sensor possesses
the discrete information about the intermediate sensors that comes under the proximity of another sensor with
single hop. For this purpose, two definitive roles are given to a sensor i.e., a main intermediate node ϕ1and
support intermediate sensor ϕ2. The main intermediate sensor is responsible for forwarding as well as
obtaining the data packets to and from the intermediate sensors. The intermediate sensor node should be
under single hop connection. Considering all the sensors (Line-1), the proposed system entails the
transmitting node ns to transmit the data packet to its proximity intermediate node nr (Line-2). Essential
information e.g., energy, memory, and location of the sensors are accessed by an intermediate sensor in the
form of update information that are connected with both support and main intermediate sensors (Line-3). A
simplified logic of movement is considered in proposed system where the distance between two nodes is
computed and if that distance is found to be more than a certain limit than the system consider that the node
has moved from old to new position within the simulation area (Line-4). It will eventually mean that if the
difference in the distance between the main intermediate sensors is greater than cut-off value of φ (Line-4)
than the algorithm declares the support intermediate node ns as main intermediate node nr (Line-5). However,
the new support intermediate sensor ns is selected if the difference between the distances in support
intermediate sensor is found to be more than cut-off φ (Line-6 and Line-7). On the other hand, if the main
intermediate node nr and support intermediate node ns to exhibit maximized mobility degree in contrast to
the cut-off value (Line-8) than the system declares a notification to a main intermediate node (Line-9). This is
one of the explicit characteristics of the sensor that is utilized for the purpose of fine-tuning the mobility
aspect of the sensors in any form of application. In the complete process, a discrete time slot system is
maintained and managed for better optimization.
Therefore, the primary hybrid MAC algorithm introduces a novel scheduling practice in wireless
sensor network when they are exposed to a dynamic traffic condition while the secondary hybrid MAC
algorithm incorporates more communication efficiency in the form of reliability in data transmission. This is
carried out by ensuring that data once forwarded will always reach its destination irrespective of any traffic
challenges and in energy efficient manner. The next section discusses about the simulated outcomes obtained
from the proposed implementation.
3. RESULT ANALYSIS
This section briefs of the simulated outcome of the proposed system that has been scripted in
MATLAB. The simulation environment is as follows: The simulation consists of 500 sensors dispersed
randomly over 1100x1100 m2
considering initial time for message interval as 1 seconds which is
progressively increased to 10 seconds for assessment. As the proposed system is an essentially MAC
approach therefore, it is compared with the existing hybrid MAC protocols e.g., Z-MAC [13] and A-MAC
[14] where the performance parameters selected are remaining energy, delay, energy consumption, and
algorithm processing time.
Figure 2 highlights that proposed system offers better energy efficiency in contrast to existing
hybrid MAC protocols. The prime reason behind this is that proposed system emphasizes on energy saving as
well as it offers data transmission on the basis of the dynamic slot management which ensure optimal sleep
time of the node which is missing in existing hybrid MAC protocols. Similarly, Figure 3 highlights that
proposed system offers better throughput too which can be justified by availability of maximum number of
sensors as it works on dynamic scheduling process. Moreover, the secondary hybrid MAC approach offers
the better participation of the intermediate nodes which ensures better throughput compared to existing
system.

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Figures 4 and 5 show that proposed system offers highly reduced energy consumption and
processing time as compared to frequently used standard hybrid MAC protocols respectively. The prime
reasons behind lower memory consumptions are: i) only optimal number of nodes assists in data forwarding
process as per secondary hybrid MAC approach which results in lesser involvement of saturated nodes and ii)
the complete operation is based on run time and no intermediate information is stored. However, it is not the
case with existing protocols where information about slot management is stored in every node and there is
lack of frequent updating operation resulting in saturation state leading to higher memory consumption.
Figure 2. Comparative analysis of residual energy Figure 3. Comparative analysis of throughput
Figure 4. Comparative analysis of memory
consumption
Figure 5. Comparative analysis of processing time
Similarly, processing time of proposed system is very much less due to similar reason. The proposed
system offers no iterative operation in forming up communication vector, neither has it offered a typical
clustering system like existing clustering approaches with lot of criteria. This saves abundant time in order to
formulate network and carry out data aggregation. Hence, the complete mechanism of route discovery as well
as management becomes much easier and faster. Owing to this result, it can be said that proposed system
could offer supportability to sensory application which is required to be operated in dynamic conditions as it
can sustain for longer duration without affecting any data transmission performance. As it offers faster
processing duration, it can be used for any time-bound operation with wide ranges of application running
over its variable traffic condition.
4. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a unique approach towards constructing an approach where a hybrid MAC
scheme is introduced for improving the scheduling scheme which is decentralized in order to accomplish
better service quality. The essential contributions of the study are: i) it offers an efficiency in outcome with
respect to both passive and active communication in sensor network, ii) it is independent of inclusion of any
sophisticated parameters as all the parameters used in modeling are readily available from hop information,
iii) the proposed system also uses a simplified and smart slot management as well as user-defined clustering
unlike any existing system which is highly flexible as well as customizable.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Anitha Krishna Gowda received her Ph.D. Degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological university, Belagavi. Her area of interest
includes Wireless Sensor Networks, Artificial Intelligence, Datascience and Internet of
Things. She is Presently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru, Karanataka, India. She
can be contacted at email: anitharesearchvtu@gmail.com.
Ananda Babu Jayachandra received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological university, Belagavi. He is expertise in
Wireless Sensor Networks, Artificial Intelligence and Datascience. He is Presently working as
an Associate Professor in the department of Information Science and Engineering, Malnad
College of Engineering, Hassan, Karanataka, India. He can be contacted at email:
abj@mcehassan.ac.in.
Raviprakash Madenur Lingaraju is currently working as Associate Professor
in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kalpataru Institute of Technology,
Tiptur. His area of research includes image processing, computer networks, artificial
intelligence. He is a member of MISTE and CSI. He can be contacted at email:
raviprakashml@kittiptur.ac.in.
Vinay Doddametikurke Rajkumar worked as a Assistant Professor in the
Department Computer Science Engineering, Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology,
Gubbi. He obtained his BE Degree Computer Science Engineering from Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgavi. He received M.Tech. Degree in Computer Science and
Engineering at Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi.He is pursuing PhD in
Computer Science Engineering, Malnad College of engineering, Hassan. His area of interest is
in the field of digital image processing, steganography, machine learning and neural network.
He is a member of MISTE. He can be contacted at email: vinu.ise@gmail.com.

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