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Novel Coronavirus COVID-19

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Avinandan Jana
Avinandan Jana

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, previously known by the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus.

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Presented by Dr. Bratati Dey COVID-19
CONTENT ⸎INTRODUCTION ⸎HISTORY ⸎DEFINITION OF CORONAVIRUS ⸎CLASSIFICATION ⸎CLINCAL FEATURES ⸎INVESTIGATION ⸎PROPHYLAXIS & MANAGEMENT ⸎CONCLUSION ⸎REFERENCES
“Coronavirus” Why it is Named ? • Coronaviruses are enveloped and contain a large helical nucleocapsid inside. • In particular, the protruding spike protein (S) characterizes the crown shaped virion, which it was named after. • “Corona” (crown) refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy with a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
INTRODUCTION ⁕ Coronaviruses (family Coronaviridae) are enveloped, spherical, and about 120 nm in diameter and possess a single strand RNA genome of approximately 30 kb. ⁕ It is a positive strand RNA virus. ⁕ Positive-strand RNA viruses comprise of five families— picornavirus, flavivirus, calicivirus, togavirus, and coronavirus
coronavirus was discovered in 2003, as a newly emerging virus. More recently, the MERS (Middle-East respiratory syndrome) outbreak in the Middle East has drawn attention to human coronaviruses again.
What are Hallmark of positive strand RNA virus? The genomic RNA itself is “infectious.” In other words, a progeny virus is produced when the viral genomic RNA is introduced to the cell by transfection. The genomic RNA itself serves as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins. The viral RNA genome replicates via double-strand RNA as an intermediate. The virus life cycle including the viral genome replication is confined to the cytoplasm. The nuclear functions of host cells are largely dispensable for the propagation of positive-strand RNA viruses.
CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE STRAND RNA VIRUS FAMILY GENUS SPECIES PICORNAVIRUS Enterovirus Poliovirus Rhinovirus Human rhinovirus Flavivirus Flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus Hepacivirus Hepatitis C virus Calicivirus Norovirus Norovirus Togavirus Alphavirus Semliki forest virus Rubivirus Rubella virus Coronavirus Coronavirus SARS-coronavirus
EPIDEMIOLOGY  A novel human coronavirus, MERS-CoV, is responsible for a new emerging respiratory infection that occurred in 2012 in Middle East countries, including Saudi Arabia.  WHO gave a risk assessment In 2020, china has very high risk  Now it became a pandemic disease.
Novel Coronavirus COVID-19
Situation in number by WHO Globally 81109 confirmed (871 new) China 78 191 confirmed (412 new) 2718 deaths (52 new) Outside of China 2918 confirmed (459 new) 37 countries (4 new) 44 deaths (10 new) Updated till: 03/03/2020
Genome Structure  The genome of coronavirus represents a large single-strand RNA of 27-32 kb.  It is the largest RNA genome among animal RNA viruses.  In addition to the large genomic RNA, coronaviruses have eight subgenomic RNAs, each of them encoding one structural protein.  In particular, the S (spike) envelope glycoprotein binds to the host cell receptor and determines tissue tropism and host range.
Virion structure
“Novel Coronavirus” Why it is Named ? • A 1981 novel by horror writer Dean Koontz predicted the coronavirus outbreak, it has been claimed. • Acc. To UNICEF A novel coronavirus (CoV) is a new strain of coronavirus.
CLASSIFICATION Genus Virus Species Host Disease Alpha Coronavirus Human coronavirus-229E Human Colds, pneumonia Human coronavirus-NL63 Human Colds, pneumonia Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) Swine Gastroenteritis Beta Coronavirus Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) Rodents Hepatitis Human coronavirus-HKU1 Human Pneumonia SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Human Pneumonia, Gastroenteritis MERS-coronavirus (MERS- CoV) Human, camel Respiratory infection Gamma Coronavirus Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) Avian Kidney infection
SARS-CoV  SARS outbreak first occurred in Southern China (including Hong Kong), and spread to South East Asia and Northern America within a few weeks.  It turned out that bats were the reservoir for SARS-CoV.  ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) was identified as the cellular receptor for virus entry of SARS-CoV to human infection.
MERS-CoV  MERS outbreak first occurred in the Middle East (mainly Saudi Arabia) in 2012, and spread to European countries in a limited manner.  As of June 2015, MERS-CoV caused 1266 cases and 470 deaths reported in multiple countries.  MERS-CoV is considerably higher than that of SARS-CoV, approaching 30%. It is speculated that the virus spreads from bats to human via dromedary camel.
MERS-CoV  The risk of sustained person-to-person transmission appears to be very low.  Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4 or also known as CD26) was identified as the cellular receptor for virus entry of MERS-CoV.  Further, a mouse model for MERS-CoV infection was established that expresses the DPP4.  It is hoped that the established mouse model will facilitate the development of a vaccine and antiviral drugs.
COVID-19 ⁎ COVID-19 is not SARS and it is not influenza. It is a new virus with its own. ⁎ COVID-19 transmission in children appears to be limited. ⁎ Applied non-pharmaceutical, public health measures to interrupt chains of human-to human transmission in a range of settings in China.
COVID-19 ⁕ It is unique among human coronaviruses in its combination of high transmissibility. ⁕ It must be assumed that the global population is susceptible to this virus. ⁕ As the animal origin of the COVID-19 virus is unknown at present, the risk of reintroduction into previously infected areas must be constantly considered.
ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS  It is believed that bat coronavirus had acquired the ability to infect human, extending the host range, by having a few mutations in the spike protein.  Pangolin are suspected as a potential coronavirus host.
Routes of Transmission ◘ The disease is presumed to be spread by droplets, close direct or indirect contact, but the relative importance of these routes of transmission is presently unclear.
CLINICAL FEATURES  Respiratory infection – coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath  Flu like symptoms  Fever  Severe pneumonia  Breathing difficulty
INVESTIGATION  Viral culture  Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays  RNA assays  Antibody & antigen assays,
Precaution  Use of mouth mask (N-95, PM 2.5)  Perform hand hygiene frequently after contact with respiratory secretion  Not to use of packed food
What is the best way to wash hands properly? (acc. To UNICEF) Wet hands with running water Apply enough soap to cover wet hands Scrub all surfaces of the hands –for at least 20 seconds. Rinse thoroughly with running water Dry hands with a clean cloth or single-use towel
Recommendation for outpatient care ⁂ Triage and early recognition; ⁂ Emphasis on hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene and medical masks to be used by patients with respiratory symptoms; ⁂ Appropriate use of contact and droplet precautions for all suspected cases;
Recommendation for outpatient care ⁂ Prioritization of care of symptomatic patients ⁂ When symptomatic patients are required to wait, ensure they have a separate waiting area ⁂ Educate patients and families about the early recognition of symptoms, basic precautions to be used and which health care facility they should refer to.
PROPHYLAXIS WHO officials said the first vaccine for the coronavirus could be available in 18 months.
The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus  The dried virus on smooth surfaces retained its viability for over 5 days at temperatures of 22–25◦C and relative humidity of 40–50%, that is, typical air-conditioned environments.  virus viability was rapidly lost (>3 log10) at higher temperatures and higher relative humidity (e.g., 38◦C, and relative humidity of >95%).
The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus  The better stability of SARS coronavirus at low temperature and low humidity environment may facilitate its transmission in community in subtropical area (such as Hong Kong).  During the spring and in air-conditioned environments.
Inactivation of Coronavirus ◘ Infectivity of the virus was lost after heating at 56°C for 15 minutes but that it was stable for at least 2 days following drying on plastic. ◘ It was completely inactivated by common fixatives used in laboratory. ◘ It was also inactivated by ultraviolet light, alkaline (pH > 12), or acidic (pH < 3) conditions.
WHO’S STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ᴥ Limit human-to-human transmission including reducing secondary infections among close contacts and health care workers, preventing transmission amplification events, and preventing further international spread from China; ᴥ Identify, isolate and care for patients early, including providing optimized care for infected patients; ᴥ Identify and reduce transmission from the animal source;
WHO’S STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ᴥ Address crucial unknowns regarding clinical severity, extent of transmission and infection, treatment options, and accelerate the development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines; ᴥ Communicate critical risk and event information to all communities and counter misinformation; ᴥ Minimize social and economic impact through multisectoral partnerships.
Priority research areas with immediate, intermediate and longer-term goals Immediate Goals Intermediate Goals Long-term goals Diagnostics: RNA assays, antibody & antigen assays, point of care detection Diagnostics: Multiplex diagnostic platforms Diagnostics: Prognostic markers Therapeutics: Remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, plasma, TCM Therapeutics: intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) Therapeutics: Innovative approaches Vaccines: Development of animal models Vaccines: mRNA candidates and candidate viral vectors Vaccines: inactivated candidates and subunit candidates
REFERENCES  Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800838-6.00013-8  K. H. Chan et al, The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus, Research Article, Received 25 November 2010; Accepted 31 July 2011, doi:10.1155/2011/734690  World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 37  World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 41  Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses. Chapter – 13 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800838-6.00013-8 © 2017  Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 16-24 February 2020  Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
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More Related Content

Novel Coronavirus COVID-19

  • 2. CONTENT ⸎INTRODUCTION ⸎HISTORY ⸎DEFINITION OF CORONAVIRUS ⸎CLASSIFICATION ⸎CLINCAL FEATURES ⸎INVESTIGATION ⸎PROPHYLAXIS & MANAGEMENT ⸎CONCLUSION ⸎REFERENCES
  • 3. “Coronavirus” Why it is Named ? • Coronaviruses are enveloped and contain a large helical nucleocapsid inside. • In particular, the protruding spike protein (S) characterizes the crown shaped virion, which it was named after. • “Corona” (crown) refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy with a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
  • 4. INTRODUCTION ⁕ Coronaviruses (family Coronaviridae) are enveloped, spherical, and about 120 nm in diameter and possess a single strand RNA genome of approximately 30 kb. ⁕ It is a positive strand RNA virus. ⁕ Positive-strand RNA viruses comprise of five families— picornavirus, flavivirus, calicivirus, togavirus, and coronavirus
  • 5. coronavirus was discovered in 2003, as a newly emerging virus. More recently, the MERS (Middle-East respiratory syndrome) outbreak in the Middle East has drawn attention to human coronaviruses again.
  • 6. What are Hallmark of positive strand RNA virus? The genomic RNA itself is “infectious.” In other words, a progeny virus is produced when the viral genomic RNA is introduced to the cell by transfection. The genomic RNA itself serves as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins. The viral RNA genome replicates via double-strand RNA as an intermediate. The virus life cycle including the viral genome replication is confined to the cytoplasm. The nuclear functions of host cells are largely dispensable for the propagation of positive-strand RNA viruses.
  • 7. CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE STRAND RNA VIRUS FAMILY GENUS SPECIES PICORNAVIRUS Enterovirus Poliovirus Rhinovirus Human rhinovirus Flavivirus Flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus Hepacivirus Hepatitis C virus Calicivirus Norovirus Norovirus Togavirus Alphavirus Semliki forest virus Rubivirus Rubella virus Coronavirus Coronavirus SARS-coronavirus
  • 8. EPIDEMIOLOGY  A novel human coronavirus, MERS-CoV, is responsible for a new emerging respiratory infection that occurred in 2012 in Middle East countries, including Saudi Arabia.  WHO gave a risk assessment In 2020, china has very high risk  Now it became a pandemic disease.
  • 10. Situation in number by WHO Globally 81109 confirmed (871 new) China 78 191 confirmed (412 new) 2718 deaths (52 new) Outside of China 2918 confirmed (459 new) 37 countries (4 new) 44 deaths (10 new) Updated till: 03/03/2020
  • 11. Genome Structure  The genome of coronavirus represents a large single-strand RNA of 27-32 kb.  It is the largest RNA genome among animal RNA viruses.  In addition to the large genomic RNA, coronaviruses have eight subgenomic RNAs, each of them encoding one structural protein.  In particular, the S (spike) envelope glycoprotein binds to the host cell receptor and determines tissue tropism and host range.
  • 13. “Novel Coronavirus” Why it is Named ? • A 1981 novel by horror writer Dean Koontz predicted the coronavirus outbreak, it has been claimed. • Acc. To UNICEF A novel coronavirus (CoV) is a new strain of coronavirus.
  • 14. CLASSIFICATION Genus Virus Species Host Disease Alpha Coronavirus Human coronavirus-229E Human Colds, pneumonia Human coronavirus-NL63 Human Colds, pneumonia Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) Swine Gastroenteritis Beta Coronavirus Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) Rodents Hepatitis Human coronavirus-HKU1 Human Pneumonia SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Human Pneumonia, Gastroenteritis MERS-coronavirus (MERS- CoV) Human, camel Respiratory infection Gamma Coronavirus Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) Avian Kidney infection
  • 15. SARS-CoV  SARS outbreak first occurred in Southern China (including Hong Kong), and spread to South East Asia and Northern America within a few weeks.  It turned out that bats were the reservoir for SARS-CoV.  ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) was identified as the cellular receptor for virus entry of SARS-CoV to human infection.
  • 16. MERS-CoV  MERS outbreak first occurred in the Middle East (mainly Saudi Arabia) in 2012, and spread to European countries in a limited manner.  As of June 2015, MERS-CoV caused 1266 cases and 470 deaths reported in multiple countries.  MERS-CoV is considerably higher than that of SARS-CoV, approaching 30%. It is speculated that the virus spreads from bats to human via dromedary camel.
  • 17. MERS-CoV  The risk of sustained person-to-person transmission appears to be very low.  Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4 or also known as CD26) was identified as the cellular receptor for virus entry of MERS-CoV.  Further, a mouse model for MERS-CoV infection was established that expresses the DPP4.  It is hoped that the established mouse model will facilitate the development of a vaccine and antiviral drugs.
  • 18. COVID-19 ⁎ COVID-19 is not SARS and it is not influenza. It is a new virus with its own. ⁎ COVID-19 transmission in children appears to be limited. ⁎ Applied non-pharmaceutical, public health measures to interrupt chains of human-to human transmission in a range of settings in China.
  • 19. COVID-19 ⁕ It is unique among human coronaviruses in its combination of high transmissibility. ⁕ It must be assumed that the global population is susceptible to this virus. ⁕ As the animal origin of the COVID-19 virus is unknown at present, the risk of reintroduction into previously infected areas must be constantly considered.
  • 20. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS  It is believed that bat coronavirus had acquired the ability to infect human, extending the host range, by having a few mutations in the spike protein.  Pangolin are suspected as a potential coronavirus host.
  • 21. Routes of Transmission ◘ The disease is presumed to be spread by droplets, close direct or indirect contact, but the relative importance of these routes of transmission is presently unclear.
  • 22. CLINICAL FEATURES  Respiratory infection – coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath  Flu like symptoms  Fever  Severe pneumonia  Breathing difficulty
  • 23. INVESTIGATION  Viral culture  Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays  RNA assays  Antibody & antigen assays,
  • 24. Precaution  Use of mouth mask (N-95, PM 2.5)  Perform hand hygiene frequently after contact with respiratory secretion  Not to use of packed food
  • 25. What is the best way to wash hands properly? (acc. To UNICEF) Wet hands with running water Apply enough soap to cover wet hands Scrub all surfaces of the hands –for at least 20 seconds. Rinse thoroughly with running water Dry hands with a clean cloth or single-use towel
  • 26. Recommendation for outpatient care ⁂ Triage and early recognition; ⁂ Emphasis on hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene and medical masks to be used by patients with respiratory symptoms; ⁂ Appropriate use of contact and droplet precautions for all suspected cases;
  • 27. Recommendation for outpatient care ⁂ Prioritization of care of symptomatic patients ⁂ When symptomatic patients are required to wait, ensure they have a separate waiting area ⁂ Educate patients and families about the early recognition of symptoms, basic precautions to be used and which health care facility they should refer to.
  • 28. PROPHYLAXIS WHO officials said the first vaccine for the coronavirus could be available in 18 months.
  • 29. The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus  The dried virus on smooth surfaces retained its viability for over 5 days at temperatures of 22–25◦C and relative humidity of 40–50%, that is, typical air-conditioned environments.  virus viability was rapidly lost (>3 log10) at higher temperatures and higher relative humidity (e.g., 38◦C, and relative humidity of >95%).
  • 30. The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus  The better stability of SARS coronavirus at low temperature and low humidity environment may facilitate its transmission in community in subtropical area (such as Hong Kong).  During the spring and in air-conditioned environments.
  • 31. Inactivation of Coronavirus ◘ Infectivity of the virus was lost after heating at 56°C for 15 minutes but that it was stable for at least 2 days following drying on plastic. ◘ It was completely inactivated by common fixatives used in laboratory. ◘ It was also inactivated by ultraviolet light, alkaline (pH > 12), or acidic (pH < 3) conditions.
  • 32. WHO’S STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ᴥ Limit human-to-human transmission including reducing secondary infections among close contacts and health care workers, preventing transmission amplification events, and preventing further international spread from China; ᴥ Identify, isolate and care for patients early, including providing optimized care for infected patients; ᴥ Identify and reduce transmission from the animal source;
  • 33. WHO’S STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ᴥ Address crucial unknowns regarding clinical severity, extent of transmission and infection, treatment options, and accelerate the development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines; ᴥ Communicate critical risk and event information to all communities and counter misinformation; ᴥ Minimize social and economic impact through multisectoral partnerships.
  • 34. Priority research areas with immediate, intermediate and longer-term goals Immediate Goals Intermediate Goals Long-term goals Diagnostics: RNA assays, antibody & antigen assays, point of care detection Diagnostics: Multiplex diagnostic platforms Diagnostics: Prognostic markers Therapeutics: Remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, plasma, TCM Therapeutics: intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) Therapeutics: Innovative approaches Vaccines: Development of animal models Vaccines: mRNA candidates and candidate viral vectors Vaccines: inactivated candidates and subunit candidates
  • 35. REFERENCES  Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800838-6.00013-8  K. H. Chan et al, The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus, Research Article, Received 25 November 2010; Accepted 31 July 2011, doi:10.1155/2011/734690  World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 37  World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 41  Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses. Chapter – 13 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800838-6.00013-8 © 2017  Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 16-24 February 2020  Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)