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Nursing as a profession

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BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL
BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL

1. Nursing is gaining recognition as a profession based on established criteria including a well-defined body of knowledge, strong service orientation, recognized authority, code of ethics, professional standards and ongoing research. 2. The document discusses the history and development of nursing as a profession according to Flexner's (1916) and other scholars' criteria for what constitutes a profession. 3. Key aspects that demonstrate nursing's professionalization include its application of specialized knowledge to vital human services, function with autonomy in professional policy and control, and ability to attract dedicated practitioners committed to service over personal gain.

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Nursing as a Profession Ram Sharan Mehta, Ph.D. Medical-Surgical Nursing Department B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
• One of my favorite quotes: Nursing is an art; and if it is to be made an art, it requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a preparation, as any painter's or sculptor's work; for what is the having to do with dead canvas or cold marble, compared with having to do with the living body - the temple of God's spirit? It is one of the Fine Arts; I had almost said the finest of the Fine Arts - Florence Nightingale
• Profession is defined as "a vocation requiring advanced training and usually involving mental rather than manual work, as teaching, engineering, especially medicine, law“ -Webster1989.
Profession • Professions are those occupations possessing a particular combination of characteristics generally considered to be the expertise, autonomy, commitment, and responsibility. • A profession is an occupation based on specialized intellectual study and training, the purpose of which is to supply skilled services with ethical components and others.
Occupation • Training may be on job and duration varies. • The values, beliefs, and ethics are not prominent features. • The commitment and identification: varies. • In occupation people often change Job. • Accountability rest on employer.
Profession • Is basically intellectual • Is based on a body of knowledge that can be learned. • Is practical rather than theoretical. • Can be taught through a process of professional education. • Has a strong internal organization of members. • Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism (desire to help others)
Professions vs Occupations Professions Occupations • College or University • On the job training • Prolonged education • Length varies • Mental creativity • Largely manual work • Decisions based on science or • Guided decision making theoretical constructs • Values, beliefs & ethics not • Values, beliefs & ethics integral part of preparation part of preparation • Commitment may vary • Strong commitment • Supervised • Autonomous • Often change jobs • Unlikely to change professions • Motivated by $ reward • Commitment > $ reward • Employer is primarily • Individual accountability accountable
• Genevieve and Roy Bixler, a husband and wife team of non-Nurses who were nevertheless advocates and supporters of nursing, first wrote about the status of nursing as a profession in 1945
• They appraised nursing according to theire original seven criteria, noting the progress made in nursing, as a profession.
• Abraham Flexner (1910), conducted study of medical education and went on to study other disciplines and latter, in a paper about social work published a list of criteria that he felt were characteristics of all true professions. Flexner's believed in professional work
Criteria of profession: Abraham Flexner (1916) • Intellectual (opposite of physical). • Based on body of knowledge, that can be learned. • Practical rather than theoretical. • Can be taught through a process of professional education. • Has a string internal organization of members. • Has practioner
William shepherd (1948): • Based on scientific principles. • Demands: adequate pre-professional and cultural training. • Demand: specialized and systematized knowledge. • Must give: evidence of needed • Scientific technique: tested experiences. • Time judgment / duty Performance. • Beneficial work. • Group consciousness: scientific knowledge. • Sufficient self impelling power. • Obligation to society: code of ethics.
Kelly: - 1981 • Service provided is vital to humanity and welfare of society. • Special body of knowledge: continually. • Intellectual activity: accountability. • Educated in institutions. • Relatively independent: autonomy. • Motivated by job / service. • Code of ethics: to guide decisions. • Organization (association): to encourage and support practice.
Collegiality Standard of ANA – Scope and Standards of Practice, 2004 According to Bruhn - 2001 • Be civil •Be collaborative • Be ethical •Be forgiving • Be honest • Be the best •Be current • Be consistent •Be involved • Be a communicator •Be a model • Be accountable
Nursing is gaining recognition as a profession based on the criteria that a profession must have: - • A well defined body of knowledge. • A strong service orientation. • Recognized authority by a professional group. • A code of ethics: ICN. • A professional organization that sets standards: NNC / NAN. • On going research. • Autonomy. Hence, nursing is a Nobel profession, Recognized internationally.
1. A profession utilizes in its practice a wel- defined and wel-organised body of specialized knowledge. 2. A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service by the nurses of the scientific method. 3. A profession entrusts the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education.
1. A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical services which are vital to human and social welfare. 2. A profession functions autonomously in the formation of professional policy and control of professional activity thereby.
1. A profession attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work. 2. A profession strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security
Image Makers of Nurses • Nurses of America Campaign – convey to public that RNs are expert clinicians – raising consciousness of invisibility of nursing in the news media
Public Concern with Nursing • What is the image of nursing being created today? • Saint vs. Sinner image • “Can I trust my life to this RN? • Public want to believe that knowledgeable, caring, committed and dedicated RNs will be available for them.
What the Public Believes About Nursing • RNs ranked highest among all professions for the highest professional standards of honesty and ethics • Public seek advice in 4 areas: – self-care or immediate post op care – health care products – administration and SE of prescription drugs – interpreting physician-provided information
Business Model of Health Care • Shift from altruistic to business model – Mismatch: nursing care marketed and nursing care provided • Competitive Marketplace – scarce resources – unlimited wants
Nursing’s View • Female dominated by persons socialized to be anti-intellectuals • Focus on skills rather than critical thinking • Knowledge is power
Communicating with Physicians • Factually document medical problems in patient care terms • Stay on the issue, not personality • Appropriate communication – do not allow inappropriate interruptions
Creating a New Image • Nurses value nursing and image it daily • Nurses take themselves seriously and dress the part • Nurses recognize the value of caring, health promotion, health teaching, and illness care • Nurses believe in themselves and their colleagues
Barriers to Professionalism • Variability in educational preparation • Gender issues • Historical influences • External conflicts • Internal conflicts
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Nursing as a profession

  • 1. Nursing as a Profession Ram Sharan Mehta, Ph.D. Medical-Surgical Nursing Department B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
  • 2. • One of my favorite quotes: Nursing is an art; and if it is to be made an art, it requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a preparation, as any painter's or sculptor's work; for what is the having to do with dead canvas or cold marble, compared with having to do with the living body - the temple of God's spirit? It is one of the Fine Arts; I had almost said the finest of the Fine Arts - Florence Nightingale
  • 3. • Profession is defined as "a vocation requiring advanced training and usually involving mental rather than manual work, as teaching, engineering, especially medicine, law“ -Webster1989.
  • 4. Profession • Professions are those occupations possessing a particular combination of characteristics generally considered to be the expertise, autonomy, commitment, and responsibility. • A profession is an occupation based on specialized intellectual study and training, the purpose of which is to supply skilled services with ethical components and others.
  • 5. Occupation • Training may be on job and duration varies. • The values, beliefs, and ethics are not prominent features. • The commitment and identification: varies. • In occupation people often change Job. • Accountability rest on employer.
  • 6. Profession • Is basically intellectual • Is based on a body of knowledge that can be learned. • Is practical rather than theoretical. • Can be taught through a process of professional education. • Has a strong internal organization of members. • Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism (desire to help others)
  • 7. Professions vs Occupations Professions Occupations • College or University • On the job training • Prolonged education • Length varies • Mental creativity • Largely manual work • Decisions based on science or • Guided decision making theoretical constructs • Values, beliefs & ethics not • Values, beliefs & ethics integral part of preparation part of preparation • Commitment may vary • Strong commitment • Supervised • Autonomous • Often change jobs • Unlikely to change professions • Motivated by $ reward • Commitment > $ reward • Employer is primarily • Individual accountability accountable
  • 8. • Genevieve and Roy Bixler, a husband and wife team of non-Nurses who were nevertheless advocates and supporters of nursing, first wrote about the status of nursing as a profession in 1945
  • 9. • They appraised nursing according to theire original seven criteria, noting the progress made in nursing, as a profession.
  • 10. • Abraham Flexner (1910), conducted study of medical education and went on to study other disciplines and latter, in a paper about social work published a list of criteria that he felt were characteristics of all true professions. Flexner's believed in professional work
  • 11. Criteria of profession: Abraham Flexner (1916) • Intellectual (opposite of physical). • Based on body of knowledge, that can be learned. • Practical rather than theoretical. • Can be taught through a process of professional education. • Has a string internal organization of members. • Has practioner
  • 12. William shepherd (1948): • Based on scientific principles. • Demands: adequate pre-professional and cultural training. • Demand: specialized and systematized knowledge. • Must give: evidence of needed • Scientific technique: tested experiences. • Time judgment / duty Performance. • Beneficial work. • Group consciousness: scientific knowledge. • Sufficient self impelling power. • Obligation to society: code of ethics.
  • 13. Kelly: - 1981 • Service provided is vital to humanity and welfare of society. • Special body of knowledge: continually. • Intellectual activity: accountability. • Educated in institutions. • Relatively independent: autonomy. • Motivated by job / service. • Code of ethics: to guide decisions. • Organization (association): to encourage and support practice.
  • 14. Collegiality Standard of ANA – Scope and Standards of Practice, 2004 According to Bruhn - 2001 • Be civil •Be collaborative • Be ethical •Be forgiving • Be honest • Be the best •Be current • Be consistent •Be involved • Be a communicator •Be a model • Be accountable
  • 15. Nursing is gaining recognition as a profession based on the criteria that a profession must have: - • A well defined body of knowledge. • A strong service orientation. • Recognized authority by a professional group. • A code of ethics: ICN. • A professional organization that sets standards: NNC / NAN. • On going research. • Autonomy. Hence, nursing is a Nobel profession, Recognized internationally.
  • 16. 1. A profession utilizes in its practice a wel- defined and wel-organised body of specialized knowledge. 2. A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service by the nurses of the scientific method. 3. A profession entrusts the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education.
  • 17. 1. A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical services which are vital to human and social welfare. 2. A profession functions autonomously in the formation of professional policy and control of professional activity thereby.
  • 18. 1. A profession attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work. 2. A profession strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security
  • 19. Image Makers of Nurses • Nurses of America Campaign – convey to public that RNs are expert clinicians – raising consciousness of invisibility of nursing in the news media
  • 20. Public Concern with Nursing • What is the image of nursing being created today? • Saint vs. Sinner image • “Can I trust my life to this RN? • Public want to believe that knowledgeable, caring, committed and dedicated RNs will be available for them.
  • 21. What the Public Believes About Nursing • RNs ranked highest among all professions for the highest professional standards of honesty and ethics • Public seek advice in 4 areas: – self-care or immediate post op care – health care products – administration and SE of prescription drugs – interpreting physician-provided information
  • 22. Business Model of Health Care • Shift from altruistic to business model – Mismatch: nursing care marketed and nursing care provided • Competitive Marketplace – scarce resources – unlimited wants
  • 23. Nursing’s View • Female dominated by persons socialized to be anti-intellectuals • Focus on skills rather than critical thinking • Knowledge is power
  • 24. Communicating with Physicians • Factually document medical problems in patient care terms • Stay on the issue, not personality • Appropriate communication – do not allow inappropriate interruptions
  • 25. Creating a New Image • Nurses value nursing and image it daily • Nurses take themselves seriously and dress the part • Nurses recognize the value of caring, health promotion, health teaching, and illness care • Nurses believe in themselves and their colleagues
  • 26. Barriers to Professionalism • Variability in educational preparation • Gender issues • Historical influences • External conflicts • Internal conflicts