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NUTRITION

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Sourav Sahoo

The document discusses different types of nutrition in living organisms. It describes two main types - autotrophic nutrition, where organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis like plants, and heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain food from other sources. Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic and insectivorous. The document also provides details about the nutrition process in animals, including ingestion, digestion in different organs like the stomach and intestines, absorption in the small intestine, and egestion of waste.

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NUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
 All living organisms, despite their great diversity in shapes and sizes, show similarity in their activities. They all have to eat, digest their food, derive energy, etc.  The basic activities which all living organisms perform are known as life processes.  Some examples for life processes are nutrition, respiration, growth, and so on.
 The process of consuming and utilizing food is called nutrition.  The components of food which is necessary for our body are called nutrients.  There are two modes of nutrition : a) Autotrophic nutrition b) Heterotrophic nutrition
 The mode of nutrition in which organisms make their food themselves from simple substances is called autotrophic nutrition.  The green plants are called autotrophic organisms or autotrophs.  The autotrophs prepare their food through a process called photosynthesis.(photo = light, synthesis = to combine)
 Heterotrophic nutrition refers to the nutrition derived from other organisms as in animals, fungi and some bacteria.  Heterotrophic animals can be of three types : a) Herbivores – plant eating animals like cow. b) Carnivores – flesh eating animals like lion. c) Omnivores – those who eat both plants and animals, like humans.
a) Saprophytic – Feeding on dead and decaying organic matter. E.g. : Fungi, Mushroom, etc. b) Parasitic – Living on another organism and deriving food from that organism. The organism deriving food is called a parasite and the other organism, from which the food is derived from the parasite, is called the host.  The parasites produce root-like structures called haustoria for absorbing food from the host.  Example : Dodder, etc.
c) Symbiotic – Two different organisms live together and both benefit each other. One of the examples are lichen. d) Insectivorous – Some plants feed on small insects. These plants are called Insectivorous plants. For example : Pitcher Plant, Sundew plant, and so on.
NUTRITION
By: Sourav Sahoo Class: VII -A
 Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake of food and its utilisation in the body.  The components of food such as carbohydrates are complex substances. These complex substances cannot be utilised as such. So they are broken down into simpler substances. The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substance called digestion.
 The mode of taking food into the body varies in different organisms. Bees and humming-birds suck the nectar of plants, infants of human and many other animals feed on mother’s milk. Snakes like the python swallow the animal they prey upon.
 The food passes through a continuous canal which begins at the buccal cavity and ends at the anus. The canal can be divided into various compartments:  Buccal cavity  Oesophagus  Stomach  Small intestine  Large intestine  Rectum  Anus
 The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion. The food is chewed and broken down into smaller pieces. Then the salivary glands secrete saliva to turn the starch into a sugar called Maltos. The tongue mixes the food with saliva and helps to swallow the digested food.
 The swallowed food passes into the food pipe or oesophagus. The food pipe runs along the neck and the chest. Food is pushed down by movement of the wall of the food pipe. This movement is called peristaltic movement. This movement takes place throughout the alimentary canal and pushes food downwards.
 The stomach is a thick-walled bag. Its shape is like a flattened U and it is the widest part of the alimentary canal. It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other. The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. The mucous protects the lining of the stomach. The acid kills many bacteria that enter along with the food and makes the medium in the stomach acidic and helps the digestive juices break down the proteins into simpler substances.
 The small intestine is highly coiled and is about 7.5 m long. It receives secretions from the liver and the pancreas. Besides, its wall also secretes juices. The liver secretes bile juice that is stored in a sac called gall bladder. The bile helps to digest fats. The pancreatic juice acts on the carbohydrates, fats and proteins and changes them into simpler forms. The partly digested food now reaches the lower part of the small intestine where the intestinal juice completes the digestion. The carbohydrates get broken into glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol and proteins into amino acids.
 The digested food pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine. This process is called absorption. The inner walls of the small intestine have thousands of finger-like outgrowths. These are called villi. The villi increase the surface area for absorption of the digested food. Each villus has a network of thin and small blood vessels close to its surface. The surface of the villi absorbs the digested food materials. The absorbed substances are transported via blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by the body. This is called assimilation. The food that remains undigested and unabsorbed enters into the large intestine.
 The large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine. It is about 1.5 m in length. Its functions is to absorb water and some salts from the undigested food material. The remaining waste passes into the rectum and remains there as semi-solid faeces. The faecal matter is removed through the anus from time-to-time. This is called egestion.
 Cows, buffaloes and other grass-eating animals chew continuously even when they are not eating. This happens because they quickly swallow the grass and store it in a part of the stomach called rumen. Here the food gets partially digested and is called cud. But later the cud returns to the mouth in small lumps and the animal chews it. This process is called rumination and these animals are called ruminants. The grass is rich in cellulose, a type of carbohydrate. Many animals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose. Ruminants have a large sac-like structure called Caecum between the small intestine and large intestine. The cellulose of the food is digested here by the action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans.
 Amoeba is a microscopic single-celled organism found in pond water. Amoeba has a cell membrane, a rounded, dense nucleus and many small bubble-like vacuoles in its cytoplasm. Amoeba constantly changes its shape and position. It pushes out one, or more finger-like projections, called pseudopodia for movement and capture of food. When it senses food, it pushes out pseudopodia around the food particle and englfs it. The food becomes trapped in a food vacuole. Digestive juices are secreted into the food and break it down into simpler substances. Gradually the digested food is absorbed. The absorbed substances are used for growth, maintenance and multiplication. The undigested residue of the food is expelled outside by the vacuole.
By: Sourav Sahoo VII-A

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NUTRITION

  • 4.  All living organisms, despite their great diversity in shapes and sizes, show similarity in their activities. They all have to eat, digest their food, derive energy, etc.  The basic activities which all living organisms perform are known as life processes.  Some examples for life processes are nutrition, respiration, growth, and so on.
  • 5.  The process of consuming and utilizing food is called nutrition.  The components of food which is necessary for our body are called nutrients.  There are two modes of nutrition : a) Autotrophic nutrition b) Heterotrophic nutrition
  • 6.  The mode of nutrition in which organisms make their food themselves from simple substances is called autotrophic nutrition.  The green plants are called autotrophic organisms or autotrophs.  The autotrophs prepare their food through a process called photosynthesis.(photo = light, synthesis = to combine)
  • 7.  Heterotrophic nutrition refers to the nutrition derived from other organisms as in animals, fungi and some bacteria.  Heterotrophic animals can be of three types : a) Herbivores – plant eating animals like cow. b) Carnivores – flesh eating animals like lion. c) Omnivores – those who eat both plants and animals, like humans.
  • 8. a) Saprophytic – Feeding on dead and decaying organic matter. E.g. : Fungi, Mushroom, etc. b) Parasitic – Living on another organism and deriving food from that organism. The organism deriving food is called a parasite and the other organism, from which the food is derived from the parasite, is called the host.  The parasites produce root-like structures called haustoria for absorbing food from the host.  Example : Dodder, etc.
  • 9. c) Symbiotic – Two different organisms live together and both benefit each other. One of the examples are lichen. d) Insectivorous – Some plants feed on small insects. These plants are called Insectivorous plants. For example : Pitcher Plant, Sundew plant, and so on.
  • 11. By: Sourav Sahoo Class: VII -A
  • 12.  Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake of food and its utilisation in the body.  The components of food such as carbohydrates are complex substances. These complex substances cannot be utilised as such. So they are broken down into simpler substances. The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substance called digestion.
  • 13.  The mode of taking food into the body varies in different organisms. Bees and humming-birds suck the nectar of plants, infants of human and many other animals feed on mother’s milk. Snakes like the python swallow the animal they prey upon.
  • 14.  The food passes through a continuous canal which begins at the buccal cavity and ends at the anus. The canal can be divided into various compartments:  Buccal cavity  Oesophagus  Stomach  Small intestine  Large intestine  Rectum  Anus
  • 15.  The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion. The food is chewed and broken down into smaller pieces. Then the salivary glands secrete saliva to turn the starch into a sugar called Maltos. The tongue mixes the food with saliva and helps to swallow the digested food.
  • 16.  The swallowed food passes into the food pipe or oesophagus. The food pipe runs along the neck and the chest. Food is pushed down by movement of the wall of the food pipe. This movement is called peristaltic movement. This movement takes place throughout the alimentary canal and pushes food downwards.
  • 17.  The stomach is a thick-walled bag. Its shape is like a flattened U and it is the widest part of the alimentary canal. It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other. The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. The mucous protects the lining of the stomach. The acid kills many bacteria that enter along with the food and makes the medium in the stomach acidic and helps the digestive juices break down the proteins into simpler substances.
  • 18.  The small intestine is highly coiled and is about 7.5 m long. It receives secretions from the liver and the pancreas. Besides, its wall also secretes juices. The liver secretes bile juice that is stored in a sac called gall bladder. The bile helps to digest fats. The pancreatic juice acts on the carbohydrates, fats and proteins and changes them into simpler forms. The partly digested food now reaches the lower part of the small intestine where the intestinal juice completes the digestion. The carbohydrates get broken into glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol and proteins into amino acids.
  • 19.  The digested food pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine. This process is called absorption. The inner walls of the small intestine have thousands of finger-like outgrowths. These are called villi. The villi increase the surface area for absorption of the digested food. Each villus has a network of thin and small blood vessels close to its surface. The surface of the villi absorbs the digested food materials. The absorbed substances are transported via blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by the body. This is called assimilation. The food that remains undigested and unabsorbed enters into the large intestine.
  • 20.  The large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine. It is about 1.5 m in length. Its functions is to absorb water and some salts from the undigested food material. The remaining waste passes into the rectum and remains there as semi-solid faeces. The faecal matter is removed through the anus from time-to-time. This is called egestion.
  • 21.  Cows, buffaloes and other grass-eating animals chew continuously even when they are not eating. This happens because they quickly swallow the grass and store it in a part of the stomach called rumen. Here the food gets partially digested and is called cud. But later the cud returns to the mouth in small lumps and the animal chews it. This process is called rumination and these animals are called ruminants. The grass is rich in cellulose, a type of carbohydrate. Many animals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose. Ruminants have a large sac-like structure called Caecum between the small intestine and large intestine. The cellulose of the food is digested here by the action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans.
  • 22.  Amoeba is a microscopic single-celled organism found in pond water. Amoeba has a cell membrane, a rounded, dense nucleus and many small bubble-like vacuoles in its cytoplasm. Amoeba constantly changes its shape and position. It pushes out one, or more finger-like projections, called pseudopodia for movement and capture of food. When it senses food, it pushes out pseudopodia around the food particle and englfs it. The food becomes trapped in a food vacuole. Digestive juices are secreted into the food and break it down into simpler substances. Gradually the digested food is absorbed. The absorbed substances are used for growth, maintenance and multiplication. The undigested residue of the food is expelled outside by the vacuole.