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Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adults

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Debiprasad1997

Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain. Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish. In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets. The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology. Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.

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West Bengal University Of Animal And Fisher Sciences Faculty Of Fishery Sciences SUBMITTED TO : PROF.T.K.GHOSH Dept. of AQC, WBUAFS SUBMITTED BY : Debiprasad Kantal M.F.Sc-1st year M/F/2018/09
“The Father of Fish Nutrition”-John Emil Halver Antoine Lavoisier, the “Father of Nutrition and Chemistry.”
What is nutrient ? A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body's dietary needs What is nutrition
• Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain. • Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish. • In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets. • The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology. • Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species. Introduction
The various nutrients required by fish and shellfish include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals What are the various nutrients required by fish
 First major component required for proper nutrition of fish is protein.  In fact, the name comes from the Greek word proteos, meaning “primary” or “first place.”  Digestion, Energy production, Blood clotting Amino acids Building blocks of protein. Needed by animals for proper nutrition. 10 amino acids are essential. Broken down during digestion. Used to produce new tissue or reproduce damaged tissue. What is the role of protein in fish nutrition?  Formed from compounds known as amino acids.  Most critical component of fish feed.  Prepared fish feed will contain between 25 and 40 percent protein. Protein
Omnivores Animals that eat both plants and animals. Need only about 30% of the protein in their feed from animal sources. Protein requirements Carnivore fish Animals that eat meat. Require 50% of its protein from animal sources. Herbivore fish Animals that eat plants. Need only about 30% of the protein in their feed.
Fats  A required component of fish feeds.  Composed of fatty acids.  Used for proper health and growth.  Amount of fat in a feed usually between 4 and 15 percent.  protect organs and help keep body warm give body energy and to support cell growth help body to absorb some nutrients and produce important hormones, too • Type of fat needed in fish feed depends on temperature of water. • To be digested, fat must be able to melt. • To melt, must have melting point below water temperature. • Cold water fish (trout) • Unsaturated fat derived from plants (vegetable oil). • Warm water fish (tilapia) • Saturated fat derived from animal products. What is the role of fats in fish nutrition? Fat requirements
 Carbohydrates  A required component of fish feed.  Source of energy for fish.  Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen.  Plants including sugars, starches, and cellulose are sources. Fish herbivores (carp) Better capable of digesting carbohydrates. An enzyme (amylase) in their digestive system. What is the role of carbohydrates in fish nutrition? Carbohydrate requirements Fish carnivores (catfish) Can’t digest carbohydrates as well. Only need 10% carbohydrates in ration.
 Inorganic materials needed for health and growth.  Most only needed in small amounts.  Large amounts of minerals may be fatal to fish.  Often called trace elements  Needed in very small quantities. Required Minerals Calcium- Iron Silicon Manganese Magnesium Boron Cobalt Copper Iodine Molybdenum Selenium Minerals  Testing the water can show mineral deficiencies in water.  Can give fish two ways • Add directly to the water. -If water is flowing or moving may be a waste • Added to a commercially prepared feed. What is the role of minerals in fish feed?
Types of Vitamins Water-soluble Taken in, used, and then excreted. Include Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Folic Acid etc. Fat-soluble Taken in to the body and stored. If excess amounts consumed can be unhealthy. Include vitamin E, A, and D. A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism What is vitamin
Do every animal have same nutrition needs ? No. it depends on- species, age sex body size level of activity or metabolism etc
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adults
Nutritional requirement of Rohu - Labeo rohita Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-35–45% cp Crude lipid, optimum lipid requirement for rohu fingerlings has found to be in the range of 12-15% Fingerling: 40 percent dietary carbohydrate is required optimum requirements of rohu fry for vitamins A, C and E have been reported to be 2 000 IU/kg, 1409 µg/g and 131.91 mg/kg dry diet, respectively For adult Phosphorus-0.75%, Calcium-0.19 % of dry feed. Fingerlings- optimum protein requirement for fingerlings has also been reported at 40 percent Adult-25–30 percent protein has been reported to be optimum for practical diets for rohu under pond conditions
Nutritional requirement of Catla - Catla catla Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 45 percent protein Crude lipid, Larvae, fry, fingerling require 8-10 percent lipids Adult : 7-9% Brood stock : 14% Larvae able to utilize maximum of 26 percent carbohydrates fry, fingerling require 22-26% Adult : 22-26% Brood stock : 20% Larvae require vitamin E -150 mg/kg , Vitamin A -200 IU/KG , Vitamin C -600 IU/KG for enhanced survival and growth. For adult fish- vit C-30-50, vit E- 98.4 Choline-4000 IU/KG feed Larvae require 4 percent phospholipids and for enhanced survival and growth For adult Magnesium- 0.06, Phosphorus-0.75, Calcium-0.19 % of dry feed. Fingerlings- 30-40% Adult-30% Broodstock-33%
Nutritional requirement of Common carp - Cyprinus carpio Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral 30–38% 5–15% • The intestinal activity of amylase is higher in omnivorous fish, including common carp, than in carnivorous fish. • The optimum range of dietary carbohydrate may be considered to be 30–40% for common carp. • The dietary requirements for folic acid and vitamins B12, D and K have not been determined, but it is supposed that some of these vitamins can be synthesized by the intestinal microflora in common carp, fingerling or adult . • common carp do not require vitamin C because they can synthesize ascorbic acid from D- glucose It is also found that exogenous supply of copper, manganese, magnesium and zinc is necessary for carp diets. A magnesium level of 0.6 g/kg is required Daily requirement Of common carp for protein is about 1g/ kg body weight for maintenance and 12 g/kg body weight for maximum protein retention
Nutritional requirement of Nile tilapia - Oreochromis niloticus Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 45-50 percent protein Crude lipid, minimum requirement of dietary lipids in tilapia diets is 5 percent Adult : 10-15% • exact carbohydrate requirements of tilapia species are not known • Adult : Tilapia can efficiently utilize as much as 35-40 percent digestible carbohydrate • Vitamin supplementation is not necessary for tilapia in semi-intensive farming • Vit E: 50-100 mg/kg when fed diets with 5 percent lipid • Pyridoxine requirement- 1.7-9.5 and 15-16.5 mg/kg diet for fish fed 28 and 36 percent protein diets respectively For adult Magnesium-0.06-0.08, Phosphorus-0.8-1.0, Calcium-0.7 % of dry feed. Fingerlings- 35-40% Adult-28-32% Broodstock-40-45%
Nutritional requirement of Milkfish - Chanos chanos Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Fry-40%cp • fingerling require 7-10 percent crude lipids • Milkfish do not tolerate as high a level of dietary lipid • Milkfish, like other finfish, do not have a specific requirement for carbohydrates • Carbohydrates have also been shown to have a sparing effect on the utilization of dietary protein in several aquaculture species • Broodstock require 1000 mg Vit C/kg feed for good egg and larval quality. • in the absence of information vitamin and mineral allowances established for other tropical species, such as tilapia and common carp, are recommended. Phosphorus-0.85% of dry feed. Fingerlings- 30-40% cp • 24–27% where natural food is present • Milkfish use proteins of animal origin better than plant proteins.
Nutritional requirement of Barramundi - Lates calcarifer Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 50 percent protein Crude lipid, Dietary n-3 fatty acids levels of 1.0 percent have been recommended for juvenile fish Adult : 18 % lipid (60% protein) has shown best growth limited capacity to utilize dietary carbohydrates for energy Adult : a dietary carbohydrate level of 20 percent for diets containing lipid levels ranging from 6 to 18 percent • Vitamin C requirement is 500–700 mg/kg of diet • 5 mg/kg diet of pyridoxine • Pantothenic acid requirement is 15 mg/kg diet for normal growth • phosphorus requirement ranges between 0.55 percent and 0.65 percent • addition of salt (NaCl) to the diet at a level of up to 4 percent has been reported to generate a better feed utilization 10g fish=56% 100g fish=42% 1000g fish=31% Most studies suggest a crude protein (CP) requirement between 45 percent and 55 percent
Nutritional requirement of magur- Clarias batrachus Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 55 percent protein Crude lipid, Larvae, fry, fingerling require 9 percent lipids Adult : 10-17% Larvae able to utilize maximum of 21 percent carbohydrates Adult : 15-35% vitamin D-500-1000 IU/kg, Vitamin A (Retinol)1000- 2000 IU/KG , Vitamin E 25-50 mg/kg Vit C-11-60 mg/kg feed Larvae require Magnesium-0.04%, Phosphorus-0.45%, Calcium-0.45 % of feed on dry weight basis . For adult Calcium-1.5% Phosphorus-0.5% Fingerlings- 50% Adult-40-42%
Nutritional requirement of Striped catfish - Pangasionodon hypophthalmus Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 38.5 percent protein The lipid requirement of striped catfish (~2 g) is around 8.5 percent striped catfish weighing 2 g can use up to 30–45 percent carbohydrate in their diet. The optimal carbohydrate level in striped catfish diet is 20 percent The vitamin and mineral requirements of striped catfish have not yet been reported Addition of vitamins and minerals into formulated feed is mostly based on the vitamin and mineral requirements of similar species, especially that of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). 5–50 g fish= 34–36 % 50–100 g fish = 32–34 %, 100–300 g fish = 30–32 %, 300–500 g fish = 28–30 % fish over 500 g = 24–26 %protein.
• One of the emerging problem of todays world is the over population of human and food arrangement for our society. • Naturally Demand is increasing for fish and fish protein which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries. • Only way to over come this is to culture fish at a lowest cost. • For getting maximum output at lowest price we have to study and implement the proper and specific nutritional requirement in feed formulation.
“Food is your medicine, not medicine your food”- [PLATON]
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adults

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Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adults

  • 1. West Bengal University Of Animal And Fisher Sciences Faculty Of Fishery Sciences SUBMITTED TO : PROF.T.K.GHOSH Dept. of AQC, WBUAFS SUBMITTED BY : Debiprasad Kantal M.F.Sc-1st year M/F/2018/09
  • 2. “The Father of Fish Nutrition”-John Emil Halver Antoine Lavoisier, the “Father of Nutrition and Chemistry.”
  • 3. What is nutrient ? A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body's dietary needs What is nutrition
  • 4. • Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain. • Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish. • In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets. • The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology. • Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species. Introduction
  • 5. The various nutrients required by fish and shellfish include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals What are the various nutrients required by fish
  • 6.  First major component required for proper nutrition of fish is protein.  In fact, the name comes from the Greek word proteos, meaning “primary” or “first place.”  Digestion, Energy production, Blood clotting Amino acids Building blocks of protein. Needed by animals for proper nutrition. 10 amino acids are essential. Broken down during digestion. Used to produce new tissue or reproduce damaged tissue. What is the role of protein in fish nutrition?  Formed from compounds known as amino acids.  Most critical component of fish feed.  Prepared fish feed will contain between 25 and 40 percent protein. Protein
  • 7. Omnivores Animals that eat both plants and animals. Need only about 30% of the protein in their feed from animal sources. Protein requirements Carnivore fish Animals that eat meat. Require 50% of its protein from animal sources. Herbivore fish Animals that eat plants. Need only about 30% of the protein in their feed.
  • 8. Fats  A required component of fish feeds.  Composed of fatty acids.  Used for proper health and growth.  Amount of fat in a feed usually between 4 and 15 percent.  protect organs and help keep body warm give body energy and to support cell growth help body to absorb some nutrients and produce important hormones, too • Type of fat needed in fish feed depends on temperature of water. • To be digested, fat must be able to melt. • To melt, must have melting point below water temperature. • Cold water fish (trout) • Unsaturated fat derived from plants (vegetable oil). • Warm water fish (tilapia) • Saturated fat derived from animal products. What is the role of fats in fish nutrition? Fat requirements
  • 9.  Carbohydrates  A required component of fish feed.  Source of energy for fish.  Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen.  Plants including sugars, starches, and cellulose are sources. Fish herbivores (carp) Better capable of digesting carbohydrates. An enzyme (amylase) in their digestive system. What is the role of carbohydrates in fish nutrition? Carbohydrate requirements Fish carnivores (catfish) Can’t digest carbohydrates as well. Only need 10% carbohydrates in ration.
  • 10.  Inorganic materials needed for health and growth.  Most only needed in small amounts.  Large amounts of minerals may be fatal to fish.  Often called trace elements  Needed in very small quantities. Required Minerals Calcium- Iron Silicon Manganese Magnesium Boron Cobalt Copper Iodine Molybdenum Selenium Minerals  Testing the water can show mineral deficiencies in water.  Can give fish two ways • Add directly to the water. -If water is flowing or moving may be a waste • Added to a commercially prepared feed. What is the role of minerals in fish feed?
  • 11. Types of Vitamins Water-soluble Taken in, used, and then excreted. Include Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Folic Acid etc. Fat-soluble Taken in to the body and stored. If excess amounts consumed can be unhealthy. Include vitamin E, A, and D. A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism What is vitamin
  • 12. Do every animal have same nutrition needs ? No. it depends on- species, age sex body size level of activity or metabolism etc
  • 14. Nutritional requirement of Rohu - Labeo rohita Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-35–45% cp Crude lipid, optimum lipid requirement for rohu fingerlings has found to be in the range of 12-15% Fingerling: 40 percent dietary carbohydrate is required optimum requirements of rohu fry for vitamins A, C and E have been reported to be 2 000 IU/kg, 1409 µg/g and 131.91 mg/kg dry diet, respectively For adult Phosphorus-0.75%, Calcium-0.19 % of dry feed. Fingerlings- optimum protein requirement for fingerlings has also been reported at 40 percent Adult-25–30 percent protein has been reported to be optimum for practical diets for rohu under pond conditions
  • 15. Nutritional requirement of Catla - Catla catla Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 45 percent protein Crude lipid, Larvae, fry, fingerling require 8-10 percent lipids Adult : 7-9% Brood stock : 14% Larvae able to utilize maximum of 26 percent carbohydrates fry, fingerling require 22-26% Adult : 22-26% Brood stock : 20% Larvae require vitamin E -150 mg/kg , Vitamin A -200 IU/KG , Vitamin C -600 IU/KG for enhanced survival and growth. For adult fish- vit C-30-50, vit E- 98.4 Choline-4000 IU/KG feed Larvae require 4 percent phospholipids and for enhanced survival and growth For adult Magnesium- 0.06, Phosphorus-0.75, Calcium-0.19 % of dry feed. Fingerlings- 30-40% Adult-30% Broodstock-33%
  • 16. Nutritional requirement of Common carp - Cyprinus carpio Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral 30–38% 5–15% • The intestinal activity of amylase is higher in omnivorous fish, including common carp, than in carnivorous fish. • The optimum range of dietary carbohydrate may be considered to be 30–40% for common carp. • The dietary requirements for folic acid and vitamins B12, D and K have not been determined, but it is supposed that some of these vitamins can be synthesized by the intestinal microflora in common carp, fingerling or adult . • common carp do not require vitamin C because they can synthesize ascorbic acid from D- glucose It is also found that exogenous supply of copper, manganese, magnesium and zinc is necessary for carp diets. A magnesium level of 0.6 g/kg is required Daily requirement Of common carp for protein is about 1g/ kg body weight for maintenance and 12 g/kg body weight for maximum protein retention
  • 17. Nutritional requirement of Nile tilapia - Oreochromis niloticus Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 45-50 percent protein Crude lipid, minimum requirement of dietary lipids in tilapia diets is 5 percent Adult : 10-15% • exact carbohydrate requirements of tilapia species are not known • Adult : Tilapia can efficiently utilize as much as 35-40 percent digestible carbohydrate • Vitamin supplementation is not necessary for tilapia in semi-intensive farming • Vit E: 50-100 mg/kg when fed diets with 5 percent lipid • Pyridoxine requirement- 1.7-9.5 and 15-16.5 mg/kg diet for fish fed 28 and 36 percent protein diets respectively For adult Magnesium-0.06-0.08, Phosphorus-0.8-1.0, Calcium-0.7 % of dry feed. Fingerlings- 35-40% Adult-28-32% Broodstock-40-45%
  • 18. Nutritional requirement of Milkfish - Chanos chanos Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Fry-40%cp • fingerling require 7-10 percent crude lipids • Milkfish do not tolerate as high a level of dietary lipid • Milkfish, like other finfish, do not have a specific requirement for carbohydrates • Carbohydrates have also been shown to have a sparing effect on the utilization of dietary protein in several aquaculture species • Broodstock require 1000 mg Vit C/kg feed for good egg and larval quality. • in the absence of information vitamin and mineral allowances established for other tropical species, such as tilapia and common carp, are recommended. Phosphorus-0.85% of dry feed. Fingerlings- 30-40% cp • 24–27% where natural food is present • Milkfish use proteins of animal origin better than plant proteins.
  • 19. Nutritional requirement of Barramundi - Lates calcarifer Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 50 percent protein Crude lipid, Dietary n-3 fatty acids levels of 1.0 percent have been recommended for juvenile fish Adult : 18 % lipid (60% protein) has shown best growth limited capacity to utilize dietary carbohydrates for energy Adult : a dietary carbohydrate level of 20 percent for diets containing lipid levels ranging from 6 to 18 percent • Vitamin C requirement is 500–700 mg/kg of diet • 5 mg/kg diet of pyridoxine • Pantothenic acid requirement is 15 mg/kg diet for normal growth • phosphorus requirement ranges between 0.55 percent and 0.65 percent • addition of salt (NaCl) to the diet at a level of up to 4 percent has been reported to generate a better feed utilization 10g fish=56% 100g fish=42% 1000g fish=31% Most studies suggest a crude protein (CP) requirement between 45 percent and 55 percent
  • 20. Nutritional requirement of magur- Clarias batrachus Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 55 percent protein Crude lipid, Larvae, fry, fingerling require 9 percent lipids Adult : 10-17% Larvae able to utilize maximum of 21 percent carbohydrates Adult : 15-35% vitamin D-500-1000 IU/kg, Vitamin A (Retinol)1000- 2000 IU/KG , Vitamin E 25-50 mg/kg Vit C-11-60 mg/kg feed Larvae require Magnesium-0.04%, Phosphorus-0.45%, Calcium-0.45 % of feed on dry weight basis . For adult Calcium-1.5% Phosphorus-0.5% Fingerlings- 50% Adult-40-42%
  • 21. Nutritional requirement of Striped catfish - Pangasionodon hypophthalmus Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral Larvae-Larvae require 38.5 percent protein The lipid requirement of striped catfish (~2 g) is around 8.5 percent striped catfish weighing 2 g can use up to 30–45 percent carbohydrate in their diet. The optimal carbohydrate level in striped catfish diet is 20 percent The vitamin and mineral requirements of striped catfish have not yet been reported Addition of vitamins and minerals into formulated feed is mostly based on the vitamin and mineral requirements of similar species, especially that of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). 5–50 g fish= 34–36 % 50–100 g fish = 32–34 %, 100–300 g fish = 30–32 %, 300–500 g fish = 28–30 % fish over 500 g = 24–26 %protein.
  • 22. • One of the emerging problem of todays world is the over population of human and food arrangement for our society. • Naturally Demand is increasing for fish and fish protein which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries. • Only way to over come this is to culture fish at a lowest cost. • For getting maximum output at lowest price we have to study and implement the proper and specific nutritional requirement in feed formulation.
  • 23. “Food is your medicine, not medicine your food”- [PLATON]