Online journalism, strengths and weaknesses, citizen journalism, history of online journalism (including comprehensive history of online journalism in Nepal)
2. Why?
Online journalism is the future
Newspaper/TV advertising revenues are down.
A few newspapers in the world has already closed
down its print edition while continuing the online
edition.
A media to stay!
But, traditional media will not die!
The history of media shows arrival of new media
changes/ constrains the role of existing media
3. What?
Define online journalism
Strengths of online journalism
Weaknesses of online journalism
Citizen Journalism
History of Online Journalism
4. Who?
Cricket Nepal (www.cricket.com.np)
United We Blog! (www.blog.com.np)
Radio Free Nepal (freenepal.blogspot.com)
Nepali Voices (www.nepalivoices.com)
Republica (www.myrepublica.com)
Tarun Weekly
Nepal Samacharpatra
The Kathmandu Post
5. Online Journalism
The journalistic activities primarily
conducted for disseminating information
through internet
Online Journalism is JOURNALISM.
Online simply defines the method of
delivery to the audience.
6. Online Journalism
The Internet: The greatest advance for
communication since the printing press
An important information source — as
important as other traditional media
11. What is NOT Online Journalism?
Examples
MYSANSAR.COM
NAYAPATRIKA.COM
NEPALUPCLOSE.COM
15. Strengths of Online Journalism
Unlimited space
Unlike traditional media, online media do not have
space/time restraint
Global Distribution
Global reach is basic feature of online media
Convergence
Multimedia –convergence of text, graphics, audio and video
16. Strengths of Online Journalism
Hypertext
Text that links to other content
Interactive
Increased ability of the public to actively participate in the
discussion and/or construction/control of content
Internet provides a greater level of audience participation:
PRODUCTION: Citizen journalism & UGC (user-generated content)
CONSUMPTION: Discussion/comments/feedback
17. Strengths of Online Journalism
Storage & retrieval
Content are storable permanently which is easy to search
And, most importantly, immediacy
Publishing is quick and easy
18. Strengths of Digital Media
Global reach
Easy publication
Interactivity
Multimedia possibility
Permanancy
Timelessness
Unlimited space
19. Types of Online Journalism Sites
Sites associated with already existing media organizations
Myrepublica.com, ekantipur.com, newsofnepal.com,
thehimalayantimes.com
Sites associated with local TV and radio stations
Avenues.tv
Sites that exist only on the Internet
Nepalnews.com
20. Weaknesses
Mushroom
News sites, journalists and news/opinion
Lack of Credibility
It’s not easy to distinguish between good and bad
news site
Ethical Questions
Privacy, accuracy vs speed, copyright and advertising
Digital Divide
The gap between haves and have-nots
21. Weaknesses of Digital Media
Information overload
Accuracy
Credibility
Opinion-based
Individual
Manipulative
22. Talking Positive
Interactivity: Increased ability of the public to actively
search for their own information and to interact online
Increased public access to different forms and types of
media; access to a greater diversity of content
Reduced ‘gatekeeping’ powers of major news
organizations; less power to set the news agenda or
manipulate the public’s understanding of events
New and powerful story-telling methods through
multimedia technology
Convergence means more resources to probe issues
23. Talking Negative
Rise in journalism of assertion
unsubstantiated opinion and rumor which harms
journalistic credibility; lack of restraint among online
writers
Pressure to lower ethical standards and sensationalize
stories
Problems of personal privacy
Who is a journalist?
Questions on ethical values regarding news values,
newsworthiness and credibility.
26. Citizen Journalism
The concept of members of the public playing an active
role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and
disseminating news and information.
Also known as “public”, “participatory”, “democratic” or
“street” journalism
27. Purpose of Citizen Journalism
People without professional journalism training can
use the tools of modern technology and the global
distribution of the internet to create, augment or
fact-check media on their own or in collaboration of
others.
To provide independent, reliable, accurate, wide-
range and relevant information that a democracy
requires.
29. Dangers of Citizen Journalism
Significant number of unqualified people are doing
journalism without permission from anyone.
No authorities to enforce rules and codes.
Susceptible to information overload.
32. 1960s
Ted Nelson, Harvard sociology
student, conceptualize hypertext
Gives a lecture which is covered in
the student newspaper. The first
print reference of “hypertext”
appears, Feb. 3, 1965
ARPANET computer network, the
forerunner of today’s Internet,
created by the US Defense
Department in 1969
33. 1970s
The BBC files for a patent
on Teledata, the first
teletext system in 1971
A loop of “pages”
broadcast on TV
Not interactive
Service is limited to a few
hundred available pages
Slow
34. 1970s
British Post Office’s Research
Laboratory demonstrates Viewdata
(later Prestel) the first Videotext
service in 1974
It’s interactive, supporting two-way
communication
You use your TV, hooked up to cable
and a phone line
You make entries using a keyboard,
dedicated terminal or computer
Menu-driven systems to browse
Photo display
35. In 1974
Teletext Videotext Computers
• Not interactive • Interactive • Interactive
• Slow • Need cable • Very
TV and an expensive
• Need is a TV &
a decoder box expensive • Poorly
subscription networked
• Almost no
one has one
37. 1980s
1983: Time Magazine names the computer “Machine
of the Year”
1984: Apple introduces the Macintosh computer.
Cost: $2,495 US with built-in B&W monitor.
Within 75 days, 50,000 are sold
1985: 22 nations involved in videotext and teletext
1986: Computers readily available in US universities
Computers becoming cheaper and more powerful;
first personal printers appear; ($7,000 US for an
Apple LaserWriter)
1988: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is developed by
Finnish graduate student Jarkko Oikarinen
DARPA makes the Internet public
38. 1990s
Hypertext Markup
Language is invented by Tim
Berners-Lee in 1990
1992 July: Lynx, a non-
graphical Web and Gopher
(FTP) is released
1992 November: 26
“reasonably reliable”
servers
39. 1993
August: Mosaic, first graphical
Web browser for Windows, is
released
Sept. 25: CompuServe,
Prodigy and AOL have a
combined 3.9m subscribers
October: First journalism site is
launched at the University of
Florida. 200 web servers in the
world
Dec. 8: First article about the
web appears in the New York
Times
40. 1994
Jan. 19: The first newspaper to
regularly publish on the Web,
the Palo Alto Weekly in
California, begins twice-weekly
postings of its full content
April: The Yahoo “Internet
index” is started by Stanford
PhD candidates David Filo and
Jerry Yang
42. Internet in Nepal
June 1994: Mercantile Office Systems began the
commercial email system
July 1995: Mercantile started providing full online access
operating via a lease line through Nepal Telecom with it’s
backbone in Singapore.
By the end of 1995, Mercantile had 150 subscribers
January 1996: WorldLink began internet services as
around same time with duplex dial-up lines that dials in
USA four times a day.
43. News Online
October 1993: Nepalese in US began the publication
of first online media– The Nepal Digest. (449 issues)
September 1995: The Kathmandu Post went online
on the University of Illinois website. It was joint effort
of Mercantile Communications, the publication and
Rajendra Shrestha, an engineering student in US.
1997: Himal Media started archiving it’s publication,
Himal South Asia, in it’s own website
himalsouthasia.com.
44. Online Journalism begins
1998: Mercantile established South-Asia.com which
archived seven daily and weekly newspapers.
1999: Mercantile moved to NepalNews.com with
news from its own sources.
April 2000: Kantipur Publications established
KantipurOnline.com
December 2002: Kamana Group of Publications
began newsofnepal.com.
45. Citizen Journalists in Scene
October 2004: First blog of Nepal– United We
Blog! – established by Dinesh Wagle and
Ujjwal Acharya
February 2005: Blogs (UWB! and Radio Free
Nepal) became major source of information
during media censorship
47. Nepal is closed friends
On February 7, 2005 @ 4:26 pm
Dear friends world over, Nepal is closed for
the time being. So we won’t be able to
put our views here. But you are free to
put your views. Please continue to use
this blogging site
48. Radio Free Nepal
February 8, 2005
King Gyandendra of Nepal has issued a ban on
independent news broadcasts and has threatened to
punish newspapers for reports that run counter to the
official monarchist line. Given that any person in Nepal
publishing reports critical of "the spirit of the royal
proclamation" is subject to punishment and/or
imprisonment, contributors to this blog will publish their
reports from Nepal anonymously.