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Operation Theatre Nursing -History of Surgery & Anesthesia.pptx

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Operation Theatre Nursing is a high specialty in the nursing profession.

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Operation Theatre Nursing -History of Surgery & Anesthesia.pptx
Operation Theatre Nursing Introduction: An Operation Theatre “ known as an Operating Room ( OR)” - facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. - a crucial space within a hospital where surgical procedures take place. Surgery is a branch of medicine that physically manipulates a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure a disorder. The word surgery came from Greek “Kheirurgos”, which means working by hand.
Operation Theatre Nursing OPERATION THEATRE NURSING Safe and effective surgical care relies heavily on the highly specialized skills and experience of operating theatre nurses who function as part of multidisciplinary teams. Nursing roles in the perioperative environments are diverse and highly specialized and continue to expand. Operation Theatre nursing is the highly specialized nursing area that equips with essential skills, fosters teamwork, and ensures safe patient care during surgery.
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Surgery / Anesthesia
Operation Theatre Nursing Historical Personnel for Surgery Evolution Hippocrates (5th-4th century B.C.) - the founder of scientific medicine. — Father of medicine (observation, documentation, and rational thinking in medical practices) — introduced and refines numerous surgical instruments such as scalpels, forceps, and specula — “Father of spine surgery “
Operation Theatre Nursing Hippocrates emphasized the importance of cleanliness and sterilization during surgical interventions, recognizing the risk of infection. He developed two apparatuses “The Hippocrates ladder” and “ Hippocrates board” to reduce displaced vertebrae as vertebral reduction technique.
Operation Theatre Nursing Sushruta Samhita: — Various surgical techniques including plastic surgery “rhinoplasty”. — - treated hemorrhoids and fistulas and did cataract surgery. “Founding father of surgery”
Operation Theatre Nursing Ambroise Pare (1517-1590) A French surgeon, pare reformed the treatment of gunshot wounds by rejecting cauterization and ligaturing blood vessels in amputated limbs. His works were published in 1575.
Operation Theatre Nursing Joseph Lister ( 1827-1912) An Englishman who advocated for antiseptic practices, using carbolic acid (phenol). He transformed surgical hygiene and advocated using carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic. His groundbreaking work in sterilization procedures saved countless lives.
Operation Theatre Nursing Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) A French Chemist and microbiologist who showed “Fermentation” and “ Putrefaction” is caused by airborne organisms and this laid the foundation for “GERM THEORY”.
Operation Theatre Nursing Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910) A German Physician who discovered the ANTHRAX disease cycle ( 1876) and the bacteria for tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). for his discoveries regarding tuberculosis, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
Operation Theatre Nursing Charles Chamberland The autoclave a machine used for sterilization and other processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879. The name “autoclave” comes from the Greek “auto” meaning self and the Latin “Clavis” meaning key, signifying a self-locking device.
Operation theater Nursing GERM THEORY
Operation Theatre Nursing GERM THEORY Certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms Organisms are too small to be seen except through a microscope The credit goes for the development and the acceptance of “Germ Theory” in the mid-19th century to these three peoples. 1. Louis Pasteur: fermentation and putrefaction are caused by organisms in the air. 2. Joseph Lister: surgical practice by utilizing “carbolic acid” (phenol) to exclude atmospheric germs and thus prevent putrefaction in compound fractures of the bone in the 1860s. 3. Robert Koch: identified the organisms that cause tuberculosis and cholera
Operation Theatre Nursing First surgical Nurse……… Caroline Hampton Halsted was a remarkable nurse who made significant contributions to surgical practices. In 1889, she became the chief surgical nurse at the newly established Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, working under the renowned surgeon Dr. William Halsted. Caroline’s expertise and manual dexterity made her a natural fit for surgery. She introduced rubber gloves to the operating room.
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Surgery
History of Surgery / Anesthesia Operational Theatre Early operating theaters in an educational setting had raised tables or chairs at the center for performing operations surrounded by steep tiers of standing stalls for students and other spectators to observe the case in progress.
Operation Theatre Nursing -History of Surgery & Anesthesia.pptx
Operation Theatre Nursing People have practiced surgery since ancient times, but it did not become a respected science until the 19th century. The earliest surgeries in history were crude. Increasing knowledge of the human body, the discovery of anesthesia, human blood transfusion, and the use of germ-free or sterile, operating procedures combined to make surgery a safe and effective method of medical treatment.
Operation Theatre Nursing In the ancient period, There was no organized manner to do surgeries. Around 1200 years back, surgical procedures like Amputation and Trepanation were done by kings, priests, magicians, or physicians. The first surgical techniques were developed to treat injuries and trauma. Surgery progressed as science in the twentieth century. Before then surgery was given by physicians to treat conditions that were difficult or impossible to manage only by pure medicines. Early surgeons had little knowledge of the principles of asepsis and anesthesia techniques were primitive and unsafe surgeons; success was based on speed.
Operation Theatre Nursing Trepanation( Burr Holing): one of the earliest surgical procedures was drilling or scraping into the skull to treat intracranial pressure and other health issues. Ancient Greek writers like Hippocrates documented this technique. 1750 BCE: The Code of Hammurabi regulated surgeons and medical malpractice.
Operation Theater Nursing 1550 BCE The ancient Egyptian Embers Papyrus described surgical treatment for crocodile bites and burns. The Egyptians did have some knowledge of anatomy from making mummies. Ancient Egyptian surgery indeed holds a fascinating place in the history of medicine. They used different tools and techniques in their surgical practices. 1. Wound suturing 2. Splinting 3. Abscess Drainage 4. Cauterization 5. Honey as antiseptic 6. Willow Bark Dressing ( a plant that has the same effect as Aspirin) 7. Surgical instruments like probes, saws, forceps, scalpels, and
Operation Theatre Nursing 19th Century (Birth of Modern Surgery) In 1818: James Blundell performed the first human blood transfusion. In 1843 – The first hysterectomy was performed in England. In 1843 – The First use of ether. In 1846 – The first public use of anesthesia during surgery. Ether was used. In1847- Began using chloroform for operations. In 1867 - British surgeon Joseph Lister published the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery, extolling the virtues of cleanliness in surgery. The mortality rate for surgical patients immediately falls.
Operation theater Nursing 1885 - First successful appendectomy performed, in Iowa. 1890s Widespread use of chemical agents to minimize germs. Carbolic acid was put on incisions to minimize germs and decrease infection rates. 1893 –First successful heart surgery performed, at Provident Hospital, Chicago. The surgery repaired the pericardium, the sac around the heart. Many do not consider this to be the first successful "heart surgery" because the heart itself was not operated on. 1895 - First X-ray was performed, in Germany. 1896 - First successful heart surgery performed, in Germany. Surgeons repaired a stab wound in the muscle of the right ventricle.
Operation Theatre Nursing In 20th Century 1905 - First successful cornea transplant. 1917 - First documented plastic surgery performed, on a burned English sailor. 1922 - Insulin was first used for the treatment of diabetes, allowing diabetics to survive after diagnosis. 1928 – Antibiotics discovered. 1930 - German man has the first sex change operation (to a female). 1937 – The first blood bank opens, helping make more surgery possible by treating bleeding during the procedure. 1940 - First metal hip replacement surgery performed.
Operation Theatre Nursing In 20th Century 1950s - First LASIK ( laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis) eye procedures performed, in Columbia. 1950 - First successful organ transplant. The kidney recipient rejected the organ after eight months. 1952 - First successful heart surgery where the heart was stopped and restarted. 1953 - First successful surgery using a heart-lung bypass machine.
Operation Theatre Nursing 1954 – The first successful living donor kidney transplant was donated by the recipient’s twin brother. The recipient lived eight years after the procedure. 1966 - First successful pancreas transplant. 1967 - First successful liver transplant. 1967 - First heart transplant surgery performed, by South African Christian Barnard. The heart recipient survived 18 days until succumbing to pneumonia. 1975 - First organ surgery performed using laparoscopic, or minimally invasive, technique.
Operation Theater Nursing 1978 - First "test tube" baby born. 1982 - Jarvik-7 artificial heart used. 1984 - Baby Fae survives 21 days after being transplanted with the heart of a baboon. 1985 - First documented robotic surgery. 1999 - First successful hand transplant (previous patients had rejected their grafts).
In 1984, Dr. Leonard Bailey performed a groundbreaking procedure: he transplanted the tiny heart of a baboon into a 14-day-old infant girl known as Baby Fae.
Operation Theatre Nursing In 21th Century 2000 - da Vinci robotic surgical system wins U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, which includes prostate surgeries and coronary artery bypasses. 2007 – First natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery performed. This technique uses a natural body opening, such as the mouth, to insert instruments and minimize recovery times. 2008- a laser was used in keyhole surgery to treat brain cancer. 2010 - World's first full-face transplant performed, in Spain. 2011 – The first leg transplant took place.
Operation Theatre Nursing Surgical Evolution In Nepal Bir Hospital, established in 1889, plays a significant role in Nepal’s medical history and was founded by then-Prime Minister Bir Shamsher Rana to address Nepal’s healthcare needs. It marked the beginning of allopathic medicine in Nepal. In 1961, Dr. Anjani Kumar Sharma established the formal Department of Surgery at Bir Hospital. The original operating room had a marble floor large windows for natural light and torchlights for backup.
Operation Theatre Nursing Surgical Evolution in Nepal ……… Cont. The first electro-cautery was used in 1964. Anesthesia was initially administered using open ether and chloroform inhalers. In 1969, a new operating theatre was inaugurated, and surgeons often trained in India or the UK, gradually started performing subspecialty surgery. Laparoscopic surgery became possible in the late 1980s.
Operation Theatre Nursing In 2008, the first successful kidney transplant at the Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. In 2018, the first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor in Nepal. Sahid Dharma Bhakta National Centre was established in 2012 as a Human Organ Transplant Centre.
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia 1. Early Anesthesia: Anesthesia has ancient roots, with early practices traced back to Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, and Incas. In the 1200s, Italian physician, Theodoric of Lucca used sponges soaked with opium and mandragora (from the mandrake plant) for surgical pain relief.
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia………Cont. 2. Ether and “Ether Day” In the 19th century, a young US dentist named William Morton discovered that inhaling sulfuric ether (now known as ethyl ether) induced unconsciousness on October 16, 1846. Morton performed the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia at Massachusetts General Hospital allowing tumor removal without the patient moving or complaining.
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia……..cont. 3.Chloroform: News of ether’s properties reached Britain, leading to the discovery of chloroform as a volatile general anesthetic. James Simpson, its discoverer, praised chloroform for lacking ether’s inconvenience and inconveniences and objections.
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia 4. Injectable Anesthetics: French surgeon Pierre-Cyprien Oré introduced injectable anesthetics using chloral hydrate in 1872. Cocaine was also used as a local anesthesia starting in 1884 and as a spinal anesthetic by German surgeon August Karl Gustav Bier in 1898.
Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia 5. Evolution and Safety: Anesthesia has come a long way, evolving into one of the safest medical procedures. From unimaginable terror and unspeakable agony, we now have effective and well-tolerated anesthetics that allow pain – free surgeries.
Operation Theatre Nursing Anesthesia in the Modern Era Sophisticated Anesthesia Machines: Over the latter half of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, anesthesia machines have become increasingly sophisticated. They now incorporate advanced monitoring systems, precise dosing mechanisms, and safety features. Balanced Anesthesia: In the “modern” anesthetic era (from 1960 to the present), there was a paradigm shift from inhalation anesthesia to balanced anesthesia. This approach combines multiple agents( such as intravenous drugs and inhaled gases) to achieve optimal anesthesia depth while minimizing side effects.
Operation Theater Nursing Anesthesia in the Modern Era Regional and Local Anesthesia: Advances in regional anesthesia techniques allow precise numbing of specific body regions. Epidurals, nerve blocks, and spinal anesthesia have revolutionized pain management during surgery and childbirth. Improved Anesthetics: Sevoflurane and isoflurane replaced older agents like ether and chloroform. These newer volatile anesthetics offer better safety profiles and faster recovery times.
Operation Theatre Nursing Anesthesia in the Modern Era Anesthesia Safety: Vigilance in monitoring patients during surgery has improved, reducing risks. Anesthesia providers now focus on individualized care, tailoring anesthesia plans to each patient’s needs.
Operation Theatre Nursing

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Operation Theatre Nursing -History of Surgery & Anesthesia.pptx

  • 2. Operation Theatre Nursing Introduction: An Operation Theatre “ known as an Operating Room ( OR)” - facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. - a crucial space within a hospital where surgical procedures take place. Surgery is a branch of medicine that physically manipulates a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure a disorder. The word surgery came from Greek “Kheirurgos”, which means working by hand.
  • 3. Operation Theatre Nursing OPERATION THEATRE NURSING Safe and effective surgical care relies heavily on the highly specialized skills and experience of operating theatre nurses who function as part of multidisciplinary teams. Nursing roles in the perioperative environments are diverse and highly specialized and continue to expand. Operation Theatre nursing is the highly specialized nursing area that equips with essential skills, fosters teamwork, and ensures safe patient care during surgery.
  • 5. Operation Theatre Nursing Historical Personnel for Surgery Evolution Hippocrates (5th-4th century B.C.) - the founder of scientific medicine. — Father of medicine (observation, documentation, and rational thinking in medical practices) — introduced and refines numerous surgical instruments such as scalpels, forceps, and specula — “Father of spine surgery “
  • 6. Operation Theatre Nursing Hippocrates emphasized the importance of cleanliness and sterilization during surgical interventions, recognizing the risk of infection. He developed two apparatuses “The Hippocrates ladder” and “ Hippocrates board” to reduce displaced vertebrae as vertebral reduction technique.
  • 7. Operation Theatre Nursing Sushruta Samhita: — Various surgical techniques including plastic surgery “rhinoplasty”. — - treated hemorrhoids and fistulas and did cataract surgery. “Founding father of surgery”
  • 8. Operation Theatre Nursing Ambroise Pare (1517-1590) A French surgeon, pare reformed the treatment of gunshot wounds by rejecting cauterization and ligaturing blood vessels in amputated limbs. His works were published in 1575.
  • 9. Operation Theatre Nursing Joseph Lister ( 1827-1912) An Englishman who advocated for antiseptic practices, using carbolic acid (phenol). He transformed surgical hygiene and advocated using carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic. His groundbreaking work in sterilization procedures saved countless lives.
  • 10. Operation Theatre Nursing Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) A French Chemist and microbiologist who showed “Fermentation” and “ Putrefaction” is caused by airborne organisms and this laid the foundation for “GERM THEORY”.
  • 11. Operation Theatre Nursing Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910) A German Physician who discovered the ANTHRAX disease cycle ( 1876) and the bacteria for tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). for his discoveries regarding tuberculosis, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
  • 12. Operation Theatre Nursing Charles Chamberland The autoclave a machine used for sterilization and other processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879. The name “autoclave” comes from the Greek “auto” meaning self and the Latin “Clavis” meaning key, signifying a self-locking device.
  • 14. Operation Theatre Nursing GERM THEORY Certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms Organisms are too small to be seen except through a microscope The credit goes for the development and the acceptance of “Germ Theory” in the mid-19th century to these three peoples. 1. Louis Pasteur: fermentation and putrefaction are caused by organisms in the air. 2. Joseph Lister: surgical practice by utilizing “carbolic acid” (phenol) to exclude atmospheric germs and thus prevent putrefaction in compound fractures of the bone in the 1860s. 3. Robert Koch: identified the organisms that cause tuberculosis and cholera
  • 15. Operation Theatre Nursing First surgical Nurse……… Caroline Hampton Halsted was a remarkable nurse who made significant contributions to surgical practices. In 1889, she became the chief surgical nurse at the newly established Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, working under the renowned surgeon Dr. William Halsted. Caroline’s expertise and manual dexterity made her a natural fit for surgery. She introduced rubber gloves to the operating room.
  • 17. History of Surgery / Anesthesia Operational Theatre Early operating theaters in an educational setting had raised tables or chairs at the center for performing operations surrounded by steep tiers of standing stalls for students and other spectators to observe the case in progress.
  • 19. Operation Theatre Nursing People have practiced surgery since ancient times, but it did not become a respected science until the 19th century. The earliest surgeries in history were crude. Increasing knowledge of the human body, the discovery of anesthesia, human blood transfusion, and the use of germ-free or sterile, operating procedures combined to make surgery a safe and effective method of medical treatment.
  • 20. Operation Theatre Nursing In the ancient period, There was no organized manner to do surgeries. Around 1200 years back, surgical procedures like Amputation and Trepanation were done by kings, priests, magicians, or physicians. The first surgical techniques were developed to treat injuries and trauma. Surgery progressed as science in the twentieth century. Before then surgery was given by physicians to treat conditions that were difficult or impossible to manage only by pure medicines. Early surgeons had little knowledge of the principles of asepsis and anesthesia techniques were primitive and unsafe surgeons; success was based on speed.
  • 21. Operation Theatre Nursing Trepanation( Burr Holing): one of the earliest surgical procedures was drilling or scraping into the skull to treat intracranial pressure and other health issues. Ancient Greek writers like Hippocrates documented this technique. 1750 BCE: The Code of Hammurabi regulated surgeons and medical malpractice.
  • 22. Operation Theater Nursing 1550 BCE The ancient Egyptian Embers Papyrus described surgical treatment for crocodile bites and burns. The Egyptians did have some knowledge of anatomy from making mummies. Ancient Egyptian surgery indeed holds a fascinating place in the history of medicine. They used different tools and techniques in their surgical practices. 1. Wound suturing 2. Splinting 3. Abscess Drainage 4. Cauterization 5. Honey as antiseptic 6. Willow Bark Dressing ( a plant that has the same effect as Aspirin) 7. Surgical instruments like probes, saws, forceps, scalpels, and
  • 23. Operation Theatre Nursing 19th Century (Birth of Modern Surgery) In 1818: James Blundell performed the first human blood transfusion. In 1843 – The first hysterectomy was performed in England. In 1843 – The First use of ether. In 1846 – The first public use of anesthesia during surgery. Ether was used. In1847- Began using chloroform for operations. In 1867 - British surgeon Joseph Lister published the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery, extolling the virtues of cleanliness in surgery. The mortality rate for surgical patients immediately falls.
  • 24. Operation theater Nursing 1885 - First successful appendectomy performed, in Iowa. 1890s Widespread use of chemical agents to minimize germs. Carbolic acid was put on incisions to minimize germs and decrease infection rates. 1893 –First successful heart surgery performed, at Provident Hospital, Chicago. The surgery repaired the pericardium, the sac around the heart. Many do not consider this to be the first successful "heart surgery" because the heart itself was not operated on. 1895 - First X-ray was performed, in Germany. 1896 - First successful heart surgery performed, in Germany. Surgeons repaired a stab wound in the muscle of the right ventricle.
  • 25. Operation Theatre Nursing In 20th Century 1905 - First successful cornea transplant. 1917 - First documented plastic surgery performed, on a burned English sailor. 1922 - Insulin was first used for the treatment of diabetes, allowing diabetics to survive after diagnosis. 1928 – Antibiotics discovered. 1930 - German man has the first sex change operation (to a female). 1937 – The first blood bank opens, helping make more surgery possible by treating bleeding during the procedure. 1940 - First metal hip replacement surgery performed.
  • 26. Operation Theatre Nursing In 20th Century 1950s - First LASIK ( laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis) eye procedures performed, in Columbia. 1950 - First successful organ transplant. The kidney recipient rejected the organ after eight months. 1952 - First successful heart surgery where the heart was stopped and restarted. 1953 - First successful surgery using a heart-lung bypass machine.
  • 27. Operation Theatre Nursing 1954 – The first successful living donor kidney transplant was donated by the recipient’s twin brother. The recipient lived eight years after the procedure. 1966 - First successful pancreas transplant. 1967 - First successful liver transplant. 1967 - First heart transplant surgery performed, by South African Christian Barnard. The heart recipient survived 18 days until succumbing to pneumonia. 1975 - First organ surgery performed using laparoscopic, or minimally invasive, technique.
  • 28. Operation Theater Nursing 1978 - First "test tube" baby born. 1982 - Jarvik-7 artificial heart used. 1984 - Baby Fae survives 21 days after being transplanted with the heart of a baboon. 1985 - First documented robotic surgery. 1999 - First successful hand transplant (previous patients had rejected their grafts).
  • 29. In 1984, Dr. Leonard Bailey performed a groundbreaking procedure: he transplanted the tiny heart of a baboon into a 14-day-old infant girl known as Baby Fae.
  • 30. Operation Theatre Nursing In 21th Century 2000 - da Vinci robotic surgical system wins U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, which includes prostate surgeries and coronary artery bypasses. 2007 – First natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery performed. This technique uses a natural body opening, such as the mouth, to insert instruments and minimize recovery times. 2008- a laser was used in keyhole surgery to treat brain cancer. 2010 - World's first full-face transplant performed, in Spain. 2011 – The first leg transplant took place.
  • 31. Operation Theatre Nursing Surgical Evolution In Nepal Bir Hospital, established in 1889, plays a significant role in Nepal’s medical history and was founded by then-Prime Minister Bir Shamsher Rana to address Nepal’s healthcare needs. It marked the beginning of allopathic medicine in Nepal. In 1961, Dr. Anjani Kumar Sharma established the formal Department of Surgery at Bir Hospital. The original operating room had a marble floor large windows for natural light and torchlights for backup.
  • 32. Operation Theatre Nursing Surgical Evolution in Nepal ……… Cont. The first electro-cautery was used in 1964. Anesthesia was initially administered using open ether and chloroform inhalers. In 1969, a new operating theatre was inaugurated, and surgeons often trained in India or the UK, gradually started performing subspecialty surgery. Laparoscopic surgery became possible in the late 1980s.
  • 33. Operation Theatre Nursing In 2008, the first successful kidney transplant at the Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. In 2018, the first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor in Nepal. Sahid Dharma Bhakta National Centre was established in 2012 as a Human Organ Transplant Centre.
  • 35. Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia 1. Early Anesthesia: Anesthesia has ancient roots, with early practices traced back to Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, and Incas. In the 1200s, Italian physician, Theodoric of Lucca used sponges soaked with opium and mandragora (from the mandrake plant) for surgical pain relief.
  • 36. Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia………Cont. 2. Ether and “Ether Day” In the 19th century, a young US dentist named William Morton discovered that inhaling sulfuric ether (now known as ethyl ether) induced unconsciousness on October 16, 1846. Morton performed the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia at Massachusetts General Hospital allowing tumor removal without the patient moving or complaining.
  • 37. Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia……..cont. 3.Chloroform: News of ether’s properties reached Britain, leading to the discovery of chloroform as a volatile general anesthetic. James Simpson, its discoverer, praised chloroform for lacking ether’s inconvenience and inconveniences and objections.
  • 38. Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia 4. Injectable Anesthetics: French surgeon Pierre-Cyprien Oré introduced injectable anesthetics using chloral hydrate in 1872. Cocaine was also used as a local anesthesia starting in 1884 and as a spinal anesthetic by German surgeon August Karl Gustav Bier in 1898.
  • 39. Operation Theatre Nursing History of Anesthesia 5. Evolution and Safety: Anesthesia has come a long way, evolving into one of the safest medical procedures. From unimaginable terror and unspeakable agony, we now have effective and well-tolerated anesthetics that allow pain – free surgeries.
  • 40. Operation Theatre Nursing Anesthesia in the Modern Era Sophisticated Anesthesia Machines: Over the latter half of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, anesthesia machines have become increasingly sophisticated. They now incorporate advanced monitoring systems, precise dosing mechanisms, and safety features. Balanced Anesthesia: In the “modern” anesthetic era (from 1960 to the present), there was a paradigm shift from inhalation anesthesia to balanced anesthesia. This approach combines multiple agents( such as intravenous drugs and inhaled gases) to achieve optimal anesthesia depth while minimizing side effects.
  • 41. Operation Theater Nursing Anesthesia in the Modern Era Regional and Local Anesthesia: Advances in regional anesthesia techniques allow precise numbing of specific body regions. Epidurals, nerve blocks, and spinal anesthesia have revolutionized pain management during surgery and childbirth. Improved Anesthetics: Sevoflurane and isoflurane replaced older agents like ether and chloroform. These newer volatile anesthetics offer better safety profiles and faster recovery times.
  • 42. Operation Theatre Nursing Anesthesia in the Modern Era Anesthesia Safety: Vigilance in monitoring patients during surgery has improved, reducing risks. Anesthesia providers now focus on individualized care, tailoring anesthesia plans to each patient’s needs.