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Organization and structure of the philippine education system

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I. The Philippine education system has evolved over centuries under different regimes, with the goals of education changing to suit the priorities of each ruling power. II. During Spanish rule from 1521-1898, education was formalized and aimed at promoting Christianity and the Spanish language. Under the Americans from 1898-1946, education became secular and focused on teaching democratic ideals and citizenship. III. The Japanese briefly controlled the Philippines from 1941-1944 and sought to cut dependence on Western nations while promoting Asian solidarity, vocational education, and the Japanese language. Each regime left lasting impacts but the system continued developing to serve the nation's needs.

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1

ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATION SYSTEM

2

Philippine Education then and now • Pre-Spanish Time • Spanish Regime • American Regime • Japanese Regime • Philippine Education under the New Society • Philippine Education under the Present System

3

PRE – SPANISH TIME BEFORE 1521

4

Educational System/ Curriculum • Informal • Unstructured • Devoid of methods

5

Content of Education • broad, indefinite and unwritten; • unstructured; research later shows Filipinos already have their own "baybayin" alphabet because of ALIBATA

6

Ancient Writing System ALIBATA The existence of ALIBATA is one of the evidences of civilization.

7

Summary I. Education Types •Informal education •Practical training •Theoretical training

8

Summary II. Educational Methods •Show and tell •Observation •Trial and error •Imitation

9

Summary III. Educational Aims •Survival •Conformity •Enculturation

10

SPANISH PERIOD ( 1565 – 1898 )

11

Educational System/ Curriculum • Formal and Organized • Religion-oriented education • Spanish missionaries as tutors • Spanish language –compulsory • Teach catechism to the natives • Christian doctrine, prayers, and sacred songs

12

Educational System/ Curriculum • 3R’s were only given to brighter pupils • Inadequate education (suppressed/limited/controlled) • Education is a privilege not a right • Education for the elite • Controlled by friars READ WRITE ARITHMETIC

13

Major Problems • Lack of trained teachers • Lack of teachers (150 teacher-missionaries to instruct over half a million inhabitants) • Lack of funds, instructional materials, and in many instances school houses

14

Because of need, higher level schools were established much later by virtue of royal decrees. •Colegios •Beaterios - house inhabited by pious women or an institution for religious women.

15

Structure CHURCH PARISH PRIEST PRAYLE / FRIARS STUDENTS ELITE FAMILY

16

Jan 1, 1863 : Educational Decree of 1863 • Access to education by the Filipinos was later liberalized through the enactment of the Educational Decree of 1863 • Provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government; • Establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of the Jesuits. • The Spanish schools started accepting Filipino students.

17

Subjects: Based on the Royal Decree of 1863 • Languages (Latin, Spanish grammar and literature, elementary Greek, French and English) • History (Universal, Spanish) • Mathematics(Arithmetic, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry) • Philosophy(Rhethoric, Logic, Ethics) • Geography • Pshychology

18

Philippine Revolution I. Illustrados spearheaded the Propaganda Movement II. Curricular reforms 1. Secularization of education 2. Instruction of Spanish 3. Greater attention to natural science 4. The design of a relevant curriculum 5. Improvement of higher centers of learning 6. Improvement of educational system

19

Philippine Revolution III. Jose Rizal criticized unequivocally the friars’ method of instruction in his two novels Noli Me Tangere and El filibusterismo 1. Disproportionate focus on religion 2. Discourage the attempt of Filipino students to speak in Spanish 3. Lack of pedagogical skills 4. Irrelevant courses in the curriculum

20

Curriculum To improve the existing curriculum, Rizal considered the ff. Subjects as required courses in secondary schools Science Math History Philosophy Law Language P.E Religion Music Social Sciences

21

Jan 1, 1565 Parochial Schools Rise of parochial schools started by the Agustinians and later by other religious Spanish orders. among the 1st schools are • Colegio de San Ignacio (1589), • Beaterio de Sta. Potenciana (1st only-girls school in 1594) • UST (1611)

22

UST was the only institution of higher learning offering courses such as medicine, pharmacy, midwifery and law

23

Structure SPANISH GOVERNMENT MUNICIPAL GOVERMENT TEACHERS ( under JESUITS ) BOY STUDENTS GIRL STUDENTS

24

SUMMARY RELIGION EDUCATION Spanish language is free and compulsory. Reading + Writing + Catechism

25

SUMMARY I. Educational Aims • To promote Christianity • Promotion of Spanish language • Imposition of Spanish culture II. Educational Types •Formal education •Religious Education •Catechism •Doctrine •Vocational course

26

SUMMARY III. Education Methods •Dictation •Memorization •Moro-Moro/cenaculo •Theater presentation

27

FIRST REPUBLIC ( 1898 – 1901 ) 1899 Malolos Constitution – Article XIV

28

First Republic Education was; Education • priority during the Malolos Republic. August 29, 1898 • schools were re- opened by the Secretary of the Interior. General Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the first assembly that passed the Constitution, in the Barasoain Church, Malolos (Taken December 8, 1929)

29

Established: •Free and compulsory primary education • Secondary Education − Burgos Institute in Malolos. • Tertiary Education − Literary University in the Philippines (October 1898).

30

EDUCATIONAL AIM: Love for country and of God.

31

Educational Highlights • Curricular reforms • Secularization of education • Greater attention to natural science • The design of a relevant curriculum • Improvement of higher centers of learning • Improvement of educational system • Disproportionate focus on religion • Discourage the attempt of Filipino students to speak in Spanish • Lack of pedagogical skills • Irrelevant courses in the curriculum

32

AMERICAN PERIOD ( 1901 – 1935 )

33

Educational Aims Training Filipinos in; • Democratic way of life • Citizenship • Moral Character • Vocational Education

34

Glimpse from the Past American Expeditionary forces were sent to Philippines with a mission to destroy the Spanish Armada in Manila Bay as part of the strategy to defeat the Spaniards in the Spanish American War ranging at that time in Cuba.

35

Spanish Armada

36

Glimpse from the Past The Americans won, and on the Treaty of Paris on December10, 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United State by the Spanish for the paltry sum of US $20 million.

37

Educational System 1898 • American occupied Manila • Re-opened schools where in the American soldiers were the first teachers.

38

Educational System • Thomasites heralding the institution of English as the new medium of instruction. • Public school system was instituted making it obligatory for all children. • Education was given for free. • English and Mathematics dominated the curriculum and the teaching of religion was prohibited

39

The American Revised Curriculum • The curriculum was based on the ideals and traditions of American and her hierarchy of values • The primary curriculum prescribed in 1904 by the Americans for the Filipinos consisted of three grades which provides training in two aspects:

40

The American Revised Curriculum 1. Body Training that is consist of singing, drawing, hard word and physical education 2. Mental Training that is compose of English (reading, writing, conversation, phonetics and spelling), nature study and arithmetic

41

The American Devised Curriculum • Americans discarded the religious bias • Educational Act of 1901- Separation of Church and State in education • Encourage Filipino in the field of teaching • Outstanding Filipino scholars were sent to US to train as teachers

42

Most important Colleges during American rule I. Public School Philippine Normal School University of the Philippines

43

Most important Colleges during American rule Centro Escolar de Señoritas II. Private School Siliman University Philippine Women’s University

44

SUMMARY I. Educational Aims  To teach democracy  Separation of church and state II. Educational Types  Formal education  First public school  English language  democracy

45

SUMMARY III. Methods of Education  Socialized recitation  Participation  Debate  Game/playing IV. Role of Teacher  Teach concepts  Develop the rational mind (ex. Debates, empirical evidences)

46

JAPANESE PERIOD ( 1941 – 1944 )

47

PHILOSOPHY • Asia for Asians • Philippines for the Filipinos • Asia is ONE

48

6 basic principles of Japanese Education 1. Realization of NEW ORDER and promote friendly relations between Japan and the Philippines to the farthest extent 2. Foster a new Filipino culture based 3. Endeavor to elevate the morals of people, giving up over emphasis of materialism 4. Diffusion of the Japanese language in the Philippines 5. Promotion of VOCATIONAL course 6. To inspire people with the spirit to love neighbor

49

PROGRAMS • Social sciences and literature were de-emphasized while vocational education and service to the country were given focus • The use of Tagalog was encouraged, especially in literature.

50

• The military administration outlined the basic principles of education in the Philippines. Some of these included:  Cut dependence on Western nations  Foster a new Filipino culture  Spread the Japanese language and end use of English  Focus of basic education and promote vocational education  Inspire people with love of labor

51

Jose P. Laurel Administration  Created the National Education Board to look into curriculum changes and develop a more relevant education program  Advocated for the use of the national language and the teaching of Asian history and culture.  Mandated that only Filipinos should teach Filipino history.

52

Take Note! • Spaniards Reign for – 300 years • Americans – 50 years • Japanese – four years

53

Organization and structure of the philippine education system

54

Year Official Name of Department Official Titular Head Legal Bases 1946-1947 Department of Instruction Secretary Renamed by the Commonwealth Government 1947-1975 Department of Education Secretary E.O. No. 94 October 1947 (Reorganization Act of 1947) 1975-1978 Department of Education and Culture Secretary Proc. No. 1081, September 24, 1972 1978-1984 Ministry of Education and Culture Minister P.D. No. 1397, June 2, 1978 1984-1986 Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports Minister Education Act of 1982 1987-1994 Department of Education, Culture and Sports Secretary E.O. No. 117. January 30, 1987 1994-2001 Department of Education, Culture and Sports Secretary RA 7722 and RA 7796, 1994 Trifocalization of Education Management 2001 – present Department of Education Secretary RA 9155, August 2001 (Governance of Basic Education Act)

55

GOVERNING BODIES • In 1972, the department was renamed Department of Education and Culture through Proc. 1081. • Education Act of 1982 created Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (later renamed Department of Education, Culture and Sports [DECS]). • This led to creation of:

56

CURRICULAR PROGRAMS • Vocation – Technical Education • Early Childhood Education • Formal Basic Education • Tertiary or Higher Education ALS

57

Basic Education • DECS now Department of Education (DepEd) • Republic Act 9155 “Governance of the Basic Education Act of 2001” spells out the framework of basic education and renames the institution as Department of Education. – States that quality basic education is the right of all citizens and therefore should be accessible to all “by providing all Filipino children free and compulsory education. – It also underscores the inclusion of ALS for out- of-school youth and adult learners.

58

Basic Education • DepEd implemented the Revised Basic Education Curriculum (RBEC) to decongest the curriculum and give more time to English, Math and Science. • DepEd prepared the Education National Development Plan for Children (ENDP), 2000-2025 – Aims to provide the focus for setting local as well as national priorities in education. – Considered key goals set forth at the Jomtien Conference in 1990 to attain the goal of Education for All (EFA).

59

Vocational-Technical Education • Polytechnic Education System/Voc-Tech education is under the supervision of TESDA. • TESDA was created through Republic Act 7796 in 1994. • Envisioned to offer non-degree programs that will prepare middle-level personnel and para- professionals for national industries.

60

Tertiary and Higher Education • Includes all post secondary courses ranging from one-or two-year course to the four-year degree and professional programs, including graduate education offered by colleges and universities.

61

OBJECTIVES The overall societal goal is the attainment of inclusive growth and sustainable development while the higher education sub- sector goals are: the formation of high-level human resource, and generation, adaptation, and transfer of knowledge and technology for national development and global competitiveness.

62

TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

63

TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM Secretary Leonor Magtolis Briones

64

TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM Secretary Guiling Mamondiong

65

TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM Commissioner Dr. J. Prospero “Popoy” E. De Vera III

66

Organization and structure of the philippine education system

67

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION (CHED) STRATEGIC PLAN FOR 2011-2016, https://ched.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2017/08/CHED-Strategic-Plan-2011-2016.pdf, October 11, 2018 De Vera is CHED OIC, https://ched.gov.ph/blog/2018/01/26/de-vera-ched-oic/, October 10, 2018 Historical Perspective of the Philippine Educational System, http://www.deped.gov.ph/about-deped/history/, October 7, 2018 Historical Perspective of Philippine Education System, https://www.slideshare.net/mskrabbs19/historical-perspective-in- philippine-education, October 7, 2018 Historical Foundation of Philippine Education, https://www.slideshare.net/mjlabog/historical-foundations-of-philippine-education. October 7, 2018 Secretary of Education (Philippines), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/secretary_of_education_(philippines), October 10, 2018 Secretary’s Corner, http://www.deped.gov.ph/secretarys-corner/, October 7, 2018 TESDA AT THE HELM OF A NEW LEADERSHIP: Secretary Guiling Mamondiong as new TESDA Director General, https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Gallery/Details/7179, October 10, 2018 The Philippine Educational System, https://www.scholaro.com/ed/countries/philippines/education-system, October 7, 2018 References:

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Organization and structure of the philippine education system

More Related Content

Organization and structure of the philippine education system

  • 1. ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATION SYSTEM
  • 2. Philippine Education then and now • Pre-Spanish Time • Spanish Regime • American Regime • Japanese Regime • Philippine Education under the New Society • Philippine Education under the Present System
  • 4. Educational System/ Curriculum • Informal • Unstructured • Devoid of methods
  • 5. Content of Education • broad, indefinite and unwritten; • unstructured; research later shows Filipinos already have their own "baybayin" alphabet because of ALIBATA
  • 6. Ancient Writing System ALIBATA The existence of ALIBATA is one of the evidences of civilization.
  • 7. Summary I. Education Types •Informal education •Practical training •Theoretical training
  • 8. Summary II. Educational Methods •Show and tell •Observation •Trial and error •Imitation
  • 10. SPANISH PERIOD ( 1565 – 1898 )
  • 11. Educational System/ Curriculum • Formal and Organized • Religion-oriented education • Spanish missionaries as tutors • Spanish language –compulsory • Teach catechism to the natives • Christian doctrine, prayers, and sacred songs
  • 12. Educational System/ Curriculum • 3R’s were only given to brighter pupils • Inadequate education (suppressed/limited/controlled) • Education is a privilege not a right • Education for the elite • Controlled by friars READ WRITE ARITHMETIC
  • 13. Major Problems • Lack of trained teachers • Lack of teachers (150 teacher-missionaries to instruct over half a million inhabitants) • Lack of funds, instructional materials, and in many instances school houses
  • 14. Because of need, higher level schools were established much later by virtue of royal decrees. •Colegios •Beaterios - house inhabited by pious women or an institution for religious women.
  • 15. Structure CHURCH PARISH PRIEST PRAYLE / FRIARS STUDENTS ELITE FAMILY
  • 16. Jan 1, 1863 : Educational Decree of 1863 • Access to education by the Filipinos was later liberalized through the enactment of the Educational Decree of 1863 • Provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government; • Establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of the Jesuits. • The Spanish schools started accepting Filipino students.
  • 17. Subjects: Based on the Royal Decree of 1863 • Languages (Latin, Spanish grammar and literature, elementary Greek, French and English) • History (Universal, Spanish) • Mathematics(Arithmetic, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry) • Philosophy(Rhethoric, Logic, Ethics) • Geography • Pshychology
  • 18. Philippine Revolution I. Illustrados spearheaded the Propaganda Movement II. Curricular reforms 1. Secularization of education 2. Instruction of Spanish 3. Greater attention to natural science 4. The design of a relevant curriculum 5. Improvement of higher centers of learning 6. Improvement of educational system
  • 19. Philippine Revolution III. Jose Rizal criticized unequivocally the friars’ method of instruction in his two novels Noli Me Tangere and El filibusterismo 1. Disproportionate focus on religion 2. Discourage the attempt of Filipino students to speak in Spanish 3. Lack of pedagogical skills 4. Irrelevant courses in the curriculum
  • 20. Curriculum To improve the existing curriculum, Rizal considered the ff. Subjects as required courses in secondary schools Science Math History Philosophy Law Language P.E Religion Music Social Sciences
  • 21. Jan 1, 1565 Parochial Schools Rise of parochial schools started by the Agustinians and later by other religious Spanish orders. among the 1st schools are • Colegio de San Ignacio (1589), • Beaterio de Sta. Potenciana (1st only-girls school in 1594) • UST (1611)
  • 22. UST was the only institution of higher learning offering courses such as medicine, pharmacy, midwifery and law
  • 23. Structure SPANISH GOVERNMENT MUNICIPAL GOVERMENT TEACHERS ( under JESUITS ) BOY STUDENTS GIRL STUDENTS
  • 24. SUMMARY RELIGION EDUCATION Spanish language is free and compulsory. Reading + Writing + Catechism
  • 25. SUMMARY I. Educational Aims • To promote Christianity • Promotion of Spanish language • Imposition of Spanish culture II. Educational Types •Formal education •Religious Education •Catechism •Doctrine •Vocational course
  • 27. FIRST REPUBLIC ( 1898 – 1901 ) 1899 Malolos Constitution – Article XIV
  • 28. First Republic Education was; Education • priority during the Malolos Republic. August 29, 1898 • schools were re- opened by the Secretary of the Interior. General Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the first assembly that passed the Constitution, in the Barasoain Church, Malolos (Taken December 8, 1929)
  • 29. Established: •Free and compulsory primary education • Secondary Education − Burgos Institute in Malolos. • Tertiary Education − Literary University in the Philippines (October 1898).
  • 30. EDUCATIONAL AIM: Love for country and of God.
  • 31. Educational Highlights • Curricular reforms • Secularization of education • Greater attention to natural science • The design of a relevant curriculum • Improvement of higher centers of learning • Improvement of educational system • Disproportionate focus on religion • Discourage the attempt of Filipino students to speak in Spanish • Lack of pedagogical skills • Irrelevant courses in the curriculum
  • 33. Educational Aims Training Filipinos in; • Democratic way of life • Citizenship • Moral Character • Vocational Education
  • 34. Glimpse from the Past American Expeditionary forces were sent to Philippines with a mission to destroy the Spanish Armada in Manila Bay as part of the strategy to defeat the Spaniards in the Spanish American War ranging at that time in Cuba.
  • 36. Glimpse from the Past The Americans won, and on the Treaty of Paris on December10, 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United State by the Spanish for the paltry sum of US $20 million.
  • 37. Educational System 1898 • American occupied Manila • Re-opened schools where in the American soldiers were the first teachers.
  • 38. Educational System • Thomasites heralding the institution of English as the new medium of instruction. • Public school system was instituted making it obligatory for all children. • Education was given for free. • English and Mathematics dominated the curriculum and the teaching of religion was prohibited
  • 39. The American Revised Curriculum • The curriculum was based on the ideals and traditions of American and her hierarchy of values • The primary curriculum prescribed in 1904 by the Americans for the Filipinos consisted of three grades which provides training in two aspects:
  • 40. The American Revised Curriculum 1. Body Training that is consist of singing, drawing, hard word and physical education 2. Mental Training that is compose of English (reading, writing, conversation, phonetics and spelling), nature study and arithmetic
  • 41. The American Devised Curriculum • Americans discarded the religious bias • Educational Act of 1901- Separation of Church and State in education • Encourage Filipino in the field of teaching • Outstanding Filipino scholars were sent to US to train as teachers
  • 42. Most important Colleges during American rule I. Public School Philippine Normal School University of the Philippines
  • 43. Most important Colleges during American rule Centro Escolar de Señoritas II. Private School Siliman University Philippine Women’s University
  • 44. SUMMARY I. Educational Aims  To teach democracy  Separation of church and state II. Educational Types  Formal education  First public school  English language  democracy
  • 45. SUMMARY III. Methods of Education  Socialized recitation  Participation  Debate  Game/playing IV. Role of Teacher  Teach concepts  Develop the rational mind (ex. Debates, empirical evidences)
  • 47. PHILOSOPHY • Asia for Asians • Philippines for the Filipinos • Asia is ONE
  • 48. 6 basic principles of Japanese Education 1. Realization of NEW ORDER and promote friendly relations between Japan and the Philippines to the farthest extent 2. Foster a new Filipino culture based 3. Endeavor to elevate the morals of people, giving up over emphasis of materialism 4. Diffusion of the Japanese language in the Philippines 5. Promotion of VOCATIONAL course 6. To inspire people with the spirit to love neighbor
  • 49. PROGRAMS • Social sciences and literature were de-emphasized while vocational education and service to the country were given focus • The use of Tagalog was encouraged, especially in literature.
  • 50. • The military administration outlined the basic principles of education in the Philippines. Some of these included:  Cut dependence on Western nations  Foster a new Filipino culture  Spread the Japanese language and end use of English  Focus of basic education and promote vocational education  Inspire people with love of labor
  • 51. Jose P. Laurel Administration  Created the National Education Board to look into curriculum changes and develop a more relevant education program  Advocated for the use of the national language and the teaching of Asian history and culture.  Mandated that only Filipinos should teach Filipino history.
  • 52. Take Note! • Spaniards Reign for – 300 years • Americans – 50 years • Japanese – four years
  • 54. Year Official Name of Department Official Titular Head Legal Bases 1946-1947 Department of Instruction Secretary Renamed by the Commonwealth Government 1947-1975 Department of Education Secretary E.O. No. 94 October 1947 (Reorganization Act of 1947) 1975-1978 Department of Education and Culture Secretary Proc. No. 1081, September 24, 1972 1978-1984 Ministry of Education and Culture Minister P.D. No. 1397, June 2, 1978 1984-1986 Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports Minister Education Act of 1982 1987-1994 Department of Education, Culture and Sports Secretary E.O. No. 117. January 30, 1987 1994-2001 Department of Education, Culture and Sports Secretary RA 7722 and RA 7796, 1994 Trifocalization of Education Management 2001 – present Department of Education Secretary RA 9155, August 2001 (Governance of Basic Education Act)
  • 55. GOVERNING BODIES • In 1972, the department was renamed Department of Education and Culture through Proc. 1081. • Education Act of 1982 created Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (later renamed Department of Education, Culture and Sports [DECS]). • This led to creation of:
  • 56. CURRICULAR PROGRAMS • Vocation – Technical Education • Early Childhood Education • Formal Basic Education • Tertiary or Higher Education ALS
  • 57. Basic Education • DECS now Department of Education (DepEd) • Republic Act 9155 “Governance of the Basic Education Act of 2001” spells out the framework of basic education and renames the institution as Department of Education. – States that quality basic education is the right of all citizens and therefore should be accessible to all “by providing all Filipino children free and compulsory education. – It also underscores the inclusion of ALS for out- of-school youth and adult learners.
  • 58. Basic Education • DepEd implemented the Revised Basic Education Curriculum (RBEC) to decongest the curriculum and give more time to English, Math and Science. • DepEd prepared the Education National Development Plan for Children (ENDP), 2000-2025 – Aims to provide the focus for setting local as well as national priorities in education. – Considered key goals set forth at the Jomtien Conference in 1990 to attain the goal of Education for All (EFA).
  • 59. Vocational-Technical Education • Polytechnic Education System/Voc-Tech education is under the supervision of TESDA. • TESDA was created through Republic Act 7796 in 1994. • Envisioned to offer non-degree programs that will prepare middle-level personnel and para- professionals for national industries.
  • 60. Tertiary and Higher Education • Includes all post secondary courses ranging from one-or two-year course to the four-year degree and professional programs, including graduate education offered by colleges and universities.
  • 61. OBJECTIVES The overall societal goal is the attainment of inclusive growth and sustainable development while the higher education sub- sector goals are: the formation of high-level human resource, and generation, adaptation, and transfer of knowledge and technology for national development and global competitiveness.
  • 63. TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM Secretary Leonor Magtolis Briones
  • 65. TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM Commissioner Dr. J. Prospero “Popoy” E. De Vera III
  • 67. COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION (CHED) STRATEGIC PLAN FOR 2011-2016, https://ched.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2017/08/CHED-Strategic-Plan-2011-2016.pdf, October 11, 2018 De Vera is CHED OIC, https://ched.gov.ph/blog/2018/01/26/de-vera-ched-oic/, October 10, 2018 Historical Perspective of the Philippine Educational System, http://www.deped.gov.ph/about-deped/history/, October 7, 2018 Historical Perspective of Philippine Education System, https://www.slideshare.net/mskrabbs19/historical-perspective-in- philippine-education, October 7, 2018 Historical Foundation of Philippine Education, https://www.slideshare.net/mjlabog/historical-foundations-of-philippine-education. October 7, 2018 Secretary of Education (Philippines), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/secretary_of_education_(philippines), October 10, 2018 Secretary’s Corner, http://www.deped.gov.ph/secretarys-corner/, October 7, 2018 TESDA AT THE HELM OF A NEW LEADERSHIP: Secretary Guiling Mamondiong as new TESDA Director General, https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Gallery/Details/7179, October 10, 2018 The Philippine Educational System, https://www.scholaro.com/ed/countries/philippines/education-system, October 7, 2018 References: