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Origin of the universe

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Shella69

The document summarizes the origin of the universe and the solar system. It discusses the Big Bang theory and other theories such as inflation theory and M-theory. It also discusses early theories on the origin of the solar system such as Descartes' vortex theory and the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. Additionally, it provides details on properties of the current solar system, including classifications of planets and components such as asteroids and comets.

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The Universe and the Solar System
 Origin of the Universe  The Big Bang and Other Theories  Origin of Solar Systems  Solar Systems: Properties and Current Information
Origin of the Universe: Creation Myths  A creation myth is a symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as understood by a culture.
The Big Bang and Other Theories • The proponents of the theory were Alexander Friedman and Georges Lamaitre in 1920. • All the matter and energy in the universe are crammed into a tiny compact point sometimes called singularity. • The essential feature of the Big Bang theory is the notion that the universe appeared around 13.7 billion years ago a colossal explosion.
Time Era Temperature Characteristics of the Universe 0 to 10¯⁴³ s Big Bang Infinite • Infinitely small, infinitely dense primeval fireball • Superunified force (gravity, strong, electromagnetic, weak forces were unified) 10¯⁴³ s Planck time 10³² K • Earliest known time that could be described by modern physics • Gravity separated; unified forces included strong, electromagnetic, weak (ground unified theory) 10¯³⁵ s End of GUT 10²⁷ K • Strong force separated; unified force consisted of electromagnetic and weak • Quarks and leptons formed, along with their anti- particles 10¯³⁵ to 10¯³³ s Inflation 10²⁷ K • Size of the universe drastically increased by factor of 10³⁰ to 10⁴ 10¯ⁱ² s End of unified forces 10¹⁵ K • Split of weak and electromagnetic forces; none of the unified forces existed • Protons and neutrons started forming from quarks 10⁻⁷ s Heavy particle 10¹⁴ K • Proton and neutron production in full swing 10¯⁴ s Light particle 10¹² K • Electrons and positrons formed
100 s (a few minutes) Nucleosynthesis 10⁹ -10⁷ K • Helium, deuterium, and a few other elements formed 380 000 years Recombination (decoupling) 3000 K • Matter and radiation separated • End of radiation domination of the Universe 500 million years Galaxy formation 10 K • Galaxies anf other large structures formed in the universe ~14 billion years Now 3 K • You are reading this table
The four basic forces:
Supporting evidences: 1. Galaxies moving away- 1924, Edwin Hubble found that stars are not uniformly distributed in space. Instead, they gather together, forming clusters called galaxies. Clusters of stars called galaxies continue to move away from each other.
2. Presence of cosmic microwaves background (CMB)- 1960, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a background radio emission coming from every direction in the sky. Cosmic microwave background shows remnants of the big bang in a temperature range of ±200 microKelvin
3. Abundance of light elements – Elements like helium, hydrogen, with trace amounts of lithium and beryllium found in the observable universe agrees with the hypotheses of the big bang theory. Abundance of light elements such as hydrogen, helium, lithium, and berylium confirms the occurrence of the big bang nucleosynthesis.
Other theories  Steady state theory – Proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle in 1984. They proposed that the universe is unchanging in time and uniform in space.
 Inflation Theory – Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht. This theory proposed a period of exponential expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual big bang expansion. A timeline of the universe based on the big bang and inflation models
 String Theory – The assembly of particle type is replaced by a fundamental building block called string, with dimensions confined to Planck lenth (roughly 1.6 x 10¯³⁵ m). The string theory is consistent of quantom gravity. Also called “the theory of everything”. gravitation –is a particle carrying the force of gravity.
M- Theory  The string theory requires objects other than just strings. These objects may be seen as sheets or branes (membranes). Strings can attach to one both ends of these branes.  The origin of the universe occurs as a result of the contact of two hyperdimensional branes. Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow argue that the collision of M-branes leads to a new universe.  M- theory was used by Hawking can allow for an infinite number of parallel universes which have the possibility of interphasing. string brane The M-theory suggests that one or both ends of the strings are attached to a sheet on brane
Origin of the Solar System : Early Theories 1. Descartes’ Vortex Theory  Rene Descartes (1596-1650), a French mathematician and physicist, was one of the first proponents of a model on the origin of the Solar Systems.  The Solar systemwas formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because of the whirlpool-like motion in the pre-solar materials.  The orbits of the planets are the primary whirlpool motion and the satellites the secondary whirlpool motion.
Orbits of the planets as explained by whirlpool-like motion of pre-solar materials
2. Buffon’s Collision Theory  George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) is a French naturalist in the eighteenth century who proposed that the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet.  Resulting debris formed into planets that rotate in the same direction as they revolved around the sun. Planets were formed from debris aftes the sun’s collision with a giant comet
3. Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory  Based on the ideas of descartes, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), and Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827) proposed the nubular theory whivh suggested that a great cloud of gas and dust, called nebula, begins to collapse because of gravititional pull.  As the cloud contracted, it spun more rapidly.  Explains how the sun and the planet were created in a single process was very attractive but it had a major flow.
4. Jeans-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory  James Hopwood jeans (1877-1946), a British mathematician and astrophysicist, and HAROLD Jeffreys (1891-1989),suggested a dualistic theory in which the sun and planets were produced by difficult mechanism.  Proposed that the planets were formed from the substance that was torn out of the sun.
5. Solar nebula Theory  The solar system was formed as aresult of the condensation og hydrogen gas and dust referred to as interseller gas and dust cloud.  Contraction in the dense region of an intersellar gas and dust cloud forms a protostar or protosun.  The remaining gas and dust cloud form disk-shaped (due to rotation) called solar nebulae.  The formation of the planets involves different stages, in contrast to the single process of nebular theory.
Solar Systems: Properties and Current Information 1. The orbits of all planets are almost in the same planet. Solar system is flat. 2. The planetary orbits are nearly circular. The elliptical orbits depart only slightly from being a perfect circle. 3. The orbits of the planets are nearly in the same plane as the rotation of the sun. 4. All planets revolve around the sun in counterclockwise direction. Most planets rotate their own axis in a counterclockwise fashion. 5. The distance from the planets around the sun can be expressed in a similar relationship called bode’s law, named after Germanastronomer johann bode (1747-1826). The calculated distances and observed distances of the planets from the sunare almost the same, with the excemption of Neptune and Pluto.
6. The satellite systems of Jupiter and Saturn are nearly identical in their arrangements with the Solar Systems. 7. The satellites and planets contain almost all the rotational motion of the Solar System. 8. The Solar System also contains asteroids and comets.
Origin of the universe
Asteroids - are made up of rocks and are sometimes referred to us minor planets in many ways. They are atmosphere-free and they orbit around the sun. Main asteroid belt – where most asteroids in the Solar System lie, is located between Mars and Jupiter.
Ceres – the first known asteroid. Comets – composed mainly of ice and nonvolatile dust. Kuiper belt – often called “ final frontier” because it is at the outermost region of the Solar System. And located beyond the orbit of Neptune, is a reservoir of short-period comets like Halley’s comet.
Classification of Planets  The planets of the modern solar system are grouped into several different and sometimes overlapping classifications, as illustrated in the following figure:
 The planets inside the orbit of the earth are called the Inferior Planets: Mercury and Venus.  The planets outside the orbit of the earth are called the Superior Planets: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.  The planets inside the asteroid belt are termed the Inner Planets (or the Terrestrial Planets): Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.  The planets outside the asteroid belt are termed the Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.  The planets sharing the gaseous structure of Jupiter are termed the Gas Giant (or Jovian) Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

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Origin of the universe

  • 1. The Universe and the Solar System
  • 2.  Origin of the Universe  The Big Bang and Other Theories  Origin of Solar Systems  Solar Systems: Properties and Current Information
  • 3. Origin of the Universe: Creation Myths  A creation myth is a symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as understood by a culture.
  • 4. The Big Bang and Other Theories • The proponents of the theory were Alexander Friedman and Georges Lamaitre in 1920. • All the matter and energy in the universe are crammed into a tiny compact point sometimes called singularity. • The essential feature of the Big Bang theory is the notion that the universe appeared around 13.7 billion years ago a colossal explosion.
  • 5. Time Era Temperature Characteristics of the Universe 0 to 10¯⁴³ s Big Bang Infinite • Infinitely small, infinitely dense primeval fireball • Superunified force (gravity, strong, electromagnetic, weak forces were unified) 10¯⁴³ s Planck time 10³² K • Earliest known time that could be described by modern physics • Gravity separated; unified forces included strong, electromagnetic, weak (ground unified theory) 10¯³⁵ s End of GUT 10²⁷ K • Strong force separated; unified force consisted of electromagnetic and weak • Quarks and leptons formed, along with their anti- particles 10¯³⁵ to 10¯³³ s Inflation 10²⁷ K • Size of the universe drastically increased by factor of 10³⁰ to 10⁴ 10¯ⁱ² s End of unified forces 10¹⁵ K • Split of weak and electromagnetic forces; none of the unified forces existed • Protons and neutrons started forming from quarks 10⁻⁷ s Heavy particle 10¹⁴ K • Proton and neutron production in full swing 10¯⁴ s Light particle 10¹² K • Electrons and positrons formed
  • 6. 100 s (a few minutes) Nucleosynthesis 10⁹ -10⁷ K • Helium, deuterium, and a few other elements formed 380 000 years Recombination (decoupling) 3000 K • Matter and radiation separated • End of radiation domination of the Universe 500 million years Galaxy formation 10 K • Galaxies anf other large structures formed in the universe ~14 billion years Now 3 K • You are reading this table
  • 7. The four basic forces:
  • 8. Supporting evidences: 1. Galaxies moving away- 1924, Edwin Hubble found that stars are not uniformly distributed in space. Instead, they gather together, forming clusters called galaxies. Clusters of stars called galaxies continue to move away from each other.
  • 9. 2. Presence of cosmic microwaves background (CMB)- 1960, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a background radio emission coming from every direction in the sky. Cosmic microwave background shows remnants of the big bang in a temperature range of ±200 microKelvin
  • 10. 3. Abundance of light elements – Elements like helium, hydrogen, with trace amounts of lithium and beryllium found in the observable universe agrees with the hypotheses of the big bang theory. Abundance of light elements such as hydrogen, helium, lithium, and berylium confirms the occurrence of the big bang nucleosynthesis.
  • 11. Other theories  Steady state theory – Proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle in 1984. They proposed that the universe is unchanging in time and uniform in space.
  • 12.  Inflation Theory – Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht. This theory proposed a period of exponential expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual big bang expansion. A timeline of the universe based on the big bang and inflation models
  • 13.  String Theory – The assembly of particle type is replaced by a fundamental building block called string, with dimensions confined to Planck lenth (roughly 1.6 x 10¯³⁵ m). The string theory is consistent of quantom gravity. Also called “the theory of everything”. gravitation –is a particle carrying the force of gravity.
  • 14. M- Theory  The string theory requires objects other than just strings. These objects may be seen as sheets or branes (membranes). Strings can attach to one both ends of these branes.  The origin of the universe occurs as a result of the contact of two hyperdimensional branes. Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow argue that the collision of M-branes leads to a new universe.  M- theory was used by Hawking can allow for an infinite number of parallel universes which have the possibility of interphasing. string brane The M-theory suggests that one or both ends of the strings are attached to a sheet on brane
  • 15. Origin of the Solar System : Early Theories 1. Descartes’ Vortex Theory  Rene Descartes (1596-1650), a French mathematician and physicist, was one of the first proponents of a model on the origin of the Solar Systems.  The Solar systemwas formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because of the whirlpool-like motion in the pre-solar materials.  The orbits of the planets are the primary whirlpool motion and the satellites the secondary whirlpool motion.
  • 16. Orbits of the planets as explained by whirlpool-like motion of pre-solar materials
  • 17. 2. Buffon’s Collision Theory  George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) is a French naturalist in the eighteenth century who proposed that the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet.  Resulting debris formed into planets that rotate in the same direction as they revolved around the sun. Planets were formed from debris aftes the sun’s collision with a giant comet
  • 18. 3. Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory  Based on the ideas of descartes, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), and Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827) proposed the nubular theory whivh suggested that a great cloud of gas and dust, called nebula, begins to collapse because of gravititional pull.  As the cloud contracted, it spun more rapidly.  Explains how the sun and the planet were created in a single process was very attractive but it had a major flow.
  • 19. 4. Jeans-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory  James Hopwood jeans (1877-1946), a British mathematician and astrophysicist, and HAROLD Jeffreys (1891-1989),suggested a dualistic theory in which the sun and planets were produced by difficult mechanism.  Proposed that the planets were formed from the substance that was torn out of the sun.
  • 20. 5. Solar nebula Theory  The solar system was formed as aresult of the condensation og hydrogen gas and dust referred to as interseller gas and dust cloud.  Contraction in the dense region of an intersellar gas and dust cloud forms a protostar or protosun.  The remaining gas and dust cloud form disk-shaped (due to rotation) called solar nebulae.  The formation of the planets involves different stages, in contrast to the single process of nebular theory.
  • 21. Solar Systems: Properties and Current Information 1. The orbits of all planets are almost in the same planet. Solar system is flat. 2. The planetary orbits are nearly circular. The elliptical orbits depart only slightly from being a perfect circle. 3. The orbits of the planets are nearly in the same plane as the rotation of the sun. 4. All planets revolve around the sun in counterclockwise direction. Most planets rotate their own axis in a counterclockwise fashion. 5. The distance from the planets around the sun can be expressed in a similar relationship called bode’s law, named after Germanastronomer johann bode (1747-1826). The calculated distances and observed distances of the planets from the sunare almost the same, with the excemption of Neptune and Pluto.
  • 22. 6. The satellite systems of Jupiter and Saturn are nearly identical in their arrangements with the Solar Systems. 7. The satellites and planets contain almost all the rotational motion of the Solar System. 8. The Solar System also contains asteroids and comets.
  • 24. Asteroids - are made up of rocks and are sometimes referred to us minor planets in many ways. They are atmosphere-free and they orbit around the sun. Main asteroid belt – where most asteroids in the Solar System lie, is located between Mars and Jupiter.
  • 25. Ceres – the first known asteroid. Comets – composed mainly of ice and nonvolatile dust. Kuiper belt – often called “ final frontier” because it is at the outermost region of the Solar System. And located beyond the orbit of Neptune, is a reservoir of short-period comets like Halley’s comet.
  • 26. Classification of Planets  The planets of the modern solar system are grouped into several different and sometimes overlapping classifications, as illustrated in the following figure:
  • 27.  The planets inside the orbit of the earth are called the Inferior Planets: Mercury and Venus.  The planets outside the orbit of the earth are called the Superior Planets: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.  The planets inside the asteroid belt are termed the Inner Planets (or the Terrestrial Planets): Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.  The planets outside the asteroid belt are termed the Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.  The planets sharing the gaseous structure of Jupiter are termed the Gas Giant (or Jovian) Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.