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Our Universe - Size & Age 1.0

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Jerry Daperro
Jerry Daperro

This slideshow explains how scientists measured the size of the universe and its age, It is a miracle that this can even possible to do. The slide show also explain the discovery of the Redshift and the expanding universe. The evolution, the history and the major structure of our universe. It is only within our lifetime, these sorts of question about our origin was asked.

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First created 14 Feb 2019. Version 1.0 - 18 Jun 2020. Daperro. London. Our Universe Size, Time, Evolution and Structure
Our universe is 13.7 billion years old and 93 billion light-years across The is the oldest image of our universe. It is the cosmic microwave background (CMB), showing the distribution of hydrogen clouds, when our universe was 380,000 years old. The universe is approximately 3 times as old as our solar system.
Space-Time Our universe exists in a medium called Space-Time. Space-Time is distorted by the presence of matter (as shown above in a two dimensional world). The distortion of Space-Time led to gravity between masses. We also know Space-Time is expanding (but we don’t know why).
Space-Time Visualizing the distortion of space-time by Earth. Space-time is being created as the universe expands.
Speed of light The speed of light is 300,000 km per second. It takes 500 seconds for the sunlight to reach the Earth. The light is the fastest speed possible. Nothing can travel fastest than light, as we know.
Size of our Universe Night sky.
For relatively near objects we can use the earth orbit as a base line to measure distances. Measuring of distance by Geometry
Measuring of distance by Brightness – Standard Candle If we know the absolute brightness (magnitude) of a star then from the apparent brightness of a similar star, we can work out the relative distance between them. So the first thing is to find a type of star, with a known magnitude. Astronomers call this a ‘Standard Candle’ for measuring astronomical distances. The most commonly used standard candles are Cepheid Variable stars and RR Lyrae. In both cases the absolute magnitude of the star can be determined from the variability period (see above).
Different types of Standard Candle As the distances in the universe is vast we need to use different standard candles to measure different distances.
The size of our Universe is unimaginably huge, with 100 billion galaxies. Each contains 100,000 million stars. 93 billion Light Years across The size of our observable universe is 93 billion Light- Years across.
This is the eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) view of our universe, population with some 500 galaxies. The distant galleries are near the edge of the Observable Universe. It is a combination of 10 years of photographs for a tiny area of the sky, . The furthest we can see Expanding Universe
The Expanding Universe – Red Shift Light changes colour when moving toward and away from us. The changes in colour become noticeable, when objects are moving very fast. In general we found that our universe is expanding. The further the object from us the faster they move away from us.
With huge distances and huge speeds are involved, the visible light emitted by distant objects have moved into the microwave spectrum.
Because of the expanding universe, the further away an object from us then the faster it is moving away from us. Therefore the Redshift would be greater. So we have another way we can use to estimate its distance by using the Redshift. Redshift and distance
Age of our Universe Abell Cluster 2218 2 billion light-years away, in the constellation of Draco, showing gravitational lensing, in which light is spent by the presence of a heavy mass.
There is another way to find out the age of the universe by finding the oldest object in the universe. This is similar to finding the oldest stone on Earth to determine the Earth’s age. Age of the Universe
The Rate pf Expansion Now that we have worked out the size of the universe. If we can found out how fast the universe is expanding, then we can work out the age of the universe. Time (age) = Distance (size of universe) / Rate of Expansion
The age of our universe is 13.8 billion years old 13.8 billion years old
The study on the globular cluster M4, put the age of the white dwarf stars between 12 to 13 billion years old. By adding the one billion years it took the cluster to form after the Big Bang, astronomers found that the age of the white dwarfs agrees with previous estimates that the universe is 13 to 14 billion years old. . Age of White Dwarf Stars
Age of the Oldest Star The oldest star 13.6 billion years old, within our own galaxy.
The Oldest Galaxy This is the oldest galaxy GN-z11 founded, at 13.4 billion years old, at 32 billion light-years away, just 400 million years after the Big Bang. Discovered in 2016.
The Evolution of the Universe
The Early Universe According to the Big Bang Theory, the our universe began from nothing. It has been growing since. The early universe was filled with exotic particles that we can create today in huge particle accelerators. After about 300,000 years hydrogen atoms were formed thus created the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) that we see today. Atom 300,000 years. Cosmic Microwave Background
The Early Universe The atoms were formed after 350,000 years, when the universe was cooled down sufficiently.
Very early on fusion may have taken place when particles were densely packed. By the time when hydrogen atoms began to form we have the Cosmic Microwave Background. After that the universe went through a long period of Dark Age. During this time hydrogen atoms were pulled together by gravity to pockets of dense gas clouds, that led to the formation of stars, which began to shine. The Dark Ages and First Light
First Stars In the young universe, early stars (Population III) were made of mainly hydrogen (75%) and helium (25%), with tiny amount of lithium, etc. They are about 10 times larger and 100 of times heavier than stars today. It was in their cores that heavier elements were made like iron, carbon, oxygen etc. They burnt our very quickly and ending as exploding supernovas. Artist impression of a ‘First Star’, a Blue Giant.
The Oldest Galaxy The Yeti Galaxy (actually dust clouds) was discovered in 2019 by ALMA radio telescope and it is invisible in ordinary light. When the universe was only 1.2 billion years old. It was a massive galaxy, It is estimated to have 100 billion stars, about our Milky way Galaxy. Early galaxies seem to be embedded in a dark matter halo. (Photo is an artist impression.)
Fate of the Universe
The Possible Fate of the Universe Accelerating Expansion Constant Expansion Slowing down Expansion
Discovery of Dark Energy Constance expansion Accelerating expansion Above is the results of observations showing accelerating expansion of the universe. Since we do not know what cause the accelerating expansion, we called the force behind the expansion as Dark Energy.
The Likely Fate of the Universe The above chart summarized the history of the universe and its development. Present Day
Our Accelerating Universe So the fate of our universe continue expansion faster and faster.
Structure of the Universe Star chart.
Universe Structure - Galaxy Filament (Web) This is a simulated image of the Galaxy Filament or Web. Sometimes also called Void and Filament. Each dot in the picture represent a galaxy.
Virgo Galaxy Supercluster Our Milky Way together with the Local Group is outlying member of the Virgo Supercluster. The Virgo supercluster is 54 million light-years from us. It contains about 2000 galaxies. M86 M87
Perseus cluster The Perseus Cluster is about 235 million light-years away. It contains less than 1000 galaxies.
Types of Galaxy and Size Comparison Galaxy varies in size but come in two main shapes – Spiral and Elliptical.
Stellar Systems – Stars and Planets Diagram showing the inner planets of our Solar System, compare with Kepler 52 stellar system.
All rights reserved. Rights belong to their respective owners. Available free for non-commercial and personal use. The End Music – Meditation by Messenet The Hubble telescope has taken us on a journey to the edge of the universe in the last 30 years.
On History
Our Universe - Size & Age 1.0
Our Universe - Size & Age 1.0

More Related Content

Our Universe - Size & Age 1.0

  • 1. First created 14 Feb 2019. Version 1.0 - 18 Jun 2020. Daperro. London. Our Universe Size, Time, Evolution and Structure
  • 2. Our universe is 13.7 billion years old and 93 billion light-years across The is the oldest image of our universe. It is the cosmic microwave background (CMB), showing the distribution of hydrogen clouds, when our universe was 380,000 years old. The universe is approximately 3 times as old as our solar system.
  • 3. Space-Time Our universe exists in a medium called Space-Time. Space-Time is distorted by the presence of matter (as shown above in a two dimensional world). The distortion of Space-Time led to gravity between masses. We also know Space-Time is expanding (but we don’t know why).
  • 4. Space-Time Visualizing the distortion of space-time by Earth. Space-time is being created as the universe expands.
  • 5. Speed of light The speed of light is 300,000 km per second. It takes 500 seconds for the sunlight to reach the Earth. The light is the fastest speed possible. Nothing can travel fastest than light, as we know.
  • 7. For relatively near objects we can use the earth orbit as a base line to measure distances. Measuring of distance by Geometry
  • 8. Measuring of distance by Brightness – Standard Candle If we know the absolute brightness (magnitude) of a star then from the apparent brightness of a similar star, we can work out the relative distance between them. So the first thing is to find a type of star, with a known magnitude. Astronomers call this a ‘Standard Candle’ for measuring astronomical distances. The most commonly used standard candles are Cepheid Variable stars and RR Lyrae. In both cases the absolute magnitude of the star can be determined from the variability period (see above).
  • 9. Different types of Standard Candle As the distances in the universe is vast we need to use different standard candles to measure different distances.
  • 10. The size of our Universe is unimaginably huge, with 100 billion galaxies. Each contains 100,000 million stars. 93 billion Light Years across The size of our observable universe is 93 billion Light- Years across.
  • 11. This is the eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) view of our universe, population with some 500 galaxies. The distant galleries are near the edge of the Observable Universe. It is a combination of 10 years of photographs for a tiny area of the sky, . The furthest we can see Expanding Universe
  • 12. The Expanding Universe – Red Shift Light changes colour when moving toward and away from us. The changes in colour become noticeable, when objects are moving very fast. In general we found that our universe is expanding. The further the object from us the faster they move away from us.
  • 13. With huge distances and huge speeds are involved, the visible light emitted by distant objects have moved into the microwave spectrum.
  • 14. Because of the expanding universe, the further away an object from us then the faster it is moving away from us. Therefore the Redshift would be greater. So we have another way we can use to estimate its distance by using the Redshift. Redshift and distance
  • 15. Age of our Universe Abell Cluster 2218 2 billion light-years away, in the constellation of Draco, showing gravitational lensing, in which light is spent by the presence of a heavy mass.
  • 16. There is another way to find out the age of the universe by finding the oldest object in the universe. This is similar to finding the oldest stone on Earth to determine the Earth’s age. Age of the Universe
  • 17. The Rate pf Expansion Now that we have worked out the size of the universe. If we can found out how fast the universe is expanding, then we can work out the age of the universe. Time (age) = Distance (size of universe) / Rate of Expansion
  • 18. The age of our universe is 13.8 billion years old 13.8 billion years old
  • 19. The study on the globular cluster M4, put the age of the white dwarf stars between 12 to 13 billion years old. By adding the one billion years it took the cluster to form after the Big Bang, astronomers found that the age of the white dwarfs agrees with previous estimates that the universe is 13 to 14 billion years old. . Age of White Dwarf Stars
  • 20. Age of the Oldest Star The oldest star 13.6 billion years old, within our own galaxy.
  • 21. The Oldest Galaxy This is the oldest galaxy GN-z11 founded, at 13.4 billion years old, at 32 billion light-years away, just 400 million years after the Big Bang. Discovered in 2016.
  • 23. The Early Universe According to the Big Bang Theory, the our universe began from nothing. It has been growing since. The early universe was filled with exotic particles that we can create today in huge particle accelerators. After about 300,000 years hydrogen atoms were formed thus created the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) that we see today. Atom 300,000 years. Cosmic Microwave Background
  • 24. The Early Universe The atoms were formed after 350,000 years, when the universe was cooled down sufficiently.
  • 25. Very early on fusion may have taken place when particles were densely packed. By the time when hydrogen atoms began to form we have the Cosmic Microwave Background. After that the universe went through a long period of Dark Age. During this time hydrogen atoms were pulled together by gravity to pockets of dense gas clouds, that led to the formation of stars, which began to shine. The Dark Ages and First Light
  • 26. First Stars In the young universe, early stars (Population III) were made of mainly hydrogen (75%) and helium (25%), with tiny amount of lithium, etc. They are about 10 times larger and 100 of times heavier than stars today. It was in their cores that heavier elements were made like iron, carbon, oxygen etc. They burnt our very quickly and ending as exploding supernovas. Artist impression of a ‘First Star’, a Blue Giant.
  • 27. The Oldest Galaxy The Yeti Galaxy (actually dust clouds) was discovered in 2019 by ALMA radio telescope and it is invisible in ordinary light. When the universe was only 1.2 billion years old. It was a massive galaxy, It is estimated to have 100 billion stars, about our Milky way Galaxy. Early galaxies seem to be embedded in a dark matter halo. (Photo is an artist impression.)
  • 29. The Possible Fate of the Universe Accelerating Expansion Constant Expansion Slowing down Expansion
  • 30. Discovery of Dark Energy Constance expansion Accelerating expansion Above is the results of observations showing accelerating expansion of the universe. Since we do not know what cause the accelerating expansion, we called the force behind the expansion as Dark Energy.
  • 31. The Likely Fate of the Universe The above chart summarized the history of the universe and its development. Present Day
  • 32. Our Accelerating Universe So the fate of our universe continue expansion faster and faster.
  • 34. Universe Structure - Galaxy Filament (Web) This is a simulated image of the Galaxy Filament or Web. Sometimes also called Void and Filament. Each dot in the picture represent a galaxy.
  • 35. Virgo Galaxy Supercluster Our Milky Way together with the Local Group is outlying member of the Virgo Supercluster. The Virgo supercluster is 54 million light-years from us. It contains about 2000 galaxies. M86 M87
  • 36. Perseus cluster The Perseus Cluster is about 235 million light-years away. It contains less than 1000 galaxies.
  • 37. Types of Galaxy and Size Comparison Galaxy varies in size but come in two main shapes – Spiral and Elliptical.
  • 38. Stellar Systems – Stars and Planets Diagram showing the inner planets of our Solar System, compare with Kepler 52 stellar system.
  • 39. All rights reserved. Rights belong to their respective owners. Available free for non-commercial and personal use. The End Music – Meditation by Messenet The Hubble telescope has taken us on a journey to the edge of the universe in the last 30 years.

Editor's Notes

  1. This slideshow explains how scientists measured the size of the universe and its age, It is a miracle that this can even possible to do. The slide show also explain the discovery of the Redshift and the expanding universe. The evolution, the history and the major structure of our universe. It is only within our lifetime, these sorts of question about our origin was asked.
  2. First Created 14 Feb 2019. Released 18 Jun 2020