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Overview of hazardous waste management

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karan gulshan
karan gulshan

generalised overview of hazardous waste management including basic approach toward hazardous waste in india

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Overview of Hazardous waste Management Submitted to : Miss JYOTI RANI By : Karan Kr. Gulshan M.Tech(ESEM) 2nd year
• “ Hazardous waste” means any waste by reason of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, • explosive or corrosive characteristics • causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances
Definition of Hazardous Wastes In India, according to Hazardous waste Management & Handling Rules (MOEF Notification dated 20th May 2003-Part 2).  “Any substance, whether in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which has no foreseeable use and which by reasons of any physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or infectious characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or environment, and should be considered as such when generated, handled, stored, transported, treated and disposed of”. The Basel Convention defines hazardous wastes as follows :  "Wastes" are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.
SOURCES:  Inorganic &organic chemicals  Petroleum refineries  Iron & steel  Non ferrous metals  Leather tanning  Metal finishing  Pharmaceuticals  Pesticides  Paints and Dyes  Fertilizers  Asbestos  Caustic soda  Inorganic chemicals & general engineering
Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics E1 Flammable • Flammable wastes with flash point 65.6 °C or below. • Solid at STP capable of causing fire through friction, moisture changes or spontaneous chemical changes • Oxidizer E2 Explosive • Wastes which may explode under the effect of flame heat and photochemical conditions. • Any other waste of explosive materials included in the Indian Explosive Act. • Unstable • Reactive with water • Capable of detonation
E3 Corrosive • Wastes which may be corrosive, by chemical action will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue. • pH < 2 or pH > 12.5 E4 Toxic • Wastes containing or contaminated with established toxic and or eco-toxic constituents. • EPA definition • Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine disruptivity • Wastes contaminated or containing established carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruptors.
• Classification of Hazardous Wastes • Wastes can be classified under the following categories:- • Explosive • Corrosive • Oxidizing • Flammable • Infectious • Irritant • Toxic • Toxic for reproduction • Harmful • Mutagenic • Exotoxic • Carcinogenic
Waste Generation Rates By Industry Chemical Products Electronics Petroleum & Coal Products Primary Metals Transportation Equipment All Other Industries
70% 25% Inorganic Liquid Organic Liquid Sludge
INDIAN SCENARIO OF HW • In India, there are 36,165 nos. of hazardous waste generating industries, generating 62,32,507 Metric Tonnes of hazardous wastes every year. The category-wise classification of this quantity is as follows. • Land Fillable HW – 27,28,326 MTA ( Metric Tonnes/Annum) • Incinerable HW - 4,15,794 MTA • Recyclable HW - 30,88,387 MTA It is obvious that the recyclable portion of HW is in the range of 49.55 % and is more than other two categories. The land disposable portion and incinerable portion are in the tune of 43.78 % and 6.67 % respectively.
• Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are the top three HW generating States. The relative contributions by these States are 28.76 %, 25.16 % and 8.93 % respectively. Thereafter, Chhattisgarh (4.74 %), Rajasthan (4.38 %), West Bengal (4.17 %) and Tamil Nadu (4.15 %) are found as major generators of HW. These seven States are together generating 80.29 % of country’s total HW.
Rules & Conventions  The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules,2009,  Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989  The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules,2003  The Plastics(Manufacture, Usage and Waste Management) Rules,2009  The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules,2008  The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001  The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.  The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999  Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016  Basel Convention on Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes
Basel Convention • Basel convention is an international environment agreement on “control of trans boundary movement and disposal of hazardous waste” which was drafed on 22nd March, 1989. • Basel BAN On 31st Dec, 1997 a “total ban” on the trans boundary movement was decided rather than “control” or the “partial transboundary movement” of hazardous waste from OECD (Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development) to non OECD.
• Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal • The convention is ratified by 35 countries, it entered into force on 5th May, 1992. The main principle of the convention is to regulate the Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes with prior informed consent of the importing country and to ensure environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes. The convention seeks to prohibited the export of hazardous wastes without the consent of the importing country.
RULES & REGULATIONS OF HW: Aim at providing control Specify the responsibilities Regulations governing generators of HW 1.preparation for transport 2.manifest requirements 3.record keeping & reporting Regulations governing transporters of HW 1.notification prior to transport 2.manifest requirements
TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE OF HW:  The CRADLE TO GRAVE concept HW generated at source requires movement by trucks to further. Requires serious care & attention while moving HW to be properly packed & labelled for transport to ensure safe handling Storage facilities are used to store waste temporarily before treatment & disposal.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY: OBJECTIVES: 1. Waste minimization 2. Detoxification & neutralization of waste by treatments 3. Destruction of combustible waste by incineration 4. Solidification of sludge & ash from steps from 2 & 3 5. Disposal of residues in landfills.
1.Waste minimization:  helps in resource conservation, economic efficiency & environmental protection. The strategies include— source reduction, recycling and waste exchange
2. TREATMENT METHODS: Physical Chemical and biological treament
Physical treatment : • Involves variety of seperation techniques • Whenever a waste containing liquid & solid must be treated. • Physical processes are • Screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, flotation, adsorption, stripping and RO.
Chemical treatment: To make the complete breakdown of HW into non toxic form and To reduce the hazard of a particular waste Chemical methods are :: Neutralization, precipitation, oxidation and reduction.
• Neutralization: carried out when the waste contains excessive amount of acid or alkali. • Chemical oxidation:used to destroy toxic cyanide molecule with oxidising agents • Reduction: used in the conversion of hexa valent chromium into trivalent chromium before it can be precipitated. • Anodic electrolysis: used for the destruction of cyanide in spent stripping & plating solutions.
Biological treatment: Differnet types of microorganisms are used for degradation of specific compounds of HW Some microbes found in soil & sewage sludge have been tested in the degradation of organic chemicals Tests have been conducted to degrade PCBs using pseudomonas & flavo bacterium. Psuedomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.
3. INCINERATION:  able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste. Primary products are CO2, vapour & ash Sulphur bearing wastes gives off SO2, CO2, H2O when incinerated. By products of incomplete combustion are sometimes more harmful. Two types of incinerators: liquid injection system, rotary kilns.
4.Solidification or Stabilization: Convert the waste into an insoluble,rock hard material. Additive materials used to reduce the mobility of pollutants in the waste. Certain materials like nickel cannot be destroyed or detoxified by above methods. The residues that are left out are solidified to reduce the leachability.
Proposed Actions : • (i) Inventory of hazardous waste generation • Waste avoidance and waste minimization at source • Reuse, recovery and recycling of hazardous waste • E-waste recycling • Safe disposal of hazardous waste • Setting up of common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities: Currently, only 12 states have 25 operating common hazardous waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) • Interstate transportation of hazardous waste • Strengthening the infrastructure of regulatory bodies
•Thank You

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Overview of hazardous waste management

  • 1. Overview of Hazardous waste Management Submitted to : Miss JYOTI RANI By : Karan Kr. Gulshan M.Tech(ESEM) 2nd year
  • 2. • “ Hazardous waste” means any waste by reason of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, • explosive or corrosive characteristics • causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances
  • 3. Definition of Hazardous Wastes In India, according to Hazardous waste Management & Handling Rules (MOEF Notification dated 20th May 2003-Part 2).  “Any substance, whether in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which has no foreseeable use and which by reasons of any physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or infectious characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or environment, and should be considered as such when generated, handled, stored, transported, treated and disposed of”. The Basel Convention defines hazardous wastes as follows :  "Wastes" are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.
  • 4. SOURCES:  Inorganic &organic chemicals  Petroleum refineries  Iron & steel  Non ferrous metals  Leather tanning  Metal finishing  Pharmaceuticals  Pesticides  Paints and Dyes  Fertilizers  Asbestos  Caustic soda  Inorganic chemicals & general engineering
  • 5. Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics E1 Flammable • Flammable wastes with flash point 65.6 °C or below. • Solid at STP capable of causing fire through friction, moisture changes or spontaneous chemical changes • Oxidizer E2 Explosive • Wastes which may explode under the effect of flame heat and photochemical conditions. • Any other waste of explosive materials included in the Indian Explosive Act. • Unstable • Reactive with water • Capable of detonation
  • 6. E3 Corrosive • Wastes which may be corrosive, by chemical action will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue. • pH < 2 or pH > 12.5 E4 Toxic • Wastes containing or contaminated with established toxic and or eco-toxic constituents. • EPA definition • Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine disruptivity • Wastes contaminated or containing established carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruptors.
  • 7. • Classification of Hazardous Wastes • Wastes can be classified under the following categories:- • Explosive • Corrosive • Oxidizing • Flammable • Infectious • Irritant • Toxic • Toxic for reproduction • Harmful • Mutagenic • Exotoxic • Carcinogenic
  • 8. Waste Generation Rates By Industry Chemical Products Electronics Petroleum & Coal Products Primary Metals Transportation Equipment All Other Industries
  • 10. INDIAN SCENARIO OF HW • In India, there are 36,165 nos. of hazardous waste generating industries, generating 62,32,507 Metric Tonnes of hazardous wastes every year. The category-wise classification of this quantity is as follows. • Land Fillable HW – 27,28,326 MTA ( Metric Tonnes/Annum) • Incinerable HW - 4,15,794 MTA • Recyclable HW - 30,88,387 MTA It is obvious that the recyclable portion of HW is in the range of 49.55 % and is more than other two categories. The land disposable portion and incinerable portion are in the tune of 43.78 % and 6.67 % respectively.
  • 11. • Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are the top three HW generating States. The relative contributions by these States are 28.76 %, 25.16 % and 8.93 % respectively. Thereafter, Chhattisgarh (4.74 %), Rajasthan (4.38 %), West Bengal (4.17 %) and Tamil Nadu (4.15 %) are found as major generators of HW. These seven States are together generating 80.29 % of country’s total HW.
  • 12. Rules & Conventions  The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules,2009,  Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989  The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules,2003  The Plastics(Manufacture, Usage and Waste Management) Rules,2009  The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules,2008  The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001  The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.  The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999  Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016  Basel Convention on Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes
  • 13. Basel Convention • Basel convention is an international environment agreement on “control of trans boundary movement and disposal of hazardous waste” which was drafed on 22nd March, 1989. • Basel BAN On 31st Dec, 1997 a “total ban” on the trans boundary movement was decided rather than “control” or the “partial transboundary movement” of hazardous waste from OECD (Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development) to non OECD.
  • 14. • Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal • The convention is ratified by 35 countries, it entered into force on 5th May, 1992. The main principle of the convention is to regulate the Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes with prior informed consent of the importing country and to ensure environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes. The convention seeks to prohibited the export of hazardous wastes without the consent of the importing country.
  • 15. RULES & REGULATIONS OF HW: Aim at providing control Specify the responsibilities Regulations governing generators of HW 1.preparation for transport 2.manifest requirements 3.record keeping & reporting Regulations governing transporters of HW 1.notification prior to transport 2.manifest requirements
  • 16. TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE OF HW:  The CRADLE TO GRAVE concept HW generated at source requires movement by trucks to further. Requires serious care & attention while moving HW to be properly packed & labelled for transport to ensure safe handling Storage facilities are used to store waste temporarily before treatment & disposal.
  • 17. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY: OBJECTIVES: 1. Waste minimization 2. Detoxification & neutralization of waste by treatments 3. Destruction of combustible waste by incineration 4. Solidification of sludge & ash from steps from 2 & 3 5. Disposal of residues in landfills.
  • 18. 1.Waste minimization:  helps in resource conservation, economic efficiency & environmental protection. The strategies include— source reduction, recycling and waste exchange
  • 19. 2. TREATMENT METHODS: Physical Chemical and biological treament
  • 20. Physical treatment : • Involves variety of seperation techniques • Whenever a waste containing liquid & solid must be treated. • Physical processes are • Screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, flotation, adsorption, stripping and RO.
  • 21. Chemical treatment: To make the complete breakdown of HW into non toxic form and To reduce the hazard of a particular waste Chemical methods are :: Neutralization, precipitation, oxidation and reduction.
  • 22. • Neutralization: carried out when the waste contains excessive amount of acid or alkali. • Chemical oxidation:used to destroy toxic cyanide molecule with oxidising agents • Reduction: used in the conversion of hexa valent chromium into trivalent chromium before it can be precipitated. • Anodic electrolysis: used for the destruction of cyanide in spent stripping & plating solutions.
  • 23. Biological treatment: Differnet types of microorganisms are used for degradation of specific compounds of HW Some microbes found in soil & sewage sludge have been tested in the degradation of organic chemicals Tests have been conducted to degrade PCBs using pseudomonas & flavo bacterium. Psuedomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.
  • 24. 3. INCINERATION:  able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste. Primary products are CO2, vapour & ash Sulphur bearing wastes gives off SO2, CO2, H2O when incinerated. By products of incomplete combustion are sometimes more harmful. Two types of incinerators: liquid injection system, rotary kilns.
  • 25. 4.Solidification or Stabilization: Convert the waste into an insoluble,rock hard material. Additive materials used to reduce the mobility of pollutants in the waste. Certain materials like nickel cannot be destroyed or detoxified by above methods. The residues that are left out are solidified to reduce the leachability.
  • 26. Proposed Actions : • (i) Inventory of hazardous waste generation • Waste avoidance and waste minimization at source • Reuse, recovery and recycling of hazardous waste • E-waste recycling • Safe disposal of hazardous waste • Setting up of common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities: Currently, only 12 states have 25 operating common hazardous waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) • Interstate transportation of hazardous waste • Strengthening the infrastructure of regulatory bodies