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Pallak Arora- Gender Analysis

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Pallak Arora, MSc.

This project has been created for EDRD*6000 Qualitative Methods- a graduate level course at the School of Environmental Design and Rural Development at the University of Guelph. Please reference the author or appropriate sources when using any of the information presented here.

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GENDER ANALYSIS Tips and Tools for Rural Planners Pallak Arora EDRD*6000: Qualitative Analysis: Rural Development March 07, 2016
Introduction ◦ Gender analysis refers to the variety of methods and tools used to understand the relationships between different genders in an area, their access to resources, their activities, and challenges to empowerment (Global Affairs Canada [GAC], 2016). ◦ It aims to reveal the interrelationships between gender and race, ethnicity, culture, class, age, disability recognising that it transects multiple facets of one’s identity (GAC, 2016). ◦ Gender analysis is used by policy makers, analysts, and program managers to find who has access to the resources, who has control, who is likely to benefit, and who might be impacted negatively by a program (GAC, 2016). ◦ It is also used as a tool to understand local context and to promote equality by ensuring equal participation and partnership between men and women (GAC, 2016). (Equality, 2015)
When to use it? ◦ Ideally, ender analysis must take place throughout the entire process i.e. at the planning, implementation, monitoring and the evaluation phases. ◦ This recommendation is based on the understanding that a project takes place in existing “social, cultural, economic, environmental, institutional, and political structures of a community, country or region” (GAC, 2016). ◦ An example of a Canadian development initiative (GAC, 2016)- ◦ Servico Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI), the National Industrial Apprenticeship Program in Brazil, used gender analysis to respond to the under-representation of females in their technical training program. As a result of the analysis, a part of the program was dedicated to showcasing female role- models in non-traditional workplaces. This resulted in a 17% increase in enrollment of women over 7 years. ◦ Three elements of gender analysis to keep in mind are (GAC, 2016): ◦ It requires adequate resources and skilled personnel ◦ Local expertise is an asset ◦ The findings must be included in policy and program design
Process (Meyers & Jones, 2012) Preparation Define the scope of work to narrow context and purpose of study. Define research questions based on objectives, client priorities and secondary data collected. State your deliverables. E.g. work plan, report, action plan, presentation, charts etc. Timeline can vary from 6 to 9 weeks (2 weeks for writing work plan, 2-3 weeks for fieldwork, 2-3 weeks for analysis and reporting). Fieldwork Fieldwork must be preceded by identifying skilled staff and training them on gender inclusive strategies. Ethical considerations: respect informants, minimize harm and maximise benefits. Identify and involve target groups and stakeholders, to increase engagement, buy-in and support. Methods: Quantitative surveys, key informant interviews, focus groups, observation etc. Action Analyse data on ongoing basis through each step. Renew your understanding once all data is analysed. Organise the data by identified themes and trends. Determine how the themes answer the research questions. Develop charts and figures that allow a basic understanding of the findings. Create recommendations and validate with stakeholders. Identify specific actions to be taken, responsible staff, timeline and targets to ensure completion.
Gender Analysis Frameworks (UNDP, 2001) Description Comments Harvard Analytical Framework (HAF) Collects data on gender roles in community vis-à-vis economic activity. 4 key indicators- activity profile, access and control, influencing factors and project cycle analysis. Easy and adaptable to ascertain division of labour at micro-level. Is a needs-assessment process. Fails to focus on the power relations in a community. Moser Framework Divides women’s work as productive, reproductive, and community activities. Reveals access to resources and decision making. Highlights unpaid labour but assumes women as a homogenous group without intersections with race, class, ethnicity etc. Gender Analysis Matrix Community based technique to find different impacts of intervention on time, labour, resources of men and women. Bottom-up analysis. Includes men. Can be used as a transformative approach through community participation. Equality & Empowerment Framework Helps planners identify practical meaning of women empowerment, and effectiveness of the intervention. Highlights gender relations but fails to include rights, claims and responsibilities. Capacities and Vulnerabilities Framework For humanitarian and disaster relief intervention. Focuses on building strengths to support long term development. Used both for planning and assessment to track changes. Adaptable but no clear focus on women’s empowerment. People-Oriented Planning Adaptation of HAF to refugee situations. Ensures equitable distribution of resources to target aid. Lack of participation from stakeholders. Social Relations Framework Focuses on development as human well- being, social relations, and institutional analysis. Identifies systemic issues that lead to inequities. Complex analysis. Large institutions are hard to change.
Tools for Gender Analysis (Meyers & Jones, 2016) Description Use Activity Profile- Gender Roles and Responsibilities A tool to gather information about the division of labour in marketing, production and business practices in a supply chain. Agriculture, livelihoods, and value chain contexts. Examining Value Chain Relationships Examines relationship between actors in a value chain, and determine the effect of gendered norms and behaviours on these. Agriculture, and supply chain management contexts. Gender Communication Profile Identifies different communication methods used by men and women to access and share information in formal and informal settings. Community and household level analysis with beneficiaries. Adaptable to different contexts. Daily Activity Clock Determines different kinds of activities performed by men and women during different times of the day. Agriculture and occupations with different workloads between men and women, Involve beneficiaries. Cooperative and Farmers Organisation Gender Equity Data Tool Conducting interviews and focus groups to determine a. number and percentage of women and men in leadership positions b. extent to which members and spouses participate in cooperatives c. extent to which they benefit from participation. Ascertain gender gaps in cooperatives and farmer-based organisations. SCORS Identifies successes, challenges, opportunities, and risks of a project or policy. Gender mainstreaming, multiple stakeholder engagement, collective brainstorming. A detailed analysis of various tools used in gender analysis can be found at http://goo.gl/IRj4Eu
Challenges ◦ Conceptual Challenges (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Lack of clarity around concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ ◦ Concerns about integrating constructivist approaches in systematic reviews ◦ Dealing with diversity and heterogeneity of populations ◦ Methodological Challenges (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Lack of accessible tools and checklists for diverse contexts ◦ Technical challenges in moving from idea to action ◦ Data acquisition (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Quality of data reporting/ under-reporting prejudice ◦ Policy Challenges (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Sensitive topic, can attract resistance ◦ Lack of context in umbrella policy measures (Gender Identity, 2016)
Tips for planners (Meyers & Jones, 2012) ◦ Diverse participation: Gender analysis should be a participatory process involving clients, stakeholders, staff members, funders and target groups. They should be given ample opportunities to voice experiences and make recommendations throughout the process. Planners can use participatory observation to guide reflection and self-analysis which will reveal deeper thoughts and emotions. ◦ A means to an end: Findings and recommendations should be shared with stakeholders once compiled. Feedback should be incorporated to showcase the true participatory nature of the process. Action planning becomes as necessary as the data collection and analysis for improvement to truly occur. ◦ Continuous commitment: Gender analysis can be a start to a more in-depth process if followed by gender assessment (highlighting success and gaps in programming), and a gender audit (determines integration of gender into program and policies at organisational level).
Beyond the binary ◦ Traditionally, gender analysis has been done to understand the difference in role men and women but has failed to address ‘gender beyond the binary’ ◦ Gender is a social constructed concept that is monitored and enforced by our socio-cultural context on a regular. ◦ It should be viewed as a spectrum i.e. continuum of possibilities as opposed to male vs female. ◦ Tools of conducting gender analysis must be revised/ recreated to account for diverse definitions of gender and include the LGBTQ* community. ◦ Questions to consider: ◦ How will addressing concerns of women and improving equality across genders strengthen the efficiency and sustainability of a project? ◦ Do the current tools and methodologies of gender analysis take into account intersections with race, ethnicity, sexuality, culture and class? ◦ How to reduce stigma around conducting gender analysis especially in scientific and technical occupational spaces? (Gender Neutrality, 2016)
References ◦ Gender Equality. [Online image]. (2015). Retrieved from https://lindseymetter.wordpress.com/ ◦ Gender Identity. [Online image]. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/actualitate/articol/gender-real-thing ◦ Gender Neutrality. [Online image]. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.herts.ac.uk/about- us/events/2016/february/beyond-binary-sexuality-and-gender ◦ Global Affairs Canada [GAC]. (2016). Gender Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.international.gc.ca/development-developpement/priorities-priorites/ge- es/index.aspx?lang=eng ◦ Meyers, L. & Jones. L. (2012). Gender Analysis, Assessment and Audit Manual & Toolkit. Gender Integration: ACDI/VOCA. Retrieved from http://acdivoca.org/sites/default/files/attach/legacy/site/Lookup/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis- Manual/$file/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis-Manual.pdf ◦ Runnels, V., Tudiver, S., Doull, M. & Boscoe, M. (2014). The challenges of including sex/gender analysis in systematic reviews: a qualitative survey. Systematic Reviews, 3(33). DOI:10.1186/2046-4053-3-33 ◦ United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]. (2001). Learning & Information Pack: Gender Analysis. Gender in Development Programme. Retrieved from http://acdivoca.org/sites/default/files/attach/legacy/site/Lookup/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis- Manual/$file/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis-Manual.pdf

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Pallak Arora- Gender Analysis

  • 1. GENDER ANALYSIS Tips and Tools for Rural Planners Pallak Arora EDRD*6000: Qualitative Analysis: Rural Development March 07, 2016
  • 2. Introduction ◦ Gender analysis refers to the variety of methods and tools used to understand the relationships between different genders in an area, their access to resources, their activities, and challenges to empowerment (Global Affairs Canada [GAC], 2016). ◦ It aims to reveal the interrelationships between gender and race, ethnicity, culture, class, age, disability recognising that it transects multiple facets of one’s identity (GAC, 2016). ◦ Gender analysis is used by policy makers, analysts, and program managers to find who has access to the resources, who has control, who is likely to benefit, and who might be impacted negatively by a program (GAC, 2016). ◦ It is also used as a tool to understand local context and to promote equality by ensuring equal participation and partnership between men and women (GAC, 2016). (Equality, 2015)
  • 3. When to use it? ◦ Ideally, ender analysis must take place throughout the entire process i.e. at the planning, implementation, monitoring and the evaluation phases. ◦ This recommendation is based on the understanding that a project takes place in existing “social, cultural, economic, environmental, institutional, and political structures of a community, country or region” (GAC, 2016). ◦ An example of a Canadian development initiative (GAC, 2016)- ◦ Servico Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI), the National Industrial Apprenticeship Program in Brazil, used gender analysis to respond to the under-representation of females in their technical training program. As a result of the analysis, a part of the program was dedicated to showcasing female role- models in non-traditional workplaces. This resulted in a 17% increase in enrollment of women over 7 years. ◦ Three elements of gender analysis to keep in mind are (GAC, 2016): ◦ It requires adequate resources and skilled personnel ◦ Local expertise is an asset ◦ The findings must be included in policy and program design
  • 4. Process (Meyers & Jones, 2012) Preparation Define the scope of work to narrow context and purpose of study. Define research questions based on objectives, client priorities and secondary data collected. State your deliverables. E.g. work plan, report, action plan, presentation, charts etc. Timeline can vary from 6 to 9 weeks (2 weeks for writing work plan, 2-3 weeks for fieldwork, 2-3 weeks for analysis and reporting). Fieldwork Fieldwork must be preceded by identifying skilled staff and training them on gender inclusive strategies. Ethical considerations: respect informants, minimize harm and maximise benefits. Identify and involve target groups and stakeholders, to increase engagement, buy-in and support. Methods: Quantitative surveys, key informant interviews, focus groups, observation etc. Action Analyse data on ongoing basis through each step. Renew your understanding once all data is analysed. Organise the data by identified themes and trends. Determine how the themes answer the research questions. Develop charts and figures that allow a basic understanding of the findings. Create recommendations and validate with stakeholders. Identify specific actions to be taken, responsible staff, timeline and targets to ensure completion.
  • 5. Gender Analysis Frameworks (UNDP, 2001) Description Comments Harvard Analytical Framework (HAF) Collects data on gender roles in community vis-à-vis economic activity. 4 key indicators- activity profile, access and control, influencing factors and project cycle analysis. Easy and adaptable to ascertain division of labour at micro-level. Is a needs-assessment process. Fails to focus on the power relations in a community. Moser Framework Divides women’s work as productive, reproductive, and community activities. Reveals access to resources and decision making. Highlights unpaid labour but assumes women as a homogenous group without intersections with race, class, ethnicity etc. Gender Analysis Matrix Community based technique to find different impacts of intervention on time, labour, resources of men and women. Bottom-up analysis. Includes men. Can be used as a transformative approach through community participation. Equality & Empowerment Framework Helps planners identify practical meaning of women empowerment, and effectiveness of the intervention. Highlights gender relations but fails to include rights, claims and responsibilities. Capacities and Vulnerabilities Framework For humanitarian and disaster relief intervention. Focuses on building strengths to support long term development. Used both for planning and assessment to track changes. Adaptable but no clear focus on women’s empowerment. People-Oriented Planning Adaptation of HAF to refugee situations. Ensures equitable distribution of resources to target aid. Lack of participation from stakeholders. Social Relations Framework Focuses on development as human well- being, social relations, and institutional analysis. Identifies systemic issues that lead to inequities. Complex analysis. Large institutions are hard to change.
  • 6. Tools for Gender Analysis (Meyers & Jones, 2016) Description Use Activity Profile- Gender Roles and Responsibilities A tool to gather information about the division of labour in marketing, production and business practices in a supply chain. Agriculture, livelihoods, and value chain contexts. Examining Value Chain Relationships Examines relationship between actors in a value chain, and determine the effect of gendered norms and behaviours on these. Agriculture, and supply chain management contexts. Gender Communication Profile Identifies different communication methods used by men and women to access and share information in formal and informal settings. Community and household level analysis with beneficiaries. Adaptable to different contexts. Daily Activity Clock Determines different kinds of activities performed by men and women during different times of the day. Agriculture and occupations with different workloads between men and women, Involve beneficiaries. Cooperative and Farmers Organisation Gender Equity Data Tool Conducting interviews and focus groups to determine a. number and percentage of women and men in leadership positions b. extent to which members and spouses participate in cooperatives c. extent to which they benefit from participation. Ascertain gender gaps in cooperatives and farmer-based organisations. SCORS Identifies successes, challenges, opportunities, and risks of a project or policy. Gender mainstreaming, multiple stakeholder engagement, collective brainstorming. A detailed analysis of various tools used in gender analysis can be found at http://goo.gl/IRj4Eu
  • 7. Challenges ◦ Conceptual Challenges (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Lack of clarity around concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ ◦ Concerns about integrating constructivist approaches in systematic reviews ◦ Dealing with diversity and heterogeneity of populations ◦ Methodological Challenges (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Lack of accessible tools and checklists for diverse contexts ◦ Technical challenges in moving from idea to action ◦ Data acquisition (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Quality of data reporting/ under-reporting prejudice ◦ Policy Challenges (Runnels, et. al.,2014) ◦ Sensitive topic, can attract resistance ◦ Lack of context in umbrella policy measures (Gender Identity, 2016)
  • 8. Tips for planners (Meyers & Jones, 2012) ◦ Diverse participation: Gender analysis should be a participatory process involving clients, stakeholders, staff members, funders and target groups. They should be given ample opportunities to voice experiences and make recommendations throughout the process. Planners can use participatory observation to guide reflection and self-analysis which will reveal deeper thoughts and emotions. ◦ A means to an end: Findings and recommendations should be shared with stakeholders once compiled. Feedback should be incorporated to showcase the true participatory nature of the process. Action planning becomes as necessary as the data collection and analysis for improvement to truly occur. ◦ Continuous commitment: Gender analysis can be a start to a more in-depth process if followed by gender assessment (highlighting success and gaps in programming), and a gender audit (determines integration of gender into program and policies at organisational level).
  • 9. Beyond the binary ◦ Traditionally, gender analysis has been done to understand the difference in role men and women but has failed to address ‘gender beyond the binary’ ◦ Gender is a social constructed concept that is monitored and enforced by our socio-cultural context on a regular. ◦ It should be viewed as a spectrum i.e. continuum of possibilities as opposed to male vs female. ◦ Tools of conducting gender analysis must be revised/ recreated to account for diverse definitions of gender and include the LGBTQ* community. ◦ Questions to consider: ◦ How will addressing concerns of women and improving equality across genders strengthen the efficiency and sustainability of a project? ◦ Do the current tools and methodologies of gender analysis take into account intersections with race, ethnicity, sexuality, culture and class? ◦ How to reduce stigma around conducting gender analysis especially in scientific and technical occupational spaces? (Gender Neutrality, 2016)
  • 10. References ◦ Gender Equality. [Online image]. (2015). Retrieved from https://lindseymetter.wordpress.com/ ◦ Gender Identity. [Online image]. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/actualitate/articol/gender-real-thing ◦ Gender Neutrality. [Online image]. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.herts.ac.uk/about- us/events/2016/february/beyond-binary-sexuality-and-gender ◦ Global Affairs Canada [GAC]. (2016). Gender Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.international.gc.ca/development-developpement/priorities-priorites/ge- es/index.aspx?lang=eng ◦ Meyers, L. & Jones. L. (2012). Gender Analysis, Assessment and Audit Manual & Toolkit. Gender Integration: ACDI/VOCA. Retrieved from http://acdivoca.org/sites/default/files/attach/legacy/site/Lookup/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis- Manual/$file/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis-Manual.pdf ◦ Runnels, V., Tudiver, S., Doull, M. & Boscoe, M. (2014). The challenges of including sex/gender analysis in systematic reviews: a qualitative survey. Systematic Reviews, 3(33). DOI:10.1186/2046-4053-3-33 ◦ United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]. (2001). Learning & Information Pack: Gender Analysis. Gender in Development Programme. Retrieved from http://acdivoca.org/sites/default/files/attach/legacy/site/Lookup/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis- Manual/$file/ACDI-VOCA-Gender-Analysis-Manual.pdf