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PARASITIC INFECTIONS

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care
Society for Microbiology and Infection care

This document discusses parasitology and the diagnosis of parasitic infections through fecal examination. It describes the different types of parasitic relationships and how common some parasitic infections are worldwide. The document outlines the proper procedures for collecting, transporting, examining through wet mount microscopy, and diagnosing parasites in fecal samples. These include using saline, iodine, and buffered methylene blue wet mounts to identify eggs, larvae, trophozoites, and cysts under the microscope. Thorough microscopic examination of concentrated fecal samples is necessary to reliably detect parasites.

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PARASITIC INFECTIONS BASICS IN DIAGNOSIS Dr.T.V.Rao MD 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 1
BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES • Symbiosis: Living together • Commensalism: One symbiont benefits, other unaffected • Mutualism: Both symbionts benefit • Parasitism: One symbiont benefits, other is damaged 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2
The Reality of Parasites • 1.3 billion persons infected with Ascaris (1: 4 persons on earth) • 300 million with Schistosomiasis • 100 million new malaria cases/ year 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 3
Laboratory Methods For Parasites In Faeces • No technique is 100% successful in detecting parasites by a single stool examination, and at least three serial stools must be examined before a patient can be considered free from infections in which stages of parasites would be expected to be found in the faeces. • Whilst clinical symptoms or a case history may provide clues as to which parasites may be present, each faecal specimen should be treated as an unknown, as parasite stages unrelated to the clinical picture may be present. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Faecal specimens may contain several stages of Parasites • Faecal specimens are examined for the presence of protozoa and helminthes larvae or eggs. • The stages of protozoa found in stools are trophozoites and cysts. The stages of helminthes usually found in stools are eggs and larvae, though whole adult’s worms or segments of worms may also be seen. Adult worms and segments of tapeworms are usually visible to the naked eye, but eggs, larvae, trophozoites, and cysts can be seen only with the microscope. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Collection of faecal specimens 1. Because of the fragile nature of many intestinal parasites, and the need to maintain their morphology for accurate identification, reliable microscopic diagnosis can’t be made unless the stool is collected properly. 2. Approximately 10 grams of fresh faeces uncontaminated by urine, oil, water, dyes or radio- opaque into a clean plastic container. 3. The container should be free from antiseptics and disinfectants. 4. Label all samples clearly with the patient’s name, reference number, date, and time of collection. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Collection of faecal specimens 5. All samples should be accompanied by a requisition form from the physician giving relevant clinical details and recent travel history. 6. Samples and forms from patients with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of certain infectious diseases such as AIDS or hepatitis should be clearly labeled with “Risk of Infection” or “Biohazard” 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Collection of faecal specimens • 7.Most viable parasites are susceptible to desiccation or temperature variation. If time lapse between collection and observation is considerable, i.e. more than 4 days, it may be necessary to add some form of preservative to the faeces to retain the morphology as near to the original as possible. • 8. Formed samples can be kept in a refrigerator at + 4c for a short while, but not in incubator. • 9. Any whole worms or segments passed should be placed in a separate container 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8
Collect the Information of the Patient • History (Age, occupation, residency, previous infection) • Complaint Provisional diagnosis • Clinical examination • Investigations Confirm the diagnosis - Laboratory investigations - Radiology - Surgical intervention (Exploratory) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 9
The Microscopy in Parasitology • The Microscope is the parasitologist’s main tool. If possible the Microscope- should be binocular; most suitable objectives are the x10, x40, and x100. • The Microscope must be covered and immersion oil removed from the lens -with xylene or ether when not in use. • Calibration of the Microscope Eyepiece Micrometer: – On many occasions measuring the size of suspected parasites in faeces is helpful for identification.(eyepiece micrometer) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Microscopic Examination of Wet Mount • Wet mount is the simplest and easiest technique for the examination of faeces, and this method should be performed in all laboratories at the peripheral level. • A wet mount can be prepared directly from faecal material or from concentrated specimens. The basic types of wet mount that should be used for each faecal examination are saline, iodine, and buffered methylene blue. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
The saline wet mount • Is used for the initial microscopic examination of stools. It is employed primarily to demonstrate worm's eggs, larvae, protozoan trophozoites, and cysts. • This type of mount can also reveal the presence of red blood cells and white blood cells. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
The Iodine wet mount • Is used mainly to stain glycogen and the nuclei of cysts, if present. Cysts can usually be specifically identified in this mount. • The buffered methylene blue (BMB) wet mount should be prepared each time amoebic trophozoites are seen in a saline wet mount, or when their presence is suspected. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Direct saline and iodine mounts 1. With a wax pencil writes the patient’s name or number and the date at the left-hand end of the slide. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Preparing a faecal specimen • Place a drop of saline in the centre of the left half of the slide and place a drop of iodine solution in the centre of the right half of the slide. • Note: If the presence of amoebic trophozoites is suspected, warm saline (37c) should be used. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 15
Preparation of Wet film • With an applicator stick (match or tooth pick), pick up a small portion of the specimen (size of a match head) and mix the drop of saline. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16
STOOL EXAMINATION MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION COLOUR CONSISTENCY COMPOSITION Adult PARASITES -Liquid (Troph) *Ascaris worm ?? Blood ?? Mucus Pale -Formed (Cyst) *E. vermicularis (dysentry) -Semi formed (Cyst) *T. saginata 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
DIAGNOSIS DIRECT INDIRECT MOLECULAR Urine IHAT Stool LAT Sputum PCR IFAT Biopsy DNA probes ELISA Blood Aspirates 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
URINE EXAMINATION MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC colour Sedimentation white smoky concentration Ether Acetic acid Membrane Chyluria Blood filtration Dissolve fat RBC haemolysis S. Filaria 12/10/2012 M.f haematobium Dr.T.V.Raoova Clear MD
Examination 1. Put the slide with the mounts on the microscope stage and focus on the mount with the x10 or low-power objective. 2. Regulate the light in the microscope field with the sub stage diaphragm. You should be able to see objects in the field distinctly. Too much or too little light is not good. 3. Examine the entire coverslip area with the x10 objective; focus the objective on the top left-hand corner and move the slide systematically backwards and forwards, or up and down. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Examination Cont. 4. When organisms or suspicious material are seen, switch to the high-dry objective, and increase the light by opening the sub stage diaphragm to observe the detailed morphology. -This is a systematic examination. If mounts are examined in this way, any parasites present will usually be found. If the mount is not examined systematically, parasites may be missed. Examine each microscope field carefully, focusing up and down, before moving to the next field. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
STOOL EXAMINATION A Rapid Methods Saline smear Iodine smear saline Iodine 1% Huge number of: •Eggs Huge number of: • Protozoal troph. Motility •Cyst morphological details (Amoeb, flagellates) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 23
Need for Concentration Methods for Faecal examination • A concentration procedure is performed mainly to separate the parasites from faecal debris. The concentration procedure not only increases the numbers of parasites in the sediment but it also unmasks them, making them more visible by removing organic and inorganic debris 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 24
STOOL EXAMINATION Scanty infection Concentration techniques Sedimentation Floatation • Heavy eggs (Ascaris egg) • Non Operculated eggs • Operculated eggs (Trematodes) Trematodes ( S. m.) • Larvae (Strong sterc.) Cestode Nematode(Hookworms,Trichostong) • Cysts • Cysts 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 25
STOOL EXAMINATION Saline sedimentation Mesh wire gauze Saline Emulsify Conical flask 10 g stool Sediment 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 26
STOOL EXAMINATION Kato technique Mesh screen Hole Template Remove the template Cellophane soaked by glycerin (clears faeces Egg count/ g stool 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 27 Egg quant. Of: Ascaris, T. trich., Hookworms, S. mansoni
Stool examination other Texhniques • Stoll’s technique for eggs of Ascaris, T. trichiura., Hookworms, S. mansoni • Baermann’s technique Detec. Of Nematode L. /stool, soil • Cultures for Nematode larvae using Filter paper culture for Larvae of: St. stercoralis (A,L) and Hookworms 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28
Artifacts • Artifacts other things, living or artificial, present in the stool that are not parasites and could mislead the laboratory worker. • Note: “Artifacts not to be mistaken for cysts”. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Plant cells Pollen grains Air bubble Plant fibre Plant hairs Non-human coccidial oocysts Fat droplets Soapy plaques Starch cell Charcot leyden crystals Muscle fibers Fatty acids Macrophage 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD Epithelial cells
Examining other Specimens 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 32
SPUTUM EXAMINATION MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC NaOH Appearance Concentration Sputum Centrifuge Bloody (Parag) Rusty brown (Parag) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
BIOPSY SPECIMEN MUSCLE RECTAL SKIN BIOPSY BIOPSY O. Volvulus T. Spiralis Schistosomes mf larvae egg 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
•Lumbar puncutre • Centrifuge •Examine sed. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
BLOOD EXAMINATION Buffy coat Knott’s conc. Blood films QBC technique films tech. Thin Thick 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
BLOOD EXAMINATION BLOOD FILMS • Thin • Thick Bld drop spread Circular motion Air dry Air dry methyl alcohol Geimsa Geimsa Malaria, Babesia, Filaria, Tryp. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 37
Observe the Thin and Thick Smear 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 38
QBC Method is used in …. • The QBC Malaria method is the simplest and most sensitive method for diagnosing the following diseases. • Malaria • Babesiosis • Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, Sleeping Sickness) • Filariasis (Elephantiasis, Loa-Loa) • Relapsing Fever (Borreliosis) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 39
QBC A QUICKER ALTERNATIVE IN MALARIA 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 40
How to read the QBC results …. • When the operator looks through the wall of the tube, the nucleus of the parasite fluoresces bright green, and the cytoplasm shows up as yellow-orange. The shape and colours are quite characteristic, and since the parasites are concentrated up to 1000X, there are usually a large number of them in any field of view in this area of the tube. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 41
URINE EXAMINATION SEDIMENTATION CONCENTRATION Clean conical glass receptacle 15-20 min Centrifuge (2 min) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 42
URINE EXAMINATION Membrane filtration technique air 10 ml urine Nucleopore filter + Saline Eggs of Schistosoma 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 43
URINE EXAMINATION HELMINTHES PROTOZOA ARTHROPODES • S. haem.egg • E. vermic. egg • Pthirus pubis • S. mansoni egg • T. Vag troph • Mf (Ov, Wb) • H sand 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Indirect immunological diagnosis • Serology – All tests available • Skin Tests – – IHA Specificity low, – ELISA • More useful in cross reactions – Amoebiasis common – Leishmaniasis – Malaria –Casoni’s test – Toxoplasmosis –Leishmanin test – Trichinosis – Filariasis – Echinococcosis 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 45
• Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Basic learning in Human Parasitology for Undergraduate Medical Students • Email • doctortvrao@gmail.com 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 46

More Related Content

PARASITIC INFECTIONS

  • 1. PARASITIC INFECTIONS BASICS IN DIAGNOSIS Dr.T.V.Rao MD 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 1
  • 2. BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES • Symbiosis: Living together • Commensalism: One symbiont benefits, other unaffected • Mutualism: Both symbionts benefit • Parasitism: One symbiont benefits, other is damaged 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2
  • 3. The Reality of Parasites • 1.3 billion persons infected with Ascaris (1: 4 persons on earth) • 300 million with Schistosomiasis • 100 million new malaria cases/ year 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 3
  • 4. Laboratory Methods For Parasites In Faeces • No technique is 100% successful in detecting parasites by a single stool examination, and at least three serial stools must be examined before a patient can be considered free from infections in which stages of parasites would be expected to be found in the faeces. • Whilst clinical symptoms or a case history may provide clues as to which parasites may be present, each faecal specimen should be treated as an unknown, as parasite stages unrelated to the clinical picture may be present. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 5. Faecal specimens may contain several stages of Parasites • Faecal specimens are examined for the presence of protozoa and helminthes larvae or eggs. • The stages of protozoa found in stools are trophozoites and cysts. The stages of helminthes usually found in stools are eggs and larvae, though whole adult’s worms or segments of worms may also be seen. Adult worms and segments of tapeworms are usually visible to the naked eye, but eggs, larvae, trophozoites, and cysts can be seen only with the microscope. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 6. Collection of faecal specimens 1. Because of the fragile nature of many intestinal parasites, and the need to maintain their morphology for accurate identification, reliable microscopic diagnosis can’t be made unless the stool is collected properly. 2. Approximately 10 grams of fresh faeces uncontaminated by urine, oil, water, dyes or radio- opaque into a clean plastic container. 3. The container should be free from antiseptics and disinfectants. 4. Label all samples clearly with the patient’s name, reference number, date, and time of collection. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 7. Collection of faecal specimens 5. All samples should be accompanied by a requisition form from the physician giving relevant clinical details and recent travel history. 6. Samples and forms from patients with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of certain infectious diseases such as AIDS or hepatitis should be clearly labeled with “Risk of Infection” or “Biohazard” 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 8. Collection of faecal specimens • 7.Most viable parasites are susceptible to desiccation or temperature variation. If time lapse between collection and observation is considerable, i.e. more than 4 days, it may be necessary to add some form of preservative to the faeces to retain the morphology as near to the original as possible. • 8. Formed samples can be kept in a refrigerator at + 4c for a short while, but not in incubator. • 9. Any whole worms or segments passed should be placed in a separate container 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8
  • 9. Collect the Information of the Patient • History (Age, occupation, residency, previous infection) • Complaint Provisional diagnosis • Clinical examination • Investigations Confirm the diagnosis - Laboratory investigations - Radiology - Surgical intervention (Exploratory) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 9
  • 10. The Microscopy in Parasitology • The Microscope is the parasitologist’s main tool. If possible the Microscope- should be binocular; most suitable objectives are the x10, x40, and x100. • The Microscope must be covered and immersion oil removed from the lens -with xylene or ether when not in use. • Calibration of the Microscope Eyepiece Micrometer: – On many occasions measuring the size of suspected parasites in faeces is helpful for identification.(eyepiece micrometer) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 11. Microscopic Examination of Wet Mount • Wet mount is the simplest and easiest technique for the examination of faeces, and this method should be performed in all laboratories at the peripheral level. • A wet mount can be prepared directly from faecal material or from concentrated specimens. The basic types of wet mount that should be used for each faecal examination are saline, iodine, and buffered methylene blue. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 12. The saline wet mount • Is used for the initial microscopic examination of stools. It is employed primarily to demonstrate worm's eggs, larvae, protozoan trophozoites, and cysts. • This type of mount can also reveal the presence of red blood cells and white blood cells. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 13. The Iodine wet mount • Is used mainly to stain glycogen and the nuclei of cysts, if present. Cysts can usually be specifically identified in this mount. • The buffered methylene blue (BMB) wet mount should be prepared each time amoebic trophozoites are seen in a saline wet mount, or when their presence is suspected. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 14. Direct saline and iodine mounts 1. With a wax pencil writes the patient’s name or number and the date at the left-hand end of the slide. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 15. Preparing a faecal specimen • Place a drop of saline in the centre of the left half of the slide and place a drop of iodine solution in the centre of the right half of the slide. • Note: If the presence of amoebic trophozoites is suspected, warm saline (37c) should be used. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 15
  • 16. Preparation of Wet film • With an applicator stick (match or tooth pick), pick up a small portion of the specimen (size of a match head) and mix the drop of saline. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16
  • 17. STOOL EXAMINATION MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION COLOUR CONSISTENCY COMPOSITION Adult PARASITES -Liquid (Troph) *Ascaris worm ?? Blood ?? Mucus Pale -Formed (Cyst) *E. vermicularis (dysentry) -Semi formed (Cyst) *T. saginata 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 18. DIAGNOSIS DIRECT INDIRECT MOLECULAR Urine IHAT Stool LAT Sputum PCR IFAT Biopsy DNA probes ELISA Blood Aspirates 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 19. URINE EXAMINATION MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC colour Sedimentation white smoky concentration Ether Acetic acid Membrane Chyluria Blood filtration Dissolve fat RBC haemolysis S. Filaria 12/10/2012 M.f haematobium Dr.T.V.Raoova Clear MD
  • 20. Examination 1. Put the slide with the mounts on the microscope stage and focus on the mount with the x10 or low-power objective. 2. Regulate the light in the microscope field with the sub stage diaphragm. You should be able to see objects in the field distinctly. Too much or too little light is not good. 3. Examine the entire coverslip area with the x10 objective; focus the objective on the top left-hand corner and move the slide systematically backwards and forwards, or up and down. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 21. Examination Cont. 4. When organisms or suspicious material are seen, switch to the high-dry objective, and increase the light by opening the sub stage diaphragm to observe the detailed morphology. -This is a systematic examination. If mounts are examined in this way, any parasites present will usually be found. If the mount is not examined systematically, parasites may be missed. Examine each microscope field carefully, focusing up and down, before moving to the next field. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 22. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 23. STOOL EXAMINATION A Rapid Methods Saline smear Iodine smear saline Iodine 1% Huge number of: •Eggs Huge number of: • Protozoal troph. Motility •Cyst morphological details (Amoeb, flagellates) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 23
  • 24. Need for Concentration Methods for Faecal examination • A concentration procedure is performed mainly to separate the parasites from faecal debris. The concentration procedure not only increases the numbers of parasites in the sediment but it also unmasks them, making them more visible by removing organic and inorganic debris 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 24
  • 25. STOOL EXAMINATION Scanty infection Concentration techniques Sedimentation Floatation • Heavy eggs (Ascaris egg) • Non Operculated eggs • Operculated eggs (Trematodes) Trematodes ( S. m.) • Larvae (Strong sterc.) Cestode Nematode(Hookworms,Trichostong) • Cysts • Cysts 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 25
  • 26. STOOL EXAMINATION Saline sedimentation Mesh wire gauze Saline Emulsify Conical flask 10 g stool Sediment 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 26
  • 27. STOOL EXAMINATION Kato technique Mesh screen Hole Template Remove the template Cellophane soaked by glycerin (clears faeces Egg count/ g stool 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 27 Egg quant. Of: Ascaris, T. trich., Hookworms, S. mansoni
  • 28. Stool examination other Texhniques • Stoll’s technique for eggs of Ascaris, T. trichiura., Hookworms, S. mansoni • Baermann’s technique Detec. Of Nematode L. /stool, soil • Cultures for Nematode larvae using Filter paper culture for Larvae of: St. stercoralis (A,L) and Hookworms 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28
  • 29. Artifacts • Artifacts other things, living or artificial, present in the stool that are not parasites and could mislead the laboratory worker. • Note: “Artifacts not to be mistaken for cysts”. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 30. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 31. Plant cells Pollen grains Air bubble Plant fibre Plant hairs Non-human coccidial oocysts Fat droplets Soapy plaques Starch cell Charcot leyden crystals Muscle fibers Fatty acids Macrophage 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD Epithelial cells
  • 33. SPUTUM EXAMINATION MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC NaOH Appearance Concentration Sputum Centrifuge Bloody (Parag) Rusty brown (Parag) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 34. BIOPSY SPECIMEN MUSCLE RECTAL SKIN BIOPSY BIOPSY O. Volvulus T. Spiralis Schistosomes mf larvae egg 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 35. •Lumbar puncutre • Centrifuge •Examine sed. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 36. BLOOD EXAMINATION Buffy coat Knott’s conc. Blood films QBC technique films tech. Thin Thick 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 37. BLOOD EXAMINATION BLOOD FILMS • Thin • Thick Bld drop spread Circular motion Air dry Air dry methyl alcohol Geimsa Geimsa Malaria, Babesia, Filaria, Tryp. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 37
  • 38. Observe the Thin and Thick Smear 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 38
  • 39. QBC Method is used in …. • The QBC Malaria method is the simplest and most sensitive method for diagnosing the following diseases. • Malaria • Babesiosis • Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, Sleeping Sickness) • Filariasis (Elephantiasis, Loa-Loa) • Relapsing Fever (Borreliosis) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 39
  • 40. QBC A QUICKER ALTERNATIVE IN MALARIA 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 40
  • 41. How to read the QBC results …. • When the operator looks through the wall of the tube, the nucleus of the parasite fluoresces bright green, and the cytoplasm shows up as yellow-orange. The shape and colours are quite characteristic, and since the parasites are concentrated up to 1000X, there are usually a large number of them in any field of view in this area of the tube. 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 41
  • 42. URINE EXAMINATION SEDIMENTATION CONCENTRATION Clean conical glass receptacle 15-20 min Centrifuge (2 min) 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 42
  • 43. URINE EXAMINATION Membrane filtration technique air 10 ml urine Nucleopore filter + Saline Eggs of Schistosoma 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 43
  • 44. URINE EXAMINATION HELMINTHES PROTOZOA ARTHROPODES • S. haem.egg • E. vermic. egg • Pthirus pubis • S. mansoni egg • T. Vag troph • Mf (Ov, Wb) • H sand 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
  • 45. Indirect immunological diagnosis • Serology – All tests available • Skin Tests – – IHA Specificity low, – ELISA • More useful in cross reactions – Amoebiasis common – Leishmaniasis – Malaria –Casoni’s test – Toxoplasmosis –Leishmanin test – Trichinosis – Filariasis – Echinococcosis 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 45
  • 46. • Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Basic learning in Human Parasitology for Undergraduate Medical Students • Email • doctortvrao@gmail.com 12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 46