Parenting education for better care of children (Manual)

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;xof]u M Embassy of Finland, Kathmandu
ISBN: 978-9937-2-9654-0

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afnaflnsfx?sf nflu pgLx? a;]sf] 3/ g} klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] eg] cfdfa'jf tyf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox? pgLx?sf nflu klxnf] lzIfs÷lzlIfsf x'g . afnaflnsfsf] k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] ug]{ Jojxf/ / pgLx?sf] ;fdflhlss/0fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . kl/jf/ kl5
afnaflnsfx?n] clwsf+; ;do ljBfnodf latfpg] ePsf] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] pHHjn eljio
klg kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf g} lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt ug]{
lzIff lhjgf]kof]uL l;kdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;f]xL cg';f/sf] kf7oqmd, k7gkf7g,
hjfkmb]xL tyf bIf lzIfs, s'zn / lhDd]jf/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf
;DkGg ef}lts k"jf{wf/, afnd}qL ljBfno tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf /xG5 . oL ;a}
kIfx?sf] d'Vo cfwf/ r]tglzn / pT;flxt cleefsx? g} x'g . afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn
eljiosf nflu >Ldfg >LdtLn] ljjfx kZrft s'g ;dodf aRrf hGdfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 /
o;sf nflu s] s:tf] tof/L ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpg' kb{5 . kl/jf/n] klg ;f]xL
cg';f/ ue{jtL clg ;'Ts]/L cfdfsf] :ofxf/ tyf x]/rfx ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhlss/0f tyf JolQmTj ljsf;df 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ljBfnosf] 7'nf] e'ldsf
/xG5 . afnaflnsfx?df x'g] km/s km/s Ifdtf, pgLx?sf] ?rL, b}lgs lqmofsnfk / cj:yfsf]
af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf ljBfnosf lzIfs cgle1 eP afnaflnsfx? hf]lvddf kg{
;S5g . kl/jf/ / ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] a[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] pko'Qm jftfj/0f
/ cfwf/e"t s'/fx?sf] af/]df ;r]t agfO{ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf afnaflnsf k|lt
yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg l;lj;n] lzIff ljefu;Fusf] ;xsfo{df afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx
tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf] xf] .
k|:t't ;|f]t k':tsdf kl/jf/n] aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu of]hgf ug]{ b]lv pgLx?nfO{ s'g pd]/
;d'xdf s:tf] jftfj/0f pko'Qm x'G5 / ;f] jftfj/0fsf] nflu 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfon]
v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] a9g] qmd ;Fu;u}
pgLx?df cfpg] zfl//Ls tyf Jojxf/Ls kl/jt{gsf] jf/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fO{ pgLx?sf] ljsf; / ;+/If0fdf yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg' o; ;|f]t k':tssf] d'Vo p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 .
k|:t't ;|f]t k':ts n]vg sfo{ b]lv clGtd ?k lbg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] n]vs, lzIff ljefusf
ljleGg ljifout lj1 tyf l;lj;sf sd{rf/Lx?k|lt xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . wGojfb ..
ljdnf 1jfnL
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afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflucleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts
v
;|f]t k':tssf ;DaGwdf 1
v08 Ps cleefjsTjsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj 3
!=! cleefjssf] e"ldsf 4
!=@ cleefjsTjsf] bz l;bwfGt 6
v08 b'O{ afnd}qL ljbofno / kl/jf/ 11
@=! afnd}qL ljbofno s] xf] < 12
@=@= afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ 15
v08 ltg kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu of]hgf 21
#=! kl/jf/sf] of]hgf 22
#=@ ;'/lIft dft[Tj 22
#=# kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] pkof]lutf 23
#=$ ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ljlwx¿ 23
#=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 24
v08 rf/ ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/ 25
$=! ue{jtL :ofxf/ 26
$=@ k|;"lt tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ 29
$=# ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ 31
$=$= kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL hfGg' kg{ s'/fx¿M 32
$=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 32
v08 kf“r gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx 33
%=! gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ 34
%=@ gjhft lzz'sf] nflu :tgkfg / k"/s vfgf 36
%=# k"/s vfgf 39
%=$ ;jf]{Qd lk7f] 39
%=% ;lqmo v'jfO 40
v08 5 cfdf / aRrfsf nflu kf]if0f 41
^=! cfdf / aRrfsf] Kff]if0f 42
ljifo;"rL

vi
^=@ s'kf]if0f 44
^=# afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fsf] nflu ;'gf}nf !))) lbg 46
^=$= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ M 46
^=%= ljbofnodf vfhfsf] Joj:yf 46
^=^= lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd 48
^=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 49
v08 ;ft afnaflnsfsf] j[blw / ljsf; 50
&=!= afnj[blw 49
&=@= afnljsf; 51
&=#= kl/kSjtf 51
&=$= j[blw / ljsf;sf] tl/sf 51
&=%= j[blw / ljsf;df km/s kfg]{ TTjx¿ 51
&=^= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 53
v08 cf7 JolStut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO 54
*=!= JolStut ;/;kmfO 55
*=@= jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo 57
v08 gf} afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo 59
(=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] kl/0ffd 60
(=@= afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu dfgl;s :jf:Yo lsg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 < 61
(=#= dfgl;s tgfj 63
(=$= dfgl;s tgfj Joj:yfkg 64
(=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 64
v08 bz afnaflnsfdf x'g] ckfªutf 65
!)=!= ckfªtf 66
!)=@ ckfªutfsf sf/0fx¿M 66
!)=#= /f]syfd 67
!)=$= Joj:yfkg 68
!)=%= cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ 68
!)=^ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 68
v08 P3f/ afnaflnsfsf] nflu v]n / dgf]/~hg 69
!!=!= v]nsf ljif]ztfx¿ 71
!!=@= v]n / dl:tissf] ljsf; 71

vii
!!=#= afnaflnsfsf nflu s:tf] v]n x'g'kb{5 < 72
!!=$= v]naf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ 72
!!=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 72
v08 afx| afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]u, /f]usf] lgoGq0f tyf k|fylds pkrf/ /
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nfUg] k|d'v 3fts /f]ux?
73
!@=!= emf8fkvfnf 74
!@=@= Zjf;k|Zjf; tyf lgdf]lgof 75
!@=#= s'kf]if0f 76
!@=$= bfb'/f 78
!@=%= cf}nf] 78
!@=^ afnaflnsfsf nflu vf]k 79
!@=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 79
!@=*= k|fylds pkrf/ 80
!@=(= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 84
v08 t]x| afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/ kl/j{tg 86
!#=!= afnaflnsfsf] afgL tyf Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg 87
!#=@= afnaflnsfx¿n] afgL Jojxf/ s;/L l;Sb5g < 87
!#=#= :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] afgL Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg 89
!#=$= lszf]/fj:yf 89
!#=%= afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/df afgLsf] ljsf; 90
!#=^= 1fg / Jojxf/sf] u'0ffTds ljsf; 91
!#=&= Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmof 92
!#=*= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 92
v08 rf}3 afnaflnsf;“usf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ 93
!$=!= afnaflnsf;“u k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ s;/L x'G5 < 94
!$=@= afnaflnsfn] a'‰g] u/L s;/L af]Ng < 94
!$=#= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ a'‰g ;xh s;/L agfpg] < 95
!$=$= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;~rf/sf afwfx¿ s] s] x'g < 96
!$=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 97
v08 kGw| hLjgf]kof]uL l;k 99
!%=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lsg cfjZos 5 hLjgf]kof]uL l;k < 100
!%=@= s:tf s:tf x'G5g t hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ < 100
!%=#= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 106

8
v08 ;f]x| h]G8/ tyf of}lgstf 107
!^=!= h]G8/ 108
!^=@= lnªu / h]G8/ 110
!^=#= e"ldsf 110
!^=$= ;dtf / ;dfgtf 112
!^=%= clwsf/ / ;zStLs/0f 112
!^=^= ;|f]t / ;fwg 113
!^=&= h]G8/ lje]btf 113
!^=*= h]G8/ / ;~rf/ 113
!^=( kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 113
!^=!) of}lgstf 114
v08 ;q 119
afn ;+/If0fsf nflu ljbofno / kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf 119
!&=!= afn ;+/If0f eg]sf] s] xf] < 120
!&=@= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 128

1
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf afnd}qL ljbofno cflbsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . To;}n] /fHosf] gLltn] klg
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . oL ;a} kIfx¿sf]
d'Vo cfwf/ r]tgzLn / pT;flxt cleefjsx¿
g} x'g . pgLx¿n] g} o;sf nflu ;'wf/ jf
kl/jt{g u/fpg ;Sb5g .
cfd cleefjsx¿ r]tgzLn / pT;flxt
x'g g;s]sf sf/0fn] u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf /
lzIffsf] ljsf;df ck]lIft kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / lghL If]qx¿af6 o;df
s]xL k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf 5g t/ klg cleefjsdf
g} c;n cleefjsTj;Fu ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t
1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; x'g jf u/fpg g;Sg'sf
sf/0f ljutsf k|of;x¿ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf
x'g . tL k|of;x¿nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg
kg]{ vfFrf]nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg k"lt{ ug{]
pbb]Zoaf6 k]|l/t eO{ of] cleefjssf] nflu
;|f]t k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . cfzf 5, o;n]
s]xL xb;Ddsf] vfFrf] k"lt{ ug]{ 5 .
@= cf}lrTo
cleefjsTj hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ ofqf
xf], c;n ;Gtfgsf nflu rfxgf ug]{ / To;
cg';f/ of]hgf agfpg] cleefjssf] nflu of]
r'gf}tL clgjfo{ klg 5 . To;}n] cleefjs
aGg] Joj:yfksLo 1fg / l;k ax'cfoflds x'g'
:jefljs} xf] . tL ;a} ;jfnx¿ lj:t[t ¿kdf
o; o; ;|f]t k':tsleq ;d]6g ;Dej gePtf
klg k|d'v ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿n]
cleefjs tyf cleefjs;Fu k|ToIf sfd
ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu klg s]xL xb;Dd
!= e"ldsf
;dfh / d'n'ssf nflu c;n gful/s lgdf{0fdf
cleefjssf] e"ldsf ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
cleefjsn] afnaflnsf dfly k'¥ofPsf] :ofxf/ /
ckgfPsf] Jojxf/ s} k|ltkmn :j¿k gofF lkF9Ln]
;Eo / ;d[bw hLjg lhpg l;Sb5g . To;sf
nflu :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg', u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff k|fKt ug'{, kof{Kt dfof / d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/
kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] /
To;nfO{ k"0f{ u/fpg' cleefjssf] k|d'v st{Jo
xf] . To;}af6 afnaflnsfn] c;n Jojxf/ /
;+:sf/ l;Sb5g . ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'G5
/ pgLx¿nfO{ klg kl/jf/ / ;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/
aGg k|]/0ff ldNb5 .
c;n cleefjs aGgsf nflu ;d'bfosf]
klg k|ToIf k/f]If e"ldsf x'g] x'gfn] k|To]s
kl/jf/sf cleefjsn] ;dfhsf nflu klg c;n
cleefjsLo ;fd"lxs cleofg / ;dGjosf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} If]qsf] ;+nUgtfn]
g} afnaflnsfsf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / afnaflnsf]
;du| ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 . afn ljsf;sf]
k|d'v ;jfn p;n] k|fKt ug]{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff g}
xf] / To;sf k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ 3/ / ljbofno g}
x'g . To;kl5 kfl/jfl/s tyf ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs
cfly{s jftfj/0f xf] .
afnaflnsfn] ljbofnoaf6 k|fKt ug]{ lzIff
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;f]xL
cg';f/ kf7oqmd÷k7gkf7g, hjfkmb]xL tyf bIf
lzIfs, s'zn / lhDd]j/ :s'n Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfo, cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf ;DkGg
;|f]t k':tssf ;DaGwdf

2
;fGble{s x'g] 5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
j}jflxs hLjgsf] ;'?jftsf] ;f]r cfpFbf g}
cleefjsTjsf] ;'?jft x'G5 . ha Jojxf/
d} cleefjs algG5, To;sf] lg/Gt/tf hLjg
ko{Gt /xG5 . h:t}M ljjfx s'g pd]/df ug]{ <
aRrf slxn] hGdfpg] < aRrf hGdfpg grfx]sf]
cjlwsf nflu s'g ue{lg/f]wsf ;fwg ckgfpg] <
s;/L a9fpg] / k9fpg], cfTdf lge{/ aGg /
ljjfx ug{ of]Uo s;/L agfpg] cflb b]lv c;n
cleefjssf] nflu kl/jf/df ck|ToIf ¿kn]
cgGt;Dd cleefjsTj /lx/xG5 .
#= k':tssf] k|of]hg
lhDd]jf/ cleefjssf nflu pgLx¿sf
afnaflnsfsf ;du| JolSTTj ljsf; ug{ s:tf
s:tf 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos
kb{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ of] ;|f]t
k'l:tsfdf ;s];Dd ljljw ;fGble{s d'bbfx¿
;dfj]z ug]{ sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 .
ue{wf/0f ug]{ lg0f{ob]lv k|;"lt ;]jf tyf
afnljsf;sf nflu cleefjsn] k"/f ug'{
kg]{ bfloTjsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf cleefjsnfO{ bIf
agfpg of] ;|f]t k':tsn] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;df
ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoognfO{ ;xh xf];
eGgsf nflu To;sf ;}bwflGts tyf k|fljlws
hfgsf/Lx¿ ljleGg r/0fx¿df ;d]l6Psf
5g . h:t} ue{ / k|;"lt tyf gjhft lzz'sf]
;]jf, kf]if0f, afnaflnsfdf nfUg ;Sg] /f]ux¿
;DaGwL -k|lt/f]wfTds, pkrf/fTds / k|jw{gfTds_
hfgsf/Lx¿x¿/:ofxf/, cleefjs/afnaflnsf
larsf] ;DaGw / l;sfO -Jojxf/, lzIff,
;~rf/, JolSTTj ljsf; tyf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
;DaGwL ljljw kIfx¿_, afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/
/ ;dfh;Fusf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf ax'cfoflds
ljifox¿nfO{ sfo{d"ns 9ªun] afnljsf;sf
nflu cleefjs;Fusf] ;DaGw hf]8g k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 . afnljsf;sf nflu cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf
;fy} ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjdf klg cleefjsnfO{
s]lGb|t u/L o; ;|f]t k':tsdf ;d]6g ;Dej
eP;Dd sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 .
of] ;|f]t k':ts cleefjs lzIff tyf ;zStLs/0f
cleofgdf nfu]sf cleoGtf tyf ;|f]t JolStx¿sf
nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] xf]
tfklg :jo+ cleefjs tyf cleefjs aGg]
tof/Ldf /x]sf JolStx¿sf nflu klg plQs}
pko'St x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, o;df ePsf
;}bwflGts tyf k|fljlws sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{
k'gM ;Rofpg] jf kl/dfh{g ug]{ df}sf o;sf
kf7s tyf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;'emfjaf6 k|fKt x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
wGojfb Û

3
v08 Ps
cleefjsTjsf]
cjwf/0ff / dxTTj

4
!=! cleefjssf] e"ldsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/ ;sf/fTds
agfpg cleefjsn] v]Ng] c;n e"ldsf g}
cleefjsTj xf] . ha aRrf ue{df /xG5,
Tolt a]nfb]lv g} cleefjsTj ;'? x'G5 . cGt
/fli6«o afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] pNn]v
u/] cg';f/ afnaflnsfn] ;Ddflgt ;dflhs
hLjg ljtfpg kfpg] clwsf/ -kf]if0f, lzIff,
;'/Iff, ;dfgtf tyf / dfof_ sf] klxnf] ;+/If0fstf{
pgLx?sf cleefjs g} x'g, To; kl5 ;du|
kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fHosf] pTt/bfloTj cyf{t
cleefjsLo e"ldsf x'G5 . pSt dxf;lGwn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] afn clwsf/sf] rf/ cf]6f If]q
/fHosf nflu dfq geO{ kl/jf/ -cleefjs_ /
;dfh ljsf;sf nflu klg xf] . To;}n] o;sf
af/]df cleefjsn] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos 5 .
afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pgLx¿ a;]sf] 3/ g}
klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] . klxnf] dlGb/ xf] .
ljZj hut klg xf] . To;}n] cleefjsx¿
g} pgLx¿sf] nflu klxnf] lzIfslzlIfsf x'g .
cleefjs klxnf] O{Zj/ x'g . kyk|bz{s x'g .
of] s'/fsf] 1fg ;fob ;a} cleefjsx¿nfO{ 5
t/ ;d:of Jojxf/ / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf]
Joj:yfkgdf g} w]/} x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf
nflu dfq geP/ cleefjsx¿ :jodsf nflu
klg cleefjsTj;DaGwL hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf]
cfjZostf kg{ ;Sb5 .
ljleGg cWoogx¿n] atfP cg';f/
cleefjsx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿ k|lt ul/Fb}
cfPsf] Jojxf/ d'Vo u/L ltg k|sf/sf] kfOG5 M
!=!=! s8f cg'zf;gM
cleefjssf] ljj]sn] hfg] a'em]cg';f/
afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu agfOlbPsf] lgod
eGbf clnslt klg la/fpg gkfpg] lsl;dsf]
Jojxf/ g} s8f cg'zf;g xf] . s8f cg'zf;g
rflxG5 eGg] ;f]r ePsf cleefjsx¿
afnaflnsfnfO{ dfgl;s bafadf /fVg
;s] dfq c;n aGg ;Sb5g eGg] s'/fdf
ljZj; ub{5g . s8f cg'zf;g dg k/fpg]
cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ufnL ug]{,
8/ wDsL b]vfpg] / zf/Ll/s oftgf ;d]t
lbg] ub{5g . …kl/jf/df sf]xL g sf]xL b]lv
8/ ePg eg] aRrf tx nfUb}ggÚ eGg] s'/f
clwsf+z cleefjsx¿af6 ;'lgG5 / of] w]/}
k'/fgf] dfGotf klg xf] . s'g} s'nt jf unt
lsl;dsf Jojxf/ jf afgLsf] ljsf; gxf]; eGg]
x]t'n] afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 t/
To; lsl;dsf s8f cyf{t kmnfd] cg'zf;gsf]
dfgl;s bafadf /fv]/ lgoGq0f ubf{ s'ntdf
nfUg] a9L ;Defjgf ePsf] o; If]qdf cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug]{ lj1x¿sf] dt 5 . lsgls
s'ntdf nfUg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f kl/jf/af6
ePsf] v/fa Jojxf/ jf afnaflnsfx¿n]
cleefjsaf6 hlt dfof kfpg' kg]{ xf] Tolt dfof
kfPsf] cg'ej gu/]sf] sf/0fn] g} s'ntdf nfu]sf
clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿n] g} atfPsf] egL
cWoogx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g . lj1x¿sf
cg';f/ cleefjssf] k|]/0ffn] c;n sfd ug{] afgL
a;fNg] xf] / cfkm}k|lt pQ/bfoL aGg] afgLdf
cEo:t u/fpg] cleefjssf] 3/df agfPsf]
d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fn] g} xf] . o:tf] jftfj/0fdf
x'ls{Psf afnaflnsf jo:s x'Fbf :jefljs
cleefjsTjsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj
!

5
¿kdf ;dfh / kl/jf/k|lt klg k"0f{ pQ/bfoL
x'g] ub{5g . s8f cg'zf;gsf sf/0f ;w}F 8/ /
dfgl;s bafjdf x's]{sf afnaflnsfx¿n] hlt
af}blws jf ljZn]0ffTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
kg]{ xf] Tolt ug{ ;Sb}gg . o;sf] k|efjn] ubf{
jo:s eP kl5 cfˆgf] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 .
o;af6 a'leG5 ls s8f cg'zf;g afnljsf;sf]
afws xf] .
!=!=@= k'Nk'Nofpg]
afnaflnsfnfO{ cleefjsx¿n] k'Nk'Nofpg] klg
ub{5g . k'Nk'Nofpg'sf] cy{ w}/} dfof ug'{ xf]
eGg] a'emfO clwsf+z cleefjsx¿df kfOG5 .
w]/} dflg;x¿ k'Nk'Nofpg'nfO{ /fd|f] dfGb}gg .
/fd|f] sfdsf nflu k'Nk'Nofpg' pko'St x'g;Sb5
t/ g/fd|f] sfd u/] jf uNtL u/] klg k'Nk'Nofpg'
rflxF /fd|f] xf]Og . o;sf] k|efjn] ubf{ pgLx¿df
hfgL hfgL uNtL bf]xf]¥ofpg] afgL a:b5 / c6]/L
x'g] :jfefjsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 . uNtL lsg ug'{
x'Gg eGg] af/]df / To;sf] kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eGg]
efj kg]{ u/L dfof lbP/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ToxL
Jojxf/af6 cg'zf;g / g}lts bfloTjsf] af]w
u/fpg klg ;lsG5 .
!=!=#= dfofn' ;DaGw
;a} cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{
dfof ub{5g . c;n cleefjsn] dfof u/]/ g}
cg'zf;gdf 8f]¥ofpF5g, / hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
l;sfpF5g . hLjg lhpg l;sfp5g . c;n
cleefjsn] dfof lbP/ g} afnaflnsfx¿af6
klg cfTdLotf kfPsf x'G5g . afnaflnsfdf
ljsf; u/fpg] OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf
cfTdlge{/tf, :jlgoGq0f jf cg'zf;g, bofn'
efjgf, ;xof]uL :jefj, cfgGb cflb h] hlt /fd|f
s'/fx¿ k|fKt ub{5g, ;a} s'/f cleefjsn]
ug]{ dfofsf] cfwf/df g} e/ kb{5 . To;}sf]
cfwf/df afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] JolSTTjsf]
ljsf; ul/x]sf x'G5g . plrt tyf kof{Kt dfof
/ :ofxf/ gkfPsf afnaflnsfx¿n] dfgl;s
tgfj dfq} dx;'; u/]sf x'G5g . o;sf] kl/0ffd
:j¿k pgLx¿df emu8f ug]{, vfgf gvfg],
cleefjsn] gb]Vg] u/L la7ofOF ug]{, c?nfO{
3[0ff ug]{, c? k|lt hjfkmb]xL gx'g], x's{b} hfFbf
c;fdflhs Jojxf/ b]vfpg] / cGTodf s'ntdf
klg k'Ug ;Sb5g .
ljåfgx¿sf dtcg';f/ cleefjs /
afnaflnsf larsf] ;DaGw h:tf] ag]sf] x'G5
;f]xLcg';f/ afnaflnsfn] klg lj:tf/} cfˆgf]
Jojxf/÷:jefj b]vfpFb5g . afnaflnsf;Fusf]
;DaGw, dfof / cg'zf;g;Fu :yflkt ePsf]
eP To;sf] k|efjn] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g b]vfg yfNb5 . o;/L x'g] ;sf/fTds
Jojxf/n] jo:s pd]/df k'Ubf;Dd w]/} k|efjsf/L
l;bw x'gk'Ub5 . olb afnaflnsf;Fu /fd|f]
;DaGw 5}g eg] cleefjsn] hlt;'s} /fd|f]
clt{ pkb]z lbP klg ;'Ggnfos 7fGb}gg,
efif0f h:tf] 7fg]sf x'G5g . afnaflnsf;Fusf]
;';DaGw cleefjsn] ug]{ dfofdf e/ kb{5 /
c;n ;DaGws} sf/0fn] Ps cfk;df ljZjf;
a95 . cg'zf;gsf nflu ljZjf; g} alnof]
cfwf/ xf] .
cleefjsTj / afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fg;DaGwL
cg]sfF} cWoogx¿ ePsf 5g . cleefjsTjsf
af/]df lj:tfl/t ;fdflhs cWoog cg';Gwfg
u/]/ n/]G; :6]Ogau{n] k|:t't u/]sf …c;n
cleefjsTjsf] bz cfwf/e"t l;bwfGtÚ lgs}
k|lzbw 5 . ;f] k':tssf] af/]df j]ePd8Ldf
;Dkflbt n]vcg';f/ s] pbb]Zon] afnaflnsf;Fu
Jojxf/ ul/Psf] xf] egL To;nfO{ s]lGb|t
u/L n]lvPsf] 5 . cg'zf;g afnaflnsfnfO{
8/ b]vfpg xf] jf cfTdljZjf; hufpg,
;Eo / dfgjLo efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ agfOg]
xf] eGg] lh1fzfnfO{ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

6
;f] k':ts;DaGwL pSt n]vdf elgPcg';f/
afnaflnsfnfO{ h;/L Jojxf/ ul/G5 ;f]xL
cg';f/ pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ agfpFb} n}hfG5g .
pgn] eg]sf 5g ls Pp6f c;n cleefjs
Pp6f cnu If]qsf] cg';Gwfgstf{ klg ePsf]
x'G5 h;n] nfdf] ;do nufP/ cg';Gwfg
u/]sf] x'G5 .
!=@ cleefjsTjsf] bz l;bwfGt
ljåfg n/]G;n] c;n cleefjsTjsf ;DaGwdf
k|:t't u/]sf bz cf]6f cfwf/e"t l;bwfGt
;+If]kdf lgDg cg';f/ 5gM
!= tkfO{+ afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg
rfxg' x'G5 < clg, tkfO{ rflxF s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 <
tkfO{n] h] ug'{x'G5 afnaflnsfx¿n] klg
To;}sf] gSsn ub{5g . To:tf] a]nfdf t'?Gt}
k|ltlqmof gug'{; . a? Ps l5g ;f]Rg'xf]; æd
rflxF kf] s] ul//x]sf] 5' <Æ
@= dfof u/]sf] eGb}df lk6g] jf ufnL ug]{
ug'{ x'Fb}g / c;n cleefjssf nflu Tof]
;Defjgf klg 5}g . clt dfof ug'{ klg
g/fd|f] k6Ss} xf]Og . dfof u/]sf] gfddf
ufnL jf xKsfObKsfO ubf{ g/fd|f] kl/0fd
cfpF5 t/ To:tf] dfof u/]sf] kl/0ffd
t'?Gt} b]lvb}g a? ufnL ug]{ afgL a9b}
hfFbf lj:tf/} To;sf] kl/0ffd klg b]lvg
yfNb5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof ug'{ Ps
lsl;dsf] dfgjLo s'/f xf] . afnclwsf/
klg xf] . dfof ddtf afnaflnsfsf] ck]Iff
xf] cyjf cleefjssf] klg ;l~rt ;DklTt
h:t} xf] .
#= cleefjsx¿ ef}lts ¿kdf dfq geO{
dfgl;s¿kdf klg afnaflnsfk|lt ;dlk{t
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . kof{Kt ;do lbg' sl7g
sfd xf], To;}n] ;do ;dodf pgLx?sf
nlu lbOg] ;dosf af/]df k'glj{rf/ /
k'gJo{j:yfkg ul//xg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf]
nflu lbOg] ;donfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf
/fVg'kb{5 . cleefjsn] cfˆgf w]/} s'/fx¿
afnaflnsfsf] nflu TofUg ;Sg'kb{5,
lsgls afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t cjZostf
k'/f ug'{ cleefjssf] bfloTj xf] . g'xfO
w'jfO u/fpg', :s'ndf lbPsf] u[xsfo{
-xf]djs{_ df ;xof]u ug'{, vfgf ksfP/
v'jfpg', cflb h:tf sfd afnaflnsfsf]
nflu lbPsf] ;dodf kb}{gg . tL sfd
t cleefjsx¿sf] cfˆgf] lgoldt sfd xf] .
pgLx¿sf nflu cfgGb -dgf]/~hg_ u/fpg
/ 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf a9fpg lbPsf] yk
;do rflxF afnaflnsfsf] nflu lbPsf] ;xL
;do xf] .
$= afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} pgLx¿;Fu}
ul/g] Jojxf/df klg kl/jt{g ul//xg'
cfjZos 5 . pgLx¿n] s'g pd]/df s:tf]
Jojxf/ b]vfp5g / xfdLn] ug]{ s:tf]
Jojxf/ pko'St x'g;Sb5 < dfgf}F # jif{sf]
afnaflnsfn] k|fo …gfO{Ú dfq} eG5, p;nfO{
rkL{df lb;f ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ s;/L
l;sfpg] < To:t}, !# jif{sf] pd]/df p;Fu
cg]sf}F lh1f;fx¿ 5g, p;sf]÷pgsf]
af}blws ljsf;sf nflu s'/fsfgL x'G5
t/ pm÷pgL cfˆgf] s'/fdf lhblw klg
u5{÷ul5{g . p;sf] lhblwaf6 jfSs eP/
kG5g jf bafa lbP/ cfˆg} s'/f rflxF
:jLsfg}{ nufpg ldN5 / < To;f] ul/of]
eg] cleefjsb]lv pgLx¿nfO{ jfSs nfUg
yfNb5 . pgLx¿df cleefjssf] Jojxf/s}
sf/0f tgfj a9g ;S5, h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿df
;'lt/xg] afgL a:b5, 3/ eGbf aflx/ g}
;do ljtfpg dg k/fpg yfNb5g . lj:tf/}
:s'ndf klg l;sfOdf ;d:of cfpg
yfNb5 . o:tf] eP klg cfgLafgL ;'wfg{
bafa lbg'÷xKsfObKsfO ug'{ emg} pko'St
xF'b}g . ;a} eGbf klxnf tTsfn} k/fd;{stf{

7
jf s;}sf] ;xfotf lnP/ p;nfO{ s] s]
ePsf] 5 egL ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿ yfxf kfpg
kb{5 . clg d}qLk"0f{ tl/sfn] agLdf ;'wf/
u/fpg ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu ljz]if of]hgf
agfO/xg klg kb}{g . s] s]df kl/jt{g cfof]
eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lsgls
ToxL kl/jt{gsf] k|;+zf ub}{ gofF kl/jt{gsf
nflu k|]l/t ub}{ n}hfg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
%= afnaflnsfsf] nlu cfjZos cg'zf;g
jf lgod lgdf{0f ug{ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg
ubf{ ;w}F afnaflnsf ;Fu} eOFb}g . afnaflnsf
x's{Fb} u/]sf x'G5g . ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsf]
Jojxf/nfO{ klg Jojl:yt ul/Pg eg]
kl5 pgLx?nfO{ ;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug{ /
;do cg';f/ rNg lgs} sl7g kg{ hfG5 .
pgLx?sf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg] xf]Og
;lhnf] tl/sf ckgfP/ cfkm}n] ug{ l;sfpg]
xf] . lbgsf] ltg} k|x/ x/]s cleefjs;Fu ltg
cf]6f k|Zgsf] pQ/ x'g'kb{5 M
!_ d]/f] aRrf sxfF 5 < @_ d]/f] aRrf
sf];Fu 5 < / #_ d]/f] aRrf s] ul//x]sf]
5 < olb l7s / lrQa'‰bf] pQ/ kfO/xg'
ePsf] x'g'x'G5 eg] lgodsf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg
ePsf] / /fd|f] lgod agfPsf] 7xl/g] 5 .
pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} sltko ;–;fgf sfdsf
Joj:yfkg ul/;fWo klg x'Gg / ug{ klg
x'Gg olb pgLx¿sf] pd]/ lszf]/fj:yfdf
k'lu;s]sf] 5 eg] pgLx¿ d'Vo ;do
tflnsfdf g} 5g / ;f]xL cg';f/ Jojxf/df
klg tkfO{ pgLx¿;Fu ;dflxt eO/xg
;Sg'ePsf] 5 eg] afFsL pgLx¿sf]
;–;fgf sfdsf nlu cfkm}+ lgod agfpg /
nfu' ug{ k|]l/t dfq} ug'{xf]; . c;xh eP
;xhLs/0f ug'[{xf]; t/ To;}sf nflu x:tIf]k
rflxF slxNo} gug'{xf]; .
^= afnaflnsfnfO{ b}lgs sfdsfhdf cfTd
lge{/ aGg ljleGg pkfodfkm{t clej[blw
ug'{'kb{5 . :jkl/rfng / ;+oldt x'gsf
nflu yf]/} ;xof]usf] tof/L ug'{xf]; /
;xhLs/0f ug'{xf]; . pgLx¿sf] x/]s sfdsf]
;kmntfsf nflu :jkl/rfng / ;+oldttf
cfjZos 5 . cfTdlg0f{osf] ljsf;sf nflu
clncln cg'/f]wsf] z}nLdf bafa l;h{gf
ug'{ :jfefljs} x'G5 . t/, cfTdlge{/tfsf
nflu :jlg0f{o ug{ cleefjsn] kl/jfl/s
dfGotf ljkl/t bafa lbg' eg] x'Fb}g . pd]/sf]
ljsf;;Fu} cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu :jlg0f{o
ug{ lbg' jf l;sfpg' k5{ lsgls of] dfgj
:jefjsf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ c+z xf] .
&= n'uf km]/]sf] h:tf] afnaflnsfk|lt
cleefjsn] a]nfa]nfdf cfˆgf] klg
dfGotf jf Jojxf/nfO{ abln/xg' xF'b}g .
afnaflnsfx¿n] klg To;}sf] l;sf] ug{
yfNb5g / kl5 ToxL sf/0f cleefjssf
s'/fdf kTof/ dfGb}gg . cleefjssf]
klg /fd|f] cg'zf;g s] xf] eg] cfkm"n]
afnaflnsfk|lt hlxn] klg p:t} ;xh
Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;a} s'/fdf p:t} tl/sfsf]
Jojxf/ b]vfpg] klg xf]Og, dfq} kfl/jfl/s
dfGotfsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ b]lvg'kb{5 .
To;afx]s cleefjsn] cfkm";Fu s] s]
c? lsl;dsf Ps}gf;] Jojxf/ 5 eg]/
k'glj{rf/ klg ug'{kb{5 . s'g} s'g} s'/fdf
kl/jt{g klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/ ljgf ;'ema'em
rflxF kl/jt{g ug'{ x'b}g . afnaflnsfsf]
nflu cfˆgf] Jojxf/ km]g{ lsg cfjZos 5
/ s] k|efj kb{5 eg]/ /fd|f];Fu ;f]r]/ /
ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq} kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
vfGbfgL jf JolStut x}l;otsf] cfwf/df
x}g, cfjZostf / ljj]ssf cfwf/df ;f]r
/ Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . x}l;ot t
;fgf 7"nf ;a}sf] cf–cfˆg} x'G5 . lsgls
afnaflnsfnfO{ x}l;ot b]vfOof] eg]
lj:tf/} pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf
lng;S5g . w]/} cleefjsx¿sf nflu ;w}F

8
p:t} x'g' eg]sf] lgs} ufx|f] sfd xf] . To;n]
ubf{ afnaflnsf bf]wf/df kg{ ;S5g To;}n]
cfkm"nfO{ cg'zf;g / Jojxf/df Psfgf;
u/fpg cfTd;+odtf÷OR5f zlSt bx|f]
agfpg' kb{5 .
*= cleefjs;Fu TofUg} kg]{ ?vf] Jojxf/x¿
w]/} x'g;S5g, afnalnsfn] rfx] h];'s}
u?g t/ Ps c;n cleefjssf]
gftfn] slxNo} klg afnaflnsfnfO{
lk6g], ufnLunf}h ug]{, ckzAbx¿sf]
k|of]u ug]{ jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf lx+;f
ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] cufl8
lz/ e'msfpg afWo kfg'{ x'Fb}gg . clg
cfˆgf] 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu emu8f eof] eGb}df
/fd|f];Fu s'/f ga'emL c?sf] afnaflnsf
jf pgLx¿sf cleefjs;Fu l;w} emu8f
ug{ klg hfg'x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] lgx'Fdf
cleefjsx¿sf] emu8fn] æ;f9]sf] h'wfO
afR5fsf] ldrfOÆ eGg] egfO rl/tfy{ x'g
hfG5 . To;af6 afnaflnsfn] klg emu8f g}
l;Sb5g . emu8fsf k5fl8 n's]sf cg]sfF}
sf/0fx¿ x'G5g / slxn]sfxLFF abnfsf]
OR5fn] jf c;'/Iff dx;'; ePsf] sf/0f
afnaflnsfn] geg]sf klg x'g ;S5g .
To:tf] bf]xf¥ofP/ x'g glbg] cg]sf}F pkfox¿
x'G5g . h:t}M /fd|f] / g/fd|f] sfdsf af/]df
5'6ofP/ s'/f ug]{, emu8fn] x'g] k|efjsf
af/]df af]w u/fpg], cGofodf k/]sf] eP
;dflhs ;'/Iffsf Goflos pkrf/sf
pkfox¿ atfpg] cflb .
(= Ps c;n cleefjsn] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿k|lt
oyfy{ jf jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t 1fg /
Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g / ;f]xLcg';f/
g} cfˆgf s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ atfPsf
x'G5g . o;sf nflu pgLx¿n] Jojxfl/s
lgod agfPsf / cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿sf
nflu s] s] ug]{ s] s] gug]{ eGg] ;xL
lg0f{o u/]sf x'G5g . k|foM cleefjsx¿n]
x's{b} u/]sf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu cg'zf;g
/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k;DaGwL w]/} s'/fx¿
atfPsf x'G5g t/ lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]kl5
atfpg' kg]{ hlt klg atfpFb}gg . h:t}M
!@ jif{sf] afnaflnsfk|lt slt ck]Iff /fVg],
slt atfpg], s'g s'/fnfO{ slt k|fyldstf
lbg] eGg] af/]df cleefjsnfO{ x]Ssf gx'g
klg ;Sb5 . pgLx?df cfPsf] zf/Ll/s
tyf dfgl;s jf ;+j]ufTds kl/jt{g;Fu
;DalGwt eP/ ul/g] s'/f jf l;sfpg]
hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf w]/} kIf gatfO/x]sf
x'g ;Sb5g . w]/} cleefjsx?n] t 7"nf]
x'g yfn]kl5 cfkm} hfGg' kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff
/fv]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf rfx]sf]] h:tf]
ck]Iff gkfPkl5 cg]sf}+ clt{ / u'gf;x?
JoSt ug{ yfNb5g . t/ lszf]/fj:yfdf
k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] cleefjssf] efif0f
dg k/fpFb}gg .
!)= cleefjsn] afnaflnsfaf6 xflb{sk"0f{
cfb/ k|fKt ug]{ Pp6} dfq pkfo eg]sf]
pgLx?nfO{ klg b]vfj6L x}g dg}b]lv cfb/
ug'{ . pgLx?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{ g} xf] .
pgLx?;Fu klg gd|tfk"j{s af]Ng] u/]df
pgLx?n] klg c?;Fu gd|tfk"j{s af]Ng
l;Sb5g . pgLx¿n] tkfO;Fu s'/f ul//xFbf
Wofgk"j{s ;'lglbg] u/]df pgLx¿df klg
To:t} afgLsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 . dfofn'
tl/sfn] pgLx¿sf] lh1fzfk|lt ;Daf]wg
ul/lbg' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] ug{;Sg] / ldNg]
sfdsf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ kb{5 . 3/df
xf]; jf 3/aflx/ afnaflnsfnfO{ b]vfpFgsf
nflu dfq} tkfO{F /fd|f] ag]/ ;'v kfpg'
x'Gg lsgls ;dfhdf c? dflg;x¿k|lt
klg tkfO{n] b]vfpg'ePsf] Jojxf/x¿nfO{
pgLx¿n] glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//x]sf
x'G5g . olb 3/df afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu

9
Ps y/L / aflx/ csf]{ y/Lsf] Jojxf/
u/]sf] b]v]/ tkfO{Fk|lt afnaflnsf låljwfdf
kl//x]sf x'g;Sb5g . lj:tf/} pgLx¿n]
klg tkfO{Fsf] l;sf] ug{ yfN5g jf tkfO{k|lt
gsf/fTds wf/0ff agfpg yfNb5g .
dfly plNnlvt l;bwfGtsf a'Fbf afx]s c? klg
cleefjsLo e"ldsf;Fu ;DalGwt a'Fbfx¿ lgDg
cg';f/ 5gM
!= 5f]/f5f/Lsf ;fyLx¿ cfˆgf] 3/df cfpFbf
pgLx¿sf] :jfut / ;Ddfg ul/lbg'
kb{5, lsgls To;af6 /fd|f] ;+:sf/ l;Sg
k|]/0ff ldNb5 .
@= olb afnaflnsfx?n] /fd|f] sfd u/]df
pgLx?nfO{ Tolta]nf g} :ofjf;L lbg], sfdsf]
!= arfj6sf] clwsf/
of] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
xf] . o; cGtu{t sDtLdf klg afFRg kfpg],
plrt kfng kf]if0f, :jf:Yo x]/rfx, dfof,
OHht÷c;n Jojxf/ kfpg] cflb kb{5g .
@= ljsf;sf] clwsf/
of] uef{j:yfb]lv g} zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;
ug{sf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] .
o;df sDtLdf klg lzIff cfh{g, cleJolStsf]
:jtGqtf, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, Gofo k|zf;g
-kl/jf/leqsf] lgod jf rng_ df plrt
Jojxf/, ;fdflhs hLjg:t/ ljsf;sf nflu
rflxg] ;'ljwfx¿sf clwsf/x¿ cflb kb{5g .
#= ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/
of] sfg'gåf/f kl/eflift u/L k|bfg ul/g] clwsf/
xf] . h:t}M sfdsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/, zf/Ll/
tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;f
jf b'Jo{jxf/af6 ug'{ kg]{ ;+/If0f, /fhgLlts
tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf åGåx¿af6 ;+/If0f,
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts jf hftLo e]befjaf6
;+/If0f, kl/ToSt, 6'x'/f], kl/jf/ljxLg, z/0ffyL{
hLjgaf6 ;+/If0f cflb .
$= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/
of] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu a'blw, ljj]s, Ifdtf
/ pd]/cg';f/ cfkmgf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;xefuL
x'g] clssf/ xf] . o; cGtu{t ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L
k|fKt ug]{ jf eGg÷cleJoQm ug{ kfpg], wfld{s
tyf ;f+:s[lts sfddf ;xefuL x'gkfpg],
;ª3;+:yfut ¿kdf ;ªul7t eO{ ;fdflhs
ultljlw ug]{, v]ns'b, l;h{gfTds sfdsf ;fy}
kfl/jfl/s sfd -lg0f{o b]lv sfof{Gjog;Dd_
;xefuL x'g] cflb kb{5g .
-;|f]tM cGt/fli6«o afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw_
afn clwsf/sf rf/ If]qx¿
k|;+zf ug]{ . o;n] ubf{ /fd|f] sfd ug{
k|]/0ff ldNb5 .
#= 5f]/f5f/LnfO{ 3/df ;wF}+ ;'/lIft dx;';
u/fpg'kb{5 . e'tk|]t, ;dfhsf s'g} 8/
nfUg] dflg; jf c? s'g} lsl;dsf
hgfj/sf] 8/ b]vfpg' x'Gg lsgls pgLx?
dfgl;s tgfjsf] l:yltdf x'g;S5g, h'g
s'/fn] af}blws ljsf;df g/fd|f] c;/ kfg{
;Sb5 .
$= pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] dfof / :ofxf/sf]
abnfdf 7'nf] ePkl5 cfkm"nfO{ ug'{ kg]{
-u'0f lt/]sf] h:tf]_ efg u/fpg' xF'b}g . dfof
ljlgdosf] j:t' xf]Og eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf;
u/fpg h?/L 5 .
%= x/]s afnaflnsfx¿n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ

10
clwsf/x¿ kfpg'kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf
clwsf/x¿ pkof]u ug{ kfP gkfPsf]
cleefjsx¿n] lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . afn
clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] afnaflnsfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ljleGg rf/ v08df ljefhg
u/]sf] 5 , h;cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf]
clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/
/ afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/
kb{5g . oL clwsf/x¿ afnaflnsfn] kfPsf
5g jf 5}gg eGg] af/]df klxnf] hfgsf/L
cleefjsnfO{ x'g' kb{5 .
!=# kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{]
d'Vo sfo{x¿
afnaflnsfn] ug]{ x/]s lqmofsnfkdf kl/jf/n]
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ug]{ Jojxf/n] g} lgwf{/0f
ug]{ x'Fbf afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] egg]
s'/f kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfn] g} lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
To;}n] afnaflnsfsf] plrt x]/rfx cGt/ut
pgLx¿sf cleefjsn] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf
lgDg cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 M
• cg's"n ;do ldnfP/ kl/jf/df
cleefjsTj;DaGwLdxTTjatfpg]/kl/jf/n]
k|fKt u/]sf] cg'ej / cfˆgf] cg'ejsf]
cfwf/df lgoldt 5nkmn rnfpg]
• c;n cleefjsTj;DaGwL lkmNd kl/jf/;Fu}
a;]/ x]g]{ Joj:yf ug]{
• cleefjsTj;DaGwL k':ts tyf klqsfdf
k|sflzt n]v /rgfx¿ ;ªsng u/L
kl/jf/sf nflu cWoog ug{ pknAw u/fpg]
/ 3/sf] ;fgf] k':tsfnodf ;ªu|x ug]{,
• ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfofsf] Jojxf/ ug{
l;sfpg / afnaflnsfn] ug]{ /fd|f] sfdsf]
k|;+zf ug{] .
• 6f]n l5d]ssf afnaflnsf dfly x'g] lx+;f
Go"gLs/0fdf ;dofg's"n 5nkmn rnfpg] .
• :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt afnljsf;
s]Gb|x?df ;do ldnfP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ /
afnljsf;;DaGwL gofF s'/fx? l;Sg] .
3/df afnaflnsfx?df cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu
d]n vfg] u/L cg'zf;gsf lgodx?
agfpg], cg'zf;g kfngsf nflu k|]l/t ug]{,
k'/:s[t ug]{ kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?sf
afnaflnsfx?k|ltsf] Jojxf/af/] cjnf]sg
ug]{ / afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf hLjgf]kof]uL
l;ksf] ljsf;sf nflu kl/jf/df 5nkmn
rnfpg] .

11
v08 b'O{
afnd}qL ljbofno
/ kl/jf/

12
@=! afnd}qL ljbofno s] xf] <
afnaflnsf;Fu ljleGg k|ltef /x]sf x'G5g .
pgLx¿n] cfkm"leq /x]sf] k|ltefsf] cfwf/df
l;Sg] l;sfpg] sfo{ klg km/s km/s x'g
;Sb5 eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] k|ltef b]vfpg
ljbofnodf cfjZos jftfj/0f x'g'kb{5 .
afnaflnsfsf] km/s km/s k|ltefsf] k|:km'6g
u/fO{ ;du| lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu
afnd}qL ljbofnosf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] .
afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf] ult / Ifdtfcg';f/
/dfOnf];Fu l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljbofno
g} afnd}qL ljbofno xf] . o:tf ljbofnodf
afnaflnsf cg's'nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f
tof/ ul/G5, afnaflnsfx¿sf] cGt/lglxt
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/G5 . o;sf cltl/St o:tf
ljbofnox¿dfM
• afnaflnsfx¿n] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pj+
;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft tyf :j:y jftfj/0f
kfpFb5g .
• afnaflnsfx¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/sf sb/
x'G5 / ;f]xLcg';f/ pgLx¿sf] l;sfOsf nflu
cfjZos jftfj/0f Pj+ kf7oqmdsf] Joj:yf
x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nofªsg
ug]{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lzIfssf] x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] hft, lnªu,
wd{, efiff, cfly{s :t/, zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s
b'j{ntfsf cfwf/df lagf e]befj ljbofnodf
:jf:Yo Pj+ ;''/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 .
• ljbofnosf] gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df,
sfof{Gjog / d"Nofªsgdf afnaflnsf,
cleefjs / ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL
u/fOG5 .
• s'g} klgk|sf/sf]ef}lts,zf/Ll/sPj+dfgl;s
b08, ;hfo alh{t x'G5 / afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg] sfd lg/Gt/
¿kdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljbofnodf
pgLx¿n] rfx]cg';f/sf] jftfj/0f l;Sg] l;sfpg]
Joj:yf 5 of 5}g eGg] s'/fn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] x'G5 . ljbofnodf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s8f
cg';fzgdf /fv]/ ljbofnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/
;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] unt dfGotf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . o;n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ dgf];fdflhs
¿kdf c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5, h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿
lgoldt ¿kdf ljbofno gcfpg], cfkmgf s'/f
v'n:t /fVg g;Sg] / lardf ljbofno 5f]8g]
cj:yfdf klg k'Ug ;Sb5g .
ljbofno afnaflnsfsf] nflu bf];|f] 3/ xf] .
ljbofno pd]/ ;d"xsf clwsf+z afnaflnsfsf]
;do ljbofnodf laTg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf]
;+/Iff0fsf] lx;fan] ljbofnonfO{ ljz]if Wofg
lbg' h?/L 5 . cem} klg ljbofnodf afnaflnsf
;'/lIft /xG5g eGg] s'/fdf afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/
lglZrGt x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f 5}g . ljbofno
egf{ ul/G5 . o;afx]s l j b o f n o l e q
leq / xftfleq tyf ljbofno hfg] cfpg]
qmddf slt aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ul/G5 .
• k9fO–n]vfOsf cltl/St afnaflnsfx¿sf]
afnaflnsf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g' kl//x]sf]
afnd}qL ljbofno / kl/jf/
@

13
cj:yf 5 .
s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] cleJolSt tyf pgLx¿sf]
b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] pgLx¿
dfly cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . afnaflnsfx¿df b]lvg] c:jefljs
kl/jt{g tyf lqmofsnfkx¿n] pgLx¿sf] lzIffdf
k|ToIf ¿kdf c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . cem
eGg] xf] eg] afnssf] t'ngfdf aflnsfx¿ a9L
hf]lvddf kg]{ / pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg
lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljbofnodf tyf cfpg] hfg]
qmddf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;+/lIft /x]sf]
dx;'; u/fpg ljbofnon] ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L
5 . ljbofnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg ljbofnon]
ljbofnodf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] cGTo ug]{,
ljbofnodfafnaflnsfdflyx'g]b'Jojxf/sf]cGTo
ug]{ tyf pgLx¿nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f lbg],
ljbofnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|jw{g
ug]{ tyf ljbofnodf lgdf{0f x'g] k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{
afnd}qL agfpg] sfo{df ljbofno Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
@=!=! afnd}qL ljbofno lgdf{0fsf nflu
ljbofno / kl/jf/ larsf] ;DaGwM
cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn
eljiosf] sfdgf u5{g . lzz' hGd]b]lv g} eljio
pHHjn agfpgsf nflu pgLx¿sf] pd]/ j[blw
;Fu;Fu} :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, j[blw / ljsf;, k9fO,
n]vfO, v]n, cg'zf;g cflb h:tf ljifodf
cleefjsx¿;r]t/xG5g .o:tfclwsf+zs'/fx¿
afnaflnsfn] ljbofno hfg yfn]kl5 l;Sg] eP
tfklg Pp6f lglZrt :t/;Ddsf] k9fO, n]vfO
/ cg'zf;gsf ljifox¿ 3/df g} l;Sg] ub{5g
h;sf nflu cleefjssf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 . afnaflnsf ljbofno hfg yfn]kl5 klg
p;n] l;Sg] ljifodf cleefjssf] e"ldsf cem}
al9/x]sf] x'G5 . cleefjs afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO
k|lt hlt w]/} ;r]t /xG5g, afnaflnsfsf] Tolt
g} w]/} l;sfOdf ljsf; x'g] ePsfn] ljbofno hfg
yfn]kl5 cleefjsn] afnaflnsfn] l;Sg] s'/f k'/}
ljbofnosf] e/df dfq 5f]8bf ;f]r]h:tf] glthf
k|fKt gx'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] ljbofno k7fpg'
afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfpg] qmddf cfˆgf] bfloTj
afFl8Psf]] dfq ;Demg'k5{ . o;y{ afnaflnsf
ljbofno hfg yfln;s]kl5 afnaflnsfsf]
l;sfO / cGo ;du| ljsf;sf nflu afnaflnsf
/ ljbofno lardf cleefjssf] ;dGjofTds
e"ldsf / ;+nUgtf x'g'kb{5 .
@=!=@ cleefjs / ljbofno lar
;DaGwaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿
cleefjs / ljbofnolarsf] ;DaGw / ;+nUgtfsf]
sf/0f cleefjsn] lgoldt ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf]
k9fO, n]vfO / cGo l;sfOsf] ;DaGwdf rf;f]
/fVgfn] afnaflnsfsf] dgf]an j[blw x'g], cem
a9L l;Sg xf};nf a9g], afnaflnsf lgoldt
¿kdf ljbofno hfgsf] nflu k|]l/t x'g], lgoldt
u[xsfo{ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'g], cleefjssf]
cfkmgf] afnaflnsfx¿k|ltsf] cfTdljZjf;df
j[blw x'g], kfl/jfl/s ;fldKotf j[blw x'g], k9fO
nufot ;Dk"0f{ l;sfO / JolSTTj ljsf;df ;d]t
;xof]u k'U5 . To:t}], cleefjssf] ;xof]udf
afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmgf] k9fO, u[xsfo{ Pj+ cGo
s'/fx¿sf] af]em dx;'; ub}{gg . ;dodf g} sfdx¿
;DkGg ug{ ;S5g / tgfjaf6 d'St /xG5g .
ljbofnodf s] s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ eO/x]sf
5g / klxn] eGbf s] s:tf kl/jt{g ePsf 5g
eGg] ljifodf cbofjlws x'g]u/]df cleefjsn]
afnaflnsfsf] k7g kf7gdf w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg
;S5g . afnaflnsfsf] af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg]
cleefjsn] cGosf] eGbf cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf]
km/s cfjZostf jf Ifdtfsf af/]df ljbofnonfO{
hfgsf/L u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfsf nflu yk
of]ubfg lbg ;S5g . cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf]
ljbofnok|ltsf] wf/0ff, lzIfs Pj+ ljbofnosf
cGo ultljlwx¿k|ltsf] wf/0ff / ;f]rfOaf/]
hfgsf/L /fvL afnaflnsfsf] s'g ljifo cWoogdf

14
?lr a9L 5 yfxf kfpg ;Sb5g . afnaflnsfsf]
cfTd;Ddfg / OR5fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb5g .
@=!=# cleefjsx¿ s;/L ;+nUg x'g
;S5g <
cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ u[xsfo{ ug{
;xof]u ug]{, k9]sf] a]nfdf Wofg lbP/ ;'lglbg],
ljbofnosf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)
sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn / ;xof]u ul/lbg],
ljbofno uPsf] lbgx¿df s] s] k9fO eof] eg]/
afnaflnsf;Fu 5nkmn u/L hfgsf/L lng] h:tf
sfo{x¿ cleefjsn] 3/}df ug{ ;S5g .
To:t}, ljbofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿df
;xefuL x'g], ljleGg ljifodf lzIfsx¿;Fu ;do
;dodf ;Dks{ ub}{ /xg], ljbofnodf uP/ :jod
;]jssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{, ljbofnon] agfPsf]
ljbofno 8fo/L, a|f]l;o/, Sofn]G8/ cflb lgoldt
¿kdf x]g]{ / ;do ;dodf 8fo/Ldfkm{t eg]sf
;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{], ljbofnosf] j]e;fO6
x]g]{ ug'{k5{ . To:t} ljbofnosf] hg;Dks{ PsfO
ePdf a]nfavt uO{ cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ;du|
k|ultsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lng] ug{'k5{ . lzIfsn]
klg s'g} ljbofyL{sf] sdhf]/L km]nf k/]df t'?Gt
cleefjs;Fu 5nkmnsf] nflu af]nfpg ;S5g .
h;n] ubf{ ljbofno / afnaflnsf larsf]
b'/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} afnaflnsfsf]
x/]s dfl;s, q}dfl;s jf rf}dfl;s k/LIffsf]
k|ult l/kf]6{sf] ljifodf lzIfsx¿;Fu 5nkmn
ug]{, afnaflnsfsf] ;an / b'j{n kIfsf] klxrfg
ug{] / To;sf] cfwf/df ;d:ofx¿sf] cfjZos
;dfwfgsf] kxn ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=!=$ cleefjsx¿ / ljbofno ;DaGwsf
;Defljt afwfx¿
cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf] b}lgs sfddf hfg' kbf{
ljbofnodf hfg] ;do ldnfpg k|fo ;Dej
gx'g klg ;Sb5 . sltko cj:yfdf lzIfsx¿n]
klg kof{Kt ;do lbg g;s]sf] x'g ;Sb5g .
ljbofnon] plrt jftfj/0f ldnfpg g;Sbf
cleefjsx¿nfO{ ljbofnodf uP/ v'n]/ s'/f
ug{ ;xh gx'g klg ;Sb5 . ljbofnodf lzIfs
sd x'gfsf sf/0f ;do ;Lldt eO{ JolStut
u'gf;f]sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf klg
cfO/x]sf] x'g;Sb5 . o:tf s'/fx¿n] ljbofno
/ cleefjs larsf] ;xh ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f
gx'g ;S5 .
cleefjsx¿sf] Go"g z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] sf/0f
afnaflnsfsf] u[xsfo{df ;xof]u ug{ g;Sg',
ljbofnodf cleefjssf u'gf;f] jf ;'emfjx¿nfO{
;'Gg] gLlt gx'g' cflb sf/0fn] klg cleefjssf]
;+nUgtf sd x'g;Sb5 . o;y{ cfjZostfcg';f/
ljbofno jf cleefjssf] tkm{af6 kmf]g ug]{,
va/ k7fpg], Od]n, EjfO; d]n cflbsf] k|of]u
ug]{, cGt/JolSt ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{,
b'j} kIfn] ;dfg'e'lt /fVg] ugf{n] ;d]t cfk;L
c;dembf/Lx¿ /fd|/L x6fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
o;n] ubf{ cleefjs / ljbofno larsf] ;+nUgtf
j[blw ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf sfo{n] afnaflnsfsf]
pHHjn eljio lgdf{0fdf yk of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg]
5 .
@=!=% gLltut Joj:yf
ljbofno / cleefjslarsf] ;DaGwnfO{
/fd|f] agfpg / ljbofnok|lt cleefjsx¿sf]
hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg ljbofno Joj:yf ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} afnaflnsfsf]
k7gkf7gdf k|efjsf/L agfpg / ljbofno
/ cleefjs larsf] ;DaGw / ;dGjo /fd|f]
agfpgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnon]
lzIfs cleefjs ;ª3 agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o:tf lsl;dsf lgsfox¿n] ;a} cleefjs
/ lzIfs tyf ljbofno k|zf;g;Fu ;dGjo ug{
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g .

15
@=!=^ afnd}qL ljbofno lgdf{0fsf nflu
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{
;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿
• :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsx¿sf nflu
kl/jf/df k|]/0ff lbg cleefjsn] cg's"n
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; .
• cleefjs / :s'n;Fu lg/Gt/ ;';DaGw sfod
/fvL lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ug'{xf]; M
• :s'nsf lzIfsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/L cfˆgf
afnaflnsfsf] cWoog / Jojxf/sf]
hfgsf/L lng] :s'ndf x'g] cleefjsx¿sf]
a}7sx¿df clgjfo{ pkl:yt x'g]
• ljbofnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs
ljsf;, :jf:Yosf af/]df h]tgf hufpg]
/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug{
;xof]usf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{
• cfk"m;Fu s'g} lsl;dsf :s'nsf nflu
pko'St ;fdfu|L ePdf ljbofnodf lbg]
• cfˆgf afnaflnsfn] :s'naf6
l;s]sf /fd|f s'/fx¿sf nflu :s'nsf lzIfs
lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ wGoafb lbg] / k|;+zf
ug]{ .
@=@= afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/
Affnaflnsfsf] klxnf] kf7zfnf eg]sf] kl/jf/ g}
xf] . x/]s afnaflnsfn] hGd]kl5 kl/jf/af6 g}
w]/} s'/f l;Sg] / ToxL l;sfOn] pgLx¿nfO{ s:tf]
agfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'G5 . sltko
cfdfa'jfn] ;fgf afnaflnsf;Fu s'/f gug]{ tyf
pgLx¿sf lh1f;fx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L glbg]
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df
gsf/fTds c;/ ub{5 eg] pgLx¿ lj:tf/} kl/jf/
eGbf 6f9f /xg dg k/fpFb5g . o;sf nflu
x/]s cfdf a'jf tyf kl/jf/n] afnaflnsfsf]
cfjZostf tyf rfxgf cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ ug'{
kb{5 . c;n Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{ / To;sf
nflu cfTdlge{/ x'g cleefjsn] 3/nfO{ afnd}qL
agfpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿ Affnd}qL x'g' kb{5 . h:t}
6jfOn]6sf] 9f]sf p3fg{ / aGb ubf{ ;dfTg] xftf]
-XoflG8n_, 9f]sfsf] r'Ss'n, kfgL vf]Ng / aGb
ug{ ldNg] wf/f], e]l6g] 7fpFsf] ;fa'g, afnaflnsf
;lhn} r9g / emg{ ldNg] e¥ofª jf l;F9L /
lkF8Lsf] l8n cflb . To:t} afnaflnsfnfO{ v]Ng
kof{Kt k'Ug] ;kmf cfFug, :yfgLo :t/df kfOg]
;lhnf v]n ;fdu|Lx¿, k9g ;lhnf] x'g] kmlg{r/,
afnaflnsfsf] nflu v's'nf n'ufx¿sf] k|aGw klg
afn d}qL u/fpg' h?/L x'G5 .
@=@=! Affnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ s;/L lgdf{0f
ug]{
Affnd}qL kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/df
cg'zf;gsf] klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
afnaflnsfx¿n]l;Sg]qmddf;a}eGbfklxn]cfˆg}
cleefjssf] af]nL, efiff / ;fdfGo lzi6frf/;Fu
;DalGwt s'/fx¿ l;Sb5g . cg'zf;g l;sfpg'sf]
d'Vo pbb]Zo afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkmgf] :jljj]såf/f
:yfoL ¿kdf g} ;xL Jojxf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'
xf] . cleefjsn] cfkmgf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dflhs
d"NodfGotf k|lts"n x'g glbgsf nflu /fd|f
Jojxf/ l;sfpg rfxG5g . cfdfafa'n] s:tf]
Jojxf/ /fd|f] cg'zf;g xf] / s:tf] xf]Og eGg]]
l;sfpg' kb{5 . ;hfo jf b'Mv lbP/ cg'zf;g
l;sfpg' g/fd|f] / lx+;fTds tl/sf xf] / To;af6
pgLx¿n] klg ToxL l;s]sf x'G5g . ;hfon]
leq}b]lv cfkm}Fåf/f lgb]{lzt :yfoL kl/jt{g
ug{ ;Sb}gg . cg'zf;g l;sfpg' / Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g ug'{ Tolt ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . cem
b'O{ jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
cg'zf;g l;sfpg' t emg hl6n x'G5 . cg'zf;g
l;sfpg cleefjs;Fu ljif]z u'0f x'g' cfjZos
5 . k|foM afnaflnsfx¿n] 7'nf dfG5]sf s'/f ;'Gg
eGbf pgLx¿n] u/]sf] Jojxf/k|lt a9L Wofg

16
lbPsf x'G5g . To;}sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿k|lt
;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ u¥ofF} eg] pgLx¿n] klg ;f]xL
cg';f/ ;sf/fTds / ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug{]
;+:sf/ l;Sb5g . afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf
nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_ cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{
cg'zf;gdf cEo:t u/fpgfn] afnaflnsfnfO{
hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/ / b'3{gfx¿af6 arfpF5 .
dfof u/]/ g} afnaflnsfdf cg'zf;gsf] ljsf;
ePdf afnaflnsfsf nflu klg cleefjs
k|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]r agfpg dbt ldNb5 .
;s/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf;n] cfTdljZjf;
a9fpF5 . cg'zfl;t afnaflnsfn] cGo JolStx¿
/ ;fyLx¿;Fu ;';DaGw :yfkgf u/L sfod /fVg
;Sb5g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} dgkg]{ s'/fsf] nf]e b]vfP/
sfd jf cg'zf;gsf Jojxf/ ug{ nufpg' eGbf
s'g} sfd ul/;s]kl5 k'/:sf/sf] ¿kdf t'?Gt
lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ lk6g] jf s'g}
klg lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s oftgf x'g] ;hfo
lbg' x'Fb}g . s'g} 7"n} uNtL u/]df s'g} lgb]{lzt
7fpFdf gxlNnO{sg jf cfkm"n] eg]h:tf] u/L Ps
ldg]6;Dd a:g nufpg' k5{ . Ps ldg]6 cufl8
eg]h:tf] u/L ga;]df k'gM ;do yk ug{'k5{ .
afnaflnsfnfO{ w]/} lgodx¿sf] aGwg agfpg'
x'Fb}g . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lx+;fn] l;Sg ;xof]u
ub{}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ h] l;sfpg vf]lhPsf] 5,
To;sf af/]df cfkm"n] klg u/]/ b]vfpg'k5{ . h:t}M
vfgf vfg' cl3 jf lb;f ul/;s]kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn]
xft w'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpg cfkm"n] klg To:tf]
a]nfdf xft wf]P/ b]vfpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfn]
s'g} sfd lauf/]df jf uNtL u/]df hjfkm lbg] jf
;f] af/] s]xL eGg] cj;/ lbg'k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿
cfkm"nfO{ cfgGb lbg] sfd ug{af6 alGrt x'g
rfxFb}gg . h:t}M afnaflnsfnfO{ t'?Gt} l6eL aGb
ug{ eGg' x'Fb}g . a? % ldg]6kl5 aGb u/L ;'Tg
jf k9g hfgsf] nflu eg]/ ;Demfpg ;lsG5 .
afnaflnsfn] s'g} uNtL u/]df afnaflnsfsf]
cfFvfsf] ;fd'Gg] uO{ cfkm"lt/ Wofgfsif{0f
u/fpg'k5{ . cfkm" sfd ul//x]sf] eP klg 5f]8]/
glhs hfg] / gd| / b[9 lsl;dsf] cfjfhdf
p;sf] gfdn] g} af]nfpg' k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] xft
;dfpg], cF==xF==! eGg], ca s] ug]{ eg]/ ;f]Wg], s'g
Jojxf/ 5f]8g'k5{ / s:tf] Jojxf/ rflxF ug'{k5{
egL ;f]Wg'k5{ / To;sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] dgl:ylt l7s gePsf]
;dodf Hofb} s8f lgodx¿ agfP/ ;hfo afkt
s'g} sfd ug{ afWo agfpg] k|of; ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;f/f+zdf, afnaflnsfsf] nflu cg'zf;g g} k|ult
/ pHHjn eljiosf] dfu{ lgb{]zg ug]{ dfWod xf] .
v_ ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ / Jojxf/ ug]{
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/ /
lzi6frf/ tyf ;+:sf/x¿ ;fg} pd]/b]lv l;sfpg'
cfjZos 5 . o:tf s'/fx¿ ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf
;dfh / 7fpFcg';f/ km/s km/s klg x'G5g .
tkfO{+n] slxn]sfxLF cfkmgf] afnaflnsfn]
gsf/fTds Jojxf/ b]vfpFbf s'g} ;dodf ;df{pg'
k/]sf] klg x'g;Sb5 . t/ To:tf Jojxf/nfO{
bf]xf]¥ofpg gkfpg] u/L ;do ldnfP/ d}qLk"0f{
lsl;dn] klg l;sfpg ;lsG5 . /fd|f] ;+:sf/
jf Jojxf/ hlGFdb} lnP/ cfpg] u'0f xf]Og . of]
t cfˆgf] cleefjsx¿af6 l;Sg] ljifo xf] .
afnaflnsfn] af]Ng ;'? ug]{ lalQs} b]lv cfr/0f
;DaGwLrngrlNtsf;dfGos'/fx¿eGgl;sfpg'
k5{ . h:t}M wGojfb, gd:t], ;Gr} x'g'x'G5, km]l/
e]6f}+nf cflb . To;}n] c;n Jojxf/sf] l;sfO
cfˆg} 3/af6 ;'? x'G5 . o;cGtu{t s]xL d'Vo
cfr/0f;DaGwL Jojxf/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
• s]xL s'/f k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 jf s;}sf] ;xof]u
kfOof] eg] …wGojfbÚ eGg'k5{ .

17
• dflg;x¿ ljifout s'/f ul//x]sf] ;dodf
clt h?/L sfd gk/] ;Dd layf]Ng' x'Fb}g .
• sf]xL dflg; cfˆgf] 3/df cfPdf jf 7fpF
ljz]if st} e]6gf;fy ;do / p;sf] of]Uotf
cg';f/sf] clejfbg ug'{k5{ .
• s;}sf] 3/sf] 9f]sf PSsf;L vf]Ng x'Fb}g,
aflx/af6 9f]sf 9S9SofP/ jf cGo cfjfh
lbP/ dfq vf]Ng' k5{ .
• kmf]g ubf{ cfkmgf] kl/ro lbg'k5{ / sf];Fu
s'/f ug{ rfx]sf] xf] ;f]af/] eGg'k5{ .
• s;}nfO{ lh:Sofpg', xf]Rofpg', 3[0ff ug'{,
sdhf]/L k|lt xfF:g' h:tf sfd czf]egLo
dflgG5g .
• vf]Sbf jf xf5o'F ubf{ ?dfnn] d'v 9fSg'k5{ .
• 3/sf] 9f]sfdf jf dflg; lxF8g] af6f] 9fs]/
pleg x'Fb}g .
• s'g} klg vfg]s'/fx¿ d'vdf ePsf] a]nfdf
c?;Fu af]Ng] ug'{ x'Fb}g .
• d'vdf /fVbf s'g} vfg]s'/f w]/} tftf] /x]5
eg] y'Sg' x'Fb}g . Ps 3'8sL lr;f] kfgL jf
b"w lkpg'k5{ . tftf] vfgf vfg' cufl8 slt
tftf];Dd vfg ;lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'
kb{5 .
• vfgf vfFbf d'vel/ 6Dd vfg]s'/f xfNg' x'Fb}g .
• w]/} hgf ePdf ;Fu} a;]sf ;a}nfO{ vfg]s'/f
lbO{ g;sL vfgf vfg ;'? ug'{ x'Fb}g .
• kmf]x/x¿ af6f]df kmfNg' x'Fb}g . af6f]df b]lvPsf]
kmf]x/ ;Dej eP;Dd l6k]/ plrt 7fFpdf
kmflnlbg' k5{ .
• l5d]sLx¿nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] gs/fTds
k|efj kg]{ sfd jf xf]xNnf ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;s];Dd l5d]sLnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
• g/d tl/sfn] af]Ng], ljlgt x'g], ;Ddfg ug]{ /
cf1fkfng ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .
• cleefjssf] cg'dlt lagf s'g} j:t' -h:t}M
k};f, d"Nojfg j:t', cf}hf/ cflb_ lng'x'Fb}g .
• cleefjs tyf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{
3/sf] sfddf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
• dflg;x¿ s'/f u/]sf] ;dodf s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] afwf k'Ug] sfd ug{ jf v]Ng' x'Fb}g .
h:t}M 7'nf] cfjfh lgsfNg]÷ahfpg], pkmfg]{,
u'8fpg] h:tf v]nx¿, cflb .
u_ afnaflnsfsf] lzIff
cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] lzIfs, 3/
klxnf] ljbofno / k9g' klxnf] sfd xf] .
afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOsf] nflu cleefjssf]
;xof]usf] 7'nf] dxTTj x'G5 . lsgls cleefjsn]
g} c¿n] eGbf cfˆgf] afnaflnsfaf/] /fd|/L
a'em]sf x'G5g . To;} sf/0fn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
plrt pd]/b]lv g} k9g n]Vg l;sfpg' clt
cfjZos 5 . lsgls k9fO g} ;a} lsl;dsf
l;sfOx¿sf] cfwf/ xf] . h'g afnaflnsfn] 3/d}
k9g] /fd|f] jftfj/0f kfO{ /fd|f] hu a;fn]sf
x'G5g, ljbofnodf klg pgLx¿ g} a9L ;kmn
x'g;S5g . h'g afnaflnsfn] 3/df k9g] n]Vg]
sfddf cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; ul/;s]sf x'G5g,
pgLx¿sf] k9fOk|ltsf] ;f]r klg ;sf/fTds
alg;s]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L, h'g afnaflnsfn]
3/d} kl/j/;Fu k9g dg k/fpFb5g, To:tf
afnaflnsfn] k9g] s'/fnfO{ hLjgel/ g} dg
k/fO/xG5g . ;sf/fTds ;f]r agfO/xG5g
/ of]hgfdf ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ hfG5g .
afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf
sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 M
!= afnaflnsfn] s;/L k9g l;Sb5g <
slt pd]/af6 k9fpg] . afnaflnsfx¿n] :s'n
egf{ ug'{ cufl8b]lv g} k9g ;'? ug'{k5{ .
slnnf afnaflnsfx¿n] klg lstfa x]g{ /
k9g dg k/fpF5g . pgLx¿n] lrq x]/]/ /

18
uLtaf6 ;fjf cIf/ l56f] lrGb5g . k9g n]Vg
yfn]kl5 cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ cIf/sf ¿kdf n]Vg
;lsG5 eg]/ hflg;s]sf x'G5g . :s'ndf egf{ x'g'
cufl8 afnaflnsfn] 5fk]sf cIf/x¿n] syf
agfpg ldN5 eg]/ hfGb5g . pgLx¿n] cfjfh
/ cIf/ larsf] ;DaGw x'g] /x]5 eg]/ a'‰g
yfN5g . ha afnaflnsfx¿ :s'n egf{ x'G5g,
ta zAbx¿sf] cy{ hfGg] pkfox¿ yfxf kfpg
yfN5g . pgLx¿n] w]/} lsl;dsf kf7o;fdu|Lx¿
k9]kl5 pgLx¿n] k9g yfn]sf syfsf] cGTo
s;/L x'G5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5g . To;}
u/L lstfaL 1fgnfO{ cfˆgf] Jojxf/df hf]8g
;Sb5g . o:tf] a]nfdf cleefjsn] lgs}
Wofg lbP/ ;xof]u ug{ cfjZos 5 .
@= cleefjsn] s;/L k9g l;sfpg]<
• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ck]Iffsf af/]df
cleefjs / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ljrf/
k'¥ofpg' kb{5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ k'/f ug{
cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . To:tf s]xL
ck]Iffx¿ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
• ljleGg lsl;dsf lstfa, kqklqsf,
l;;fsnd, /ªuLg snd h:tf kf7
o;fdu|Lx¿ 3/d} pknAw u/fOlbg'k5{ .
• cfk"m klg afnaflnsfx¿;Fu} k9g], k9g
l;ls;s]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg k9gaf6
g/f]sL lgoldt ¿kdf k9g xf};nf
lbg'xf]; . pgLx¿n] u/]sf k|of;x¿k|lt
:ofjf;L lbg'k5{ .
• cfk"mn] s'g ljifo kl9/x]sf] xf] eGg] af/]df
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg atfpg] . o;f] ugf{n]
pgLx¿sf] ;f]r]/ dfq ljrf/ ug]{ l;k /
zAbe08f/sf] ljsf; ug{ dbbt k'Ub5 .
• afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9g' eg]sf] dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{ xf] eg]/ a'emfpg' / dx;'; u/fpg'
kb{5 . olb cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfx¿sf]
l;sfO k|lqmofdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;+nUg
x'g] xf] eg] cfkmgf] afnaflnsfx¿
cleefjsk|lt ;sf/fTds x'G5g / k9fOdf
;w}Fel/ g} ;kmn x'g ;S5g .
#= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pko'St kf7o
;fdu|Lx¿ s;/L pknAw ug]{ <
• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ljbofnodf
k':tsfno 5 eg] kf7o;fdu|Lsf] nflu
;aeGbf ;lhnf] ;|f]t x'g;S5 . To;f]
ePdf lzIfs jf k':tsfnosf] sd{rf/L;Fu
s'/f u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ pko'St ;fdu|L
pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf]; .
• :yfgLo :t/df ;fd'bflos k':tsfno jf
cWoog s]Gb| ePdf cfkmgf]
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Dks{ u/fO{ lbg'xf]; .
;Dej eP;Dd pko'St ;fdfu|Lx¿ pknAw
u/fOlbg'xf]; .
• ;a} ljbofno / ;d'bfox¿df k':tsfno
jf cWoog s]Gb|x¿ gx'g ;S5g . olb
gePdf lstfa k;naf6 lsg]/ klg pknAw
u/fOlbFbf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf dxTTjk"0f{
k|efj kb{5 / Tof] ;xL nufgL x'g;Sb5 .
• lstfax¿ 5fGbf km/skm/s syfsf
lstfax¿ 5fGg'xf]; . h:t} bGTo syf,
ljleGg b]z / ;+:s[ltx¿sf Aff/]df n]lvPsf
syfx¿ cflb .
• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] OR5f / rfxgf
cg';f/sf] lstfa 5fGg'xf]; . k|foM
afnaflnsfx¿n] /dfOnf s'/f n]lvPsf
lstfax¿ dg k/fpFb5g .
• cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljljw lsl;dsf
lstfax¿ k9g pT;flxt ug'{xf]; . h:t}M
cfZro{, k|l;bw JolStsf rf;f] nfUbf
hLjgL n]lvPsf / u}/ cfVofg cflb .
• syfsf lstfa 5gf}6 ubf{ cleefjssf]
cfkmg} 36gfx¿;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf lsl;dsf
syfsf lstfa ePdf afnaflnsfnfO{ 8/,

19
qf; / dgf]efjgfx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpFb5 .
$= afnaflnsfnfO{ ul0ft s;/L l;sfpg]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ul0ftsf]
1fg / l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu
dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]t JolSt x'g ;Sb5g . cfˆgf
afnaflnsfl;t lx;fa;DaGwL s'/f ug]{, k|Zg
;f]Wg], pgLx¿;Fu lx;fak|ltsf] ljrf/ a'‰g] /
v]nsf] ¿kdf ul0ftnfO{ cEof; ugf{n] ul0ft
k|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]rfOsf] ljsf; ug{ dbbt
k'Ub5 . h:t} M
• ul0ft;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ b}lgs lqmofsnfksf
¿kdf k|of]udf Nofpg dbbt ug'{xf]; .
• afnaflnsfn] ul0ft;DaGwL 1fgdf /fd|f]
k|ult ug{ ;Sb5g egL afnaflnsfk|lt
cfˆgf] ljZjf; ePsf] s'/f b;f{pg'xf]; .
• ul0ftLo l;sfOdf slxNo} emsf]{ gdfgL
oy]i6 ;do lbO{ h'g;'s} a]nf ;sf/fTds
aGg'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfn] u/]sf lx;fa;DaGwLsf x/]s
k|of;x¿nfO{ v'n]/ k|;+zf ug'{xf]; .
• lgoldt ¿kdf ul0ftsf af/] rfvnfUbf
s'/f ug{'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljrf/ / cg'ej a'‰gsf
nflu pko'St k|Zg u/]/ pQ/ lbgsf nflu
xf};nf lbg'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ul0ft;DaGwL
1fg / l;k k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] cEof;
ug]{ ;dfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . h:t}M 6'qmf
ldnfP/ u0fgf ug{sf nflu sf7sf jf
Knfl:6ssf Ansx¿, hf]8g 36fpg, u'gf
ug{ cflbsf nflu k|of]u ug{ sfpG6/
OToflb .
• ul0ft;DaGwL v]n v]Nb} afnaflnsf;Fu
/dfOnf] ug{'xf]; . v]n v]Nbf ul0ft l;Sg,
xfF;v]n ug{ / cfkmgf] afnaflnsf;Fu
dfofn' ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ cj;/ ldNb5 .
• afnaflnsfx¿n] 7'nf dfG5]x¿;Fu lgoldt
¿kdf ul0ft;DaGwL v]n v]Ng] ubf{
pgLx¿sf] ul0ft;DaGwL 1fg / l;kdf
ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
• 3'dlkm/ ubf{ cªs;DaGwL uLt, Znf]s,
sljtf, cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug'{xf]; .
• afnaflnsf ;'Tg] a]nfdf u0fgf;DaGwL,
cfsf/ k|sf/ / cªs;DaGwL lstfa k9
g'xf]; .
• ahf/ hfFbf cfk"mn] lsg]sf] j:t'x¿sf]
u0fgf ug{ nufpg] .
• j:t'efp x]bf{ ufO{ j:t', afv|fsf] u0fgf
ug]{ / /ª;DaGwL 5'6ofP/ u0fgf ug{ klg
;xof]u ug]{ .
• cfkmgf] 3/ jl/kl/ ?v la?jf, 3/x¿, s'g
lb;fdf s'g pknAw j:t'x¿ 5g eGg]
1fg lbg] .
$=!= ul0ftsf] l;sfO cGt{ut lgDglnlvt
lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg ;lsG5 M
• ul0ftsf] l;sfOdf u0fgf ug]{, To;nfO{ 5''g],
qmdzM bf]xf]¥ofP/ uGg] / cGTodf pN6f]af6
klg uGg], u0fgf;DaGwL uLt ufpg], v]Ng],
Sofn]G8/ k|of]u ug]{, olt÷plt eg]/ atfpFbf
hf]8g], 36fpg], u'0ff ug]{ / efu ug]{ sfddf
k|of]u ul/G5 .
• qmdabwtf (Pattern) ;DaGwL
lqmofsnfkx¿M tfnLsf] cfjfh, k}tfnf
tfn,h:tf qmdabwtfnfO{ u0fgf ug]{, syf,
sljtf, / uLtx¿sf] z}nLnfO{ ofb u/fpg],
hldgdf la5ofPsf 6fonsf] a'66f, leQfsf]
a'66f, sk8fsf] a'66f cflbsf af/]df s'/f
ug'{xf]; .
• Dffkg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿ M
afnaflnsfsf] hGd lbgdf k|To]s jif{
prfO / tf}n gfKg'xf]; / To;sf] af/]

20
s'/fsfgL ug'{xf]; . ljleGg ;fOhsf efF8fx¿
s'gdf slt kfgL 5 egL s'/f ug'{xf]; .
• nfdf], 5f]6f], xf]rf], cUnf], km/flsnf], afSnf],
kftnf] h:tf zAbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L bfFHg]
s'/fx¿ af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf]; .
• e¥ofªsf v'8lsnfx¿ dfly b]lv tn;Dd
cfOk'Ug slt v'6lsnf kf/ ug'{k5{,
d'/nLsf Kjfnx¿ slt 5g eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf]; .
To;}u/L 3/sf] s'g 7fpF b]lv s'g 7fpFdf
hfg slt sbd 5 lxF8]/ sbd uGg nufpg
;lsG5 .
• y/Ly/Lsf l;Ssfx¿ b]vfP/ To;sf] d"No
af/]df s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=@=@ afnd}qL 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/
/ ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg]
dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿
• kl/jf/df afnaflnsfsf] nflu cg'zf;gsf
lgodx¿ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' hlQs}
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] klg cg'zf;gsf
lgod plQs} ckgfpg kg]{ x'gfn] kl/jf/df
cfˆgf] / ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] cg'zf;g;DaGwL
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu ;dofg's"n
5nkmnu/fpg'xf]; .o;n]ubf{afnaflnsfnfO{
klg cg'zf;gdf a:g / lgod cjnDag ug{
k|]/0ff ldNb5 / kl/jf/k|lt pQ/bfoL aGg kg]{
dx;'; x'g an ldNb5 .
• cg'zf;gn] ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ tyf ;+:sf/
a9fpg dbt ub{5 . To;}n] cleefjsn]
cg'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿nfO{ o;sf af/]df ;r]t u/fpg'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfx¿;Fu lgoldt s'/f ugf{n]
pgLx¿df efiffsf] l;k /fd|f];Fu ljsf;
x'g;S5 .
• ;a}n] ;'Gg]u/L k9]sf] v08df kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{
;b:ox¿nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg ;S5 .
• lgoldt ¿kn] k9g] jftfj/0f agfOlbg
cfk"mn] klg ;Fu;Fu} k9gfn] afnaflnsfsf]
;f]xL cg'¿k b}lgs k9g] afgLsf] ljsf;
x'g'sf ;fy} To;sf] cg';/0f u/L k9g'sf]
dxTTj /fd|/L a'‰g]5g .
• cfkm"n] kl9/x]sf]] lstfasf af/]df
afnaflnsfnfO{ atfOlbgxf];, / k9gsf
nflu xf};nf lbg'xf]; . To; k':tssf af/]
pgLx¿sf] k|ltlqmof Wofg k"j{s ;'lglbgfn]
k9g] l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] nflu eg]/ g} 3/df ;fgf]ltgf]
k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf]; . ;Dej
eP;Dd Pp6f ;fgf] b/fh / 6]a'n s';L{sf]
Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf]; .
• 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9g] ljifox¿ km/s x'g ;S5g,
;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf
ul/lbg'xf]; .
• ;dofg's"n afnaflnsfsf] :s'ndf k'u]/
lzIfs;Fu afnaflnsfsf] k9fOsf af/]df
hfgsf/L lnPdf afnaflnsfx¿n] a9L ;'/lIft
/ lgw{Ss dx;'; ub{5g .

21
v08 ltg
kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf
nflu of]hgf

22
#=! kl/jf/sf] of]hgf
gjljjflxt bDkltn] slxn] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] /
slt hGdfpg] eg]/ v'n]/ 5nkmn ug{ / ;xdltdf
plrt lg0f{o lng cfjZos 5 . o;/L ul/g] lg0f{on]
cfˆgf] cWoog, Joj;fo jf gf]s/L, afnaflnsfsf]
x]/rfx ug]{ ;xof]uL ;b:osf] pknAwtf cflbsf]
;d]t plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;xof]u ldNb5 . of]
g} kl/jf/ ljsf; of]hgfsf] d'Vo k|j]z cj:yf
xf] . kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu klxnf]
of]hgf xf] .
bDkltlarsf] ;dembf/Ln] ul/g] kl/jf/sf]
of]hgfn] hGdg] gofF ;Gtfgsf] plrt :ofxf/,
dfof, /fd|f] lzIfflbIff cflbdf k"0f{¿kn] Wofg
lbg ;lsG5 . of]hgf cg';f/sf] ;dodf aRrf
hGdfpg, csf]{ hGdfpg kv{g kg]{ ;dofjlwsf
nflu klg ue{lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ;fwg ckgfpg
;lsG5 / Tof] klg bDkltlarsf] ;Nnfxn] s'g
;fwg jf ljlw ckgfpg] eGg] lg0f{o lnFbf emg}
/fd|f] x'G5 . s'g} bDklTtn] aRrf hGdfpg rfx]sf]
;dodf klg aRrf hlGdPg eg] ;f]sf] pkrf/df
klg cfk;L ;Nnfx u/]/ g} ;DalGwt lj1;Fu
k/fdz{ ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 .
>Ldfg / >LdtL larsf s'/fx¿df b'j}n] Wofgk"j{s
;'Gg], ;'g]sf s'/fx¿k|lt ;sf/fTds ;Daf]wg
ug]{, k|z+;f ug]{, efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{ / b'j}sf]
;xdltdf dfq s'g} lg0f{o ugf{n] cfk;df dfof
sfod /xG5 . b'j} hgf ;w}F v';L /xg ;lsG5 .
cWoogx¿n] atfPcg';f/ cfdf k|zGg ePdf
hlGdg] aRrf klg :j:y aGb5 .
#=@ ;'/lIft dft[Tj
;'/lIft dft[Tj eGgfn] dlxnfn] OR5f u/]cg';f/
ue{jtL x'g jf gx'g, ue{jtL cj:yfdf :j:y
/xg, ;'/lIft ¿kdf k|;"lt x'g, ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf
:j:y /xg tyf :j:y lzz' hGdfpg / gjhft
lzz'nfO{ :j:y /xgsf nflu :t/o'St ;]jfx¿
pknAw x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ xf] . ;'/lIft
dft[Tjsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:y dGqfnon]
ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfo :t/;Dd ;~rfng
u/]]sf] 5 .
#=@=! ue{jtL aGg' cufl8 bDkltx¿n] lgDg-
lnlvt s'/fx¿df Vofn /fVg' k5{ M
s= ue{wf/0f ug{ pko'St pd]/ @) b]lv #%
jif{;Ddsf] xf] . To; cufl8 jf kl5sf] pd]/df
aRrf hGdfpFbf cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf nflu
vt/f x'g;S5 . @) jif{ eGbf cufl8 jf #%
jif{ eGbf k5fl8 ue{wf/0f ubf{ hGdg] aRrf
s'kf]lift jf ;':tdgl:yltsf] x'g] ;Defjgf
x'G5 .
v= cl3Nnf] ue{ v]/ uPsf] ePdf jf ue{ktg
u/]sf] ePdf sDtLdf 5 dlxgf;Dd ue{jtL
aGg' x'Fb}g .
u= Pskl5 csf]{ aRrfsf] pd]/df sDtLdf b'O{
jif{sf] km/s x'g''kb{5 . aRrf hGdfpg] lg0f{o
ul/;s]kl5 dlxnfn] ljz]if :ofxf/ kfpg'
kb{5 .
3= ue{wf/0f ug'{ klxnfb]lv g} dlxnfx¿df
s'g} lsl;dsf ;"tL{hGo -h:t}M r'/f]6, v}gL,
tdfv', k/fu, kfg, u'6vf cflb_ / s'g} klg
lsl;dsf dlb/fhGo kbfy{ h:t} hfF8, /S;L,
XjL:sL, lao/ cflb ;]jg ug]{] afgL 5 jf
s'g} nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{ u/]sf] ePdf k'/}
¿kdf 5f]8g' kb{5 . lsgls tL ;a} v/fa
lrhx¿ x'g h;n] ue{sf] afnaflnsfnfO{
gsf/fTds c;/x¿ kfb{5 . aRrf hGdfpg]
of]hgf ul/;s]kl5 sd;]sd ue{wf/0f ug'{
eGbf & dlxgf cufl8 g} tL afgL 5f]8]sf] x'g'
kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu of]hgf
#

23
kb{5, clg dfq ue{jtL x'g pko'St x'G5 .
ª= ue{jtL x'g' cufl8 :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx
ug{' w]/} plrt x'G5 / ;Nnfx lnP/ g}
sDtLdf ltg dlxgf;Dd k|To]s lbg kmf]lns
Pl;8 ;]jg ug]{, bd, dw'd]x, l8k|];g, pRr
/Strfk, df]6f]kg, 5f/] /f]u jf yfO/fO8
;DaGwL :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ 5g eg] To;sf]
lgoGq0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
#=# kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] pkof]lutf
kl/jf/ lgof]hg eg]sf] bDkltn] agfpg] kl/jf/sf]
of]hgf xf] . To;cGtu{t w]/} s'/fx¿ kb{5g .
h; dWo], k|d'v kIf xf] – aRrf hGdfpg] jf
ghGdfpg], slxn] hGdfpg], slt hGdfpg], Pp6f
kl5 csf]{sf] hGd cGt/ slt sfod ug]{, To;
lardf jf s'g lsl;dsf ue{ lg/f]wsf] ;fwg
ckgfP/ ;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] cflb ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ g} x'g .
plrt hGdfGt/ ePdf cfdfnfO{ kl5Nnf] aRrfsf
nflu zf/Ll/s, efjgfTds / cfly{s tj/n] k"0f{
tof/L /xg ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . ue{jtL tyf
;'Ts/L Joyfsf sf/0faf6 csfndf Hofg hfg
;Sg] vt/fdf sdL cfpg ;Sb5 . To:t}, sd
tf}n ePsf] aRrf hlGdg], d[t aRrf hlGdg] jf
clwu|f] hfg] h:tf vt/fx¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
aRrf / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu kof{Kt ;do
lbg ;lsg] x'gfn] aRrfsf] plrt :ofxf/, lzIff,
dfof / kfl/jfl/s ;befj j[blwdf klg ;xof]u
k'Ub5 .
plrt hGdfGt/ ePdf aRrfn] nfdf] cjlw;Dd
:tgkfg ug{ kfpg] xF'bf /fd|f] kf]if0f kfP/ Åi6k'i6
x''g'sf ;fy} ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] ;ªqmd0faf6 klg
aRg ;Sg] x'G5g . aRrfn] afa'cfdfaf6 nfdf]
;do;Dd dfof / x]/rfx ;d]t kfpg ;Sb5g .
aRrf / cfdfsf] :jf:Yo / enfOsf nflu a9L
Wofg k'¥ofpg ;lsg] xF'bf ;Gt'li6 k|fKt x'G5 .
cl3Nnf] aRrf x'sL{ ;s]kl5 dfq csf]{ hGdfpg]
lg0f{o ubf{ cfly{s of]hgf agfpgsf] nflu klg
ko{fKt ;do x'g'sf ;fy} >Ldfg >LdtL lar klg
;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /fVg klg ;3fp k'Ub5 .
#=$ ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ljlwx¿
tn pNn]v ul/Psf ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL
;fwgx¿n] ue{ /xg lbFb}gg . To;}n] oL
;fwgx¿nfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf c:yfoL ;fwg
klg elgG5 / tL ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ c:yfoL
ljlw elgPsf] xf] .
sG8dM of] k'?ifn] k|of]u ug]{ ue{lg/f]wsf] c:yfoL
;fwg xf] . of] kftnf] g/d / pRr u'0f:t/Lo
/a/n] ag]sf] x'G5 . sG8d ;Def]u ug'{ cufl8
k'?ifsf] pQ]lht lnªudf nufOG5 . o;nfO{ ;xL
tl/sfn] k|of]u ugf{n] dfq} ue{lg/f]wsf ;fy}
PrcfO{eL÷P8; / c? of}ghGo ;ªqmd0fx¿
;g{af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
lkN;M of] dlxnfn] lbgx'F vfg] rSsL xf] . o;sf]
k|of]un] ue{ /xgaf6 /f]Sg dbbt k'Ub5 . hGd
cGt/sf nflu of] e/kbf]{ c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . of]
lkN; vfg' cufl8 :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng'
cfjZos 5 . of] k|To]s lbg Ps rSsL Ps} ;do
kf/]/ vfg] ul/G5 .
sk/ 6LM of] dlxnfx¿sf] kf7]3/df /flvg]
ue{lg/f]ws c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . of] Knfl:6s /
tfdfn] ag]sf] x'G5 . PskN6 nufPkl5 o;n] !@
jif{;Ddsf nflu sfd ub{5 . sk/ 6L nufpg
c:ktfn jf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] lSnlgsx¿df
tflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'k5{ .
l8kf]k|f]e]/fM o;nfO{ ufpF3/df …ltg dlxg] ;'O{Ú
klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dlxnfsf] kfv'/f jf
lkmnfdf ;'O{af6 nufOG5 . of] ;'O{ Psk6s
nufpFbf ltg dlxgf;Dd ue{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . of]
;'O{ :jf:Yo ;+:yf tyf cf}ifwL k;nx¿df tflnd
k|fKt :jf:YosdL{n] nufO{ lbG5g .
g/KnfG6M dlxnfsf] kfv'/fdf /flvg] ue{lg/f]wsf]

24
c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . o;sf] k|of]un] & jif{;Dd
ue{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . of] nufpg c:ktfn jf
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] lSnlgsx¿df tflnd k|fKt
:jf:YosdL{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'k5{ .
dfly pNn]v ePsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿ a9L
k|rngdf 5g / clwsf+z ;fwgx¿ ;/sf/L
lgsfo jf s]xL ;ª3;+:yfx¿n] g]kfnsf k|fo ;a}
lhNnfx¿df lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul//x]sf x'G5g .
oL afx]s cGo w]/} lsl;dsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿
klg 5g . h:t} Kofr, dlxnfn] nufpg] sG8d,
6ofDkf]g, lkmFh rSsL / c? klg gofF lsl;dsf
;fwgx¿ klg ahf/df cfO/x]sf x'G5g .
ue{lg/f]wsf] :yfoL ljlw -:yfoL aGWofs/0f_ M
cfk"mnfO{ ;Gtfgsf] OR5f k'/f eO;s]kl5 k'?if jf
dlxnfn] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] :yfoL ljlw ckgfpg
;Sb5g . tL :yfoL ljlwx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5gM
dlxnfx¿sf nflu Nofk|f]:sf]kL jf ldlgNofkM
of] dlxnfsf nflu ul/g] :yfoL aGWofs/0fsf]
ljlw xf] . of] ljlw cg';f/ dlxnfx¿sf] kf7]3/
eGbf dflyNnf] efudf /x]sf] l8Da gnLdf af6f]
5]lslbOG5 . h;n] ubf{ l8Daf;odf pTkfbg
ePsf] l8Da -cG8f_ Tof] gnLsf] af6f] x'Fb}
cfpFbf z'qmls6;Fu e]6 x'g kfpFb}g . c;fWo}
;fwf/0f tl/sfn] ;fgf] ck/];g -zNolqmof_ u/L
tflnd k|fKt 8fS6/x¿n] ub{5g . ldlgNofk jf
Nofk|f]:sf]kL ubf{ dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
Ifdtfdf s'g} klg c;/ kfb}{g / b}lgs sfd ug{
klxnfsf] h:t} u/L ;lsG5 .
k'?ifx¿sf nflu e];]S6f]dLM ;Gtfgsf] /x/
k'lu;s]sf k'?ifx¿sf nflu :yfoL ¿kdf ul/g]
aGWofs/0f ljlw xf] e];]S6f]dL . of] ljlwdf
aGWofs/0f ubf{ z'qmsL6 lg:s]/ jLo{ y}nLdf
cfpg] af6f] aGb ul/G5 . To;} sf/0f of}g
;Dks{ ubf{ ljo{ dfq} lg:sG5 . e];]S6f]dL
u/]kl5 klg b}lgs ¿kdf ul/Fb} cfPsf] sfd
-h:t}M d]nfkft ug]{, ef/L af]Sg], lxF88'n ug]{,
v]ns'bdf efu lng] cflb_ plQs} ug{ ;lsG5 .
of}g;Dks{df klg klxnfsf] hlQs} ;lqmo /xg
;lsG5 . aGWofs/0f u/]sf] ;doaf6 k'?ifn]
sDtLdf @) k6s;Ddsf] of}g;Dks{ ubf{ sG8d
k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 jf x:td}y'g u/]/ ljo{ kmfNg
klg ;lsG5 . lsgls e];]S6f]dL ug'{ cufl8 g}
z'qmsL6 ljo{ y}nLdf cfP/ al;/x]sf] klg x'g
;Sb5 . e];]S6f]dL u/]kl5 Ps dlxgf;Dd ;fOsn,
l/S;f / df]6/;fOsn grnfpg :jf:YosdL{x¿n]
;'emfj lbG5g lsgls e];]S6f]dL ubf{ z'qmsL6
lxF8g] gnL k'mSg ;Sb5 .
cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wM s'g} klg sf/0fn] c;'/lIft
of}g ;Dks{ x'g uPdf &@ 306f -ltg lbg_ leq
ue{lg/f]wsf] c:yfoL ;fwg vfg] rSsL -lkN;_
vfP/ ue{jtL x'gaf6 arfpg] pkfonfO{ cfsl:ds
ue{lg/f]w elgG5 . c;'/lIft of}g;Dks{ ePsf]
hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] of] cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ul/of] Tolt g}
k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wsf] cf}ifwL
k|of]usf af/]df :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx
lng ;lsG5 .
#=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf
cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{x¿
• gjbDktLn] aRrf hGdfpg] ghGdfpg] jf
slxn] / slt hGdfpg] eGg] af/]df cfk;L
;xdltdf lg0f{o ug]{
• lkN; vfg lal;{of], sG8d k'm6of],
cfOo'l;8Lsf] k|of]udf ;d:of cfof] jf
c? s'g} c:yfoL ;fwg;DaGwL ;d:of eP
:jf:YosdL{;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{
• cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wsf] ;fwg k|of]u ug'{
cufl8 To:tf ;fwgsf] a66fdf /flvPsf]
lgb]{lzsf xf]l;of/Lk"j{s cWoog ug]{
• :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿df kfOg]
lzIff tyf ;"rgfd"ns cWoog ;fdfu|Lx¿
;ªu|x ug]{ / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg
cWoog ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] .
• :yfoL aGWofs/0f ug''{ cufl8 s;n] ug]{
eGg] af/] bDkQL lardf ;Nnfx u/L lg0f{o
ug]{ .

25
v08 rf/
ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/

26
ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/
$$=! ue{jtL :ofxf/
ue{jtLsf] :ofxf/ / x]/rfx eg]sf] dlxnf ue{jtL
x'Fbf ul/g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ;xof]u
xf] . plrt lsl;dn] ul/g] ue{jtL :ofxf/n]
:j:y aRrfsf] hGd x'''G5, dft[ d[To'af6 arfpg
;lsG5 . dlxnfx¿ ue{jtL x'Fbf / aRrf hGdFbf
x'g;Sg] hl6n ;d:of / dft[ d[To' tyf czSt
cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ ue{jtLsf] ;xL x]/rfx tyf
kl/jf/af6 klg k"0f{ ;xof]u kfPsf] v08df To:tf
;d:ofx¿df pNn]vgLo sdL Nofpg ;lsG5 .
Ufe{jtL cj:yf eg]sf] dlxnfsf] cToGt} hl6n
cj:yf xf] . To;}n] ue{jtLsf nflu kl/jf/n]
ug]{ ;xof]u eg]sf] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ug]{ x]/rfx
dfq xf]Og . a? pgLx¿sf nflu dfgl;s tyf
dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]u klg xf] eg]/ a'‰g' cfjZos
5 . o; cj:yfdf >Ldfgsf] ;xof]u ;a}eGbf
dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tYofªsx¿ cg';f/ g]kfndf
$) k|ltzt >Ldfgn] dlxnf ue{jtL x'Fbf /
;'Ts]/L u/fpg' k"j{ ug'{kg]{ cfjZos tof/Ldf ;fy
lbg] ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 .
zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y cfdfaf6 hGdg]
lzz' klg :j:y g} x'G5 . cfdfsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f]
agfpg ue{wf/0f ug]{ tof/L x'Fb}b]lv k|z:t dfqfdf
kf]l;nf] vfgf, sfdsf] af]emdf sdL u/fpg] /
d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kf]l;nf]
vfgf eGgfn] ldl>t vfgf xf] h:t}M xl/of] ;fukft,
kx]Fnf kmnk"mn, tfhf t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L, b'w /
b'waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/ tyf cG8f / df+;xf/Lsf
nflu df5f df;' eGg] a'lemG5 . ue{jtL dlxnfsf
nlu ;flas eGbf sDtLdf klg Ps 5fs a9L
vfgf cfjZos x'G5 . kf]l;nf vfnsf s'g} klg
vfg]s'/f afg{ cfjZos 5}g . tgfj sd ug{sf
nflu ue{jtL cj:yfsf dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿sf]
sfddf kl/jf/n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . To;n] ubf{
pgLx¿n] cf/fd klg ug]{ ;do kfpFb5g . cf/fd
eGgfn] b}lgs /ftL * 306f / lbpF;f] ! b]lv
@ 306f ;'Tgsf nflu rflxg] ;do xf] eGg]
a'emg'k5{ .
;'Ts]/L dlxnfn] w]/} an kg]{ sfd ug'{ jf ug{
nufpg' x'Fb}g . h:t}M ef/L prfNg'÷af]Sg', vghf]t
ug'{, nfdf] psfn] cf]x|fn] lxF8fpg', cflb s'g} klg
lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ysfj6 x'g] sfd
ug{÷u/fpg x'Fb}g . ux|f}+ ef/L prfNg] / af]Sg]
ugf{n] aRrf v]/ hfg ;Sg] tyf cfª -kf7]3/_
v:g] h:tf ;d:of cfpg ;S5 .
$=!=! ue{sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
ue{jtL dlxnfn] lgDgfg';f/ sDtLdf rf/k6s
ue{sf] :jf:Yo hFfr u/fpg'k5{ M
• klxnf] k6sM ue{jtL ePsf] rf}yf] dlxgfdf
• bf];|f] k6sM ue{jtL ePsf] 5}F6f} dlxgfdf
• t];|f] k6sM cf7f}F dlxgfdf
• rf}yf] k6sM gjf}F dlxgfdf
ue{jtL cj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf :jf:Yo
;d:of cfpg] lalTtSs} jf s'g} klg hfgsf/L
lng k/]df :jf:Yo s]Gb|df ;Dks{ ul/xfNg' kb{5 .
To;}n] uef{j:yfdf cfjZstfcg';f/ rf/ k6s
eGbf a9L klg hfFr u/fpg ;lsG5 . ue{jtL
hfFr ug{ hfFbf ljleGg ;]jfx¿ kfOG5 h:t}M
/Strfksf] hFfr, aRrfsf] cj:yf x]g{ k]6sf] hFfr
ul/G5, cfO/g rSsL lbOG5, 6L=6L=nufOG5 /

27
h'sfsf] cf}ifwL lbOG5 . kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿n]
ue{jtL dlxnfn] lgoldt ¿kdf cfO/g rSsL
vfP÷gvfPsf] olsg ug'{k5{ . cfO/g rSsL
dlxnfn] ue{jtL hfFr u/fpg hfFbf :jf:Yo ;+:yfn]
pknAw u/fpF5 jf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf;Fu
klg lng ;lsG5 . ue{jtL ePsf] # dlxgf
k'/f ePb]lv ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ^ xKtf -8]9 dlxgf_
;Dd lbgsf] Ps Kf6s cfO/g rSsL vfg'kb{5 .
:jf:YosdL{;Fusf] lagf ;Nnfx hyfefjL cf}ifwL
vfg' x'Fb}g . cfO/g rSsL /fVg] efF8f]sf] lasf]{
xfjf gl5g]{ u/L aGb ug'{kb{5 / cf]l;nf] / w]/}
tftf] jf udL{ 7fpFdf /fVg' x'Fb}g .
ue{jtL ePsf] # dlxgf k'/f ePkl5 Ps rSsL
h'sfsf] cf}ifwL vfg'k5{ . ue{jtL dlxnfn] bf];|f]
k6s ue{jtL hFfr u/fpFbf klxnf] l6=6L= vf]k
nufpg'k5{ / klxnf] vf]k nufPsf] sDtLdf !
dlxgfsf] km/sdf bf];|f] 6L=6L= vf]k nufpg'k5{ .
6L=6L= vf]k :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf vf]k lSnlgsaf6
nufpg ;lsG5 .
cf}nf] k|efljt :yfgx¿df nfdv'66]sf] 6f]sfOaf6
aRg ue{jtL dlxnfn] e'mnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . /ftL
cFfvf gb]Vg] ;d:of ePdf :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Dks{
ug'{k5{ . ue{jtL dlxnfn] bfFt df‰g], xft, gª,
of}gfªux¿ tyf z/L/nfO{ ;w}F ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
o;n] /f]u nfUg tyf ;ªqmd0f x'gaf6 arfpF5 .
dlb/fhGo jf ;"lt{hGo s'g} klg kbfy{ ;]jg ug'{
x'Fb}g . o:tf kbfy{sf] ;]jgn] ue{ktg x'g ;Sg],
ue{df lzz'sf] j[blw ljsf;df c;/ kg]{, af}blws
ljsf; /f]lsg], sd tf}n ePsf aRrf hlGdg]
cflb c;/x¿ x'g ;Sb5g .
$=!=@ ;fdfGo uef{j:yfdf tyf cfsl:ds
cj:yfsf nflu ug'{ kg]{ k"j{ tof/Lx¿
ue{wf/0fsf] tof/Lb]lv g} vr{sf] Joj:yf
ug'{kb{5 . cfsl:ds cj:yfdf ug{ kg]{ pkrf/
vr{, cf}ifwL pkrf/ tyf ;'Ts]/L u/fpFbf cfjZos
vr{, / gjhft lzz' / cfdfsf] :ofxf/sf] nflu
vr{ cfjZos kb{5 . vr{sf cnfjf tTsfn
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'¥ofpgsf nflu 7fpF cg';f/sf]
pko'St oftfoft jf cGo ;fwgx¿ -h:t}M 8f]sf],
:6«]r/, aonuf8f, 8f]nL, tfDbfg -sfk]{;_, l/S;f,
PDa'n]G; cflb_ sf] tof/L, :jf:YosdL{sf]
sfo{:yn jf af;:yfg :yfgsf] hfgsf/L, l5d]sdf
;xof]uLx¿sf] tof/L cflb s'/fsf] klg k"j{ tof/L
jf hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L xf]l;of/L
ul/Pdf csfn d[To' x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpFdf PDa'n]G; jf cGo
oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf rfns, :jf:Yo ;++:yf, An8
a}ªs / cfjZos k/] /ut lbg;Sg] dflg;x¿sf]
;Dks{ kmf]g gDa/ lnO{ /fVg'kb{5 .
aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf s;sf] ;xof]u lng],
;'Ts]/L sxfF x'g] / cGo cfjZos ;Nnfx lngsf
nflu cfˆgf] glhssf] bIf k|;"ltsdL{ sf]—sf] x'g
klxNo} yfxf kfO/fVg'k5{ / k|;"ltsdL{sf] gfd /
;Dks{sf] nflu kmf]g gDj/ klg lnO/fVg'kb{5 .
pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lngfn] cfjZos hl6ntfx¿
yfxf kfpg / a]n}df plrt Joj:yf ug{ dbbt
k'Ub5 .
s'g ;+:yfdf aRrf hGdfpg] eg]/ klxn] g} lgwf]
u/L cfjZos tof/L ug{'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L x'Fbf s;}
s;}nfO{ w]/} /ut au]df /ut lbg'kg]{ cj:yf klg
cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] t'?Gt} /utsf] Joj:yf ug{
nflu sDtLdf # hgf /ut bftfnfO{ klxn]b]lv
tof/ u/L /fVg'kb{5 .
$=!=# ue{jtL dlxnfdf b]lvg ;Sg]
vt/fsf nIf0fx¿
• ue{jtL dlxnfsf] 6fpsf] lgs} b'v]df
• xft jf d'v ;'lGgPdf
• xftv'66f cx|/f] eO{ sDk -sfd_ 5'6]df jf d'5f{
k/]df
• Hj/f] cfpg' jf of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL aUg'

28
• cfFvf lt/ld/fP/ wldnf] b]Vg] ePdf
• tNnf] k]6 w]/} b'v]df
• clnslt klg /ut au]df
olb dflysf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf
ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ pkrf/sf nflu t'?Gt} :jf:Yo
;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . lsgeg] o:tf lrGxx¿
b]lvPkl5 ue{jtL dlxnfn] t'?Gt} pko'St pkrf/
kfOgg eg] ue{jtL dlxnf / pgsf] k]6df ePsf]
aRrfsf] Hofg hfg;S5 . t;y{ oL ;a} vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ ;lDem/fVg'k5{ . cfk"mnfO{ s]xL cK7of/f]
k/]df jf cfk"mdf s'g} vt/fsf] nIf0f b]lvPdf
ue{jtL dlxnfn] nfh gdfgLsg t'?Gt} cfˆgf]
kl/jf/nfO{ eGg'k5{ tfls pgnfO{ t'?Gt} :jf:Yo
;+:yfdf pkrf/sf nflu n}hfg ;lsof]; . olb
ue{jtL dlxnf / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ s'g} klg
;dodf ue{sf af/]df yk hfgsf/L lng k/]df
pgLx¿n] t'?Gt} dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf jf
:jf:YosdL{nfO{ e]6L ;Nnfx lng ;Sb5g .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ bIf k|;"ltsdL{åf/f aRrf
hGdfpg'k5{ .
$=!=$ 3/df ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' k/]df ul/g]
tof/L
k|;"lt u/fpg :jf:Yo ;+:yf g} n}hfg' kb{5 .
lsgls 3/df k|;"lt u/fpFbf k|;"lt;DaGwL
hl6ntfx¿ / ;Ts]/L cfdfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf]
;ªqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n] 3/df k|;"lt
u/fpFbf bIf k|;"lt sdL{sf] cefj / :yfg klg
cg's"n gx'g] x'gfn] aRrf / cfdf b'a}sf] Hofg
hf]lvddf kb{5 . olb :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt
u/fpg s'g} klg ;Defjgf 5}g eg] dfq 3/df
;'Ts]/L u/fpg ;lsG5 . of] cj:yf cfPdf lgDg
cg';f/sf] tof/Lx¿ ug'{ cfjZos 5 M
• ;'Ts]/L x'g'k"j{ ;kmf ;'Ts]/L ;fdu|L lsg]/
3/df tof/L ¿kdf /fVg'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L
;dfu|Lsf] k|of]un] ljleGg /f]u;Fu ;DalGwt
;ªqmd0fx¿ / wg'i6ªsf/ x'gaf6 cfdf /
lzz' b'j}nfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 .
• ;'?d} dft[;'/Iff rSsLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
• ;'Ts]/L u/fpgsf] nflu 3/df pHofnf] /
;kmf sf]7f -7fpF_ x'g' cfjZos 5 .
• ;'Ts]/L cfdf / gjhft lzz'sf] nflu
cfjZos ;kmf ;'tLsf] sk8fx¿ tof/
ul//fVg' kb{5 .
• ;'Ts]/L u/fpg jf gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx
ug'{ cl3 xft /fd|f];Fu ;fa'gkfgLn] w'g'kb{5 .
• k|;"lt u/fpg bIf -k|;"lt u/fpg] tflnd
k|fKt :jf:YosdL{_ k|;"ltsdL{sf] g} ;xof]u
lng'k5{ . pgLx¿n] cfdf tyf gjhft
lzz'nfO{ ;ªqmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg, plrt
x]/rfx ug{, aRrfnfO{ k'5]/ Gofgf] /fVg,
;xL tl/sfn] :tgkfg u/fpg, s'g} vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ ePdf ;dod} kQf nufO{ plrt
Joj:yf ug{df ;xof]u ub{5g .
$=!=% k|;"lt ;]jf :ofxf/df :jf:Yo
sfo{stf{sf] cfjZostf
k|;j Joyf nfUg] lalQs} t'?Gt} k|;"lt ;]jf
kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' g} ;a}eGbf pQd
pkfo xf] . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ bIf k|;"ltsdL{sf]
;xof]udf aRrf hGdfpg'k5{ . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
aRrf hGdfpg kg]{ lgDglnlvt sf/0f 5gM
• ;/;kmfO / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf cf}hf/x¿
k|of]uul/g]ePsfn]cfdf/lzz'nfO{;ªqmd0f
x'g kfpFb}g .
• cfdf jf gjhft lzz'nfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL
s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf ;dodf g} plrt
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;'O{åf/f kf7]3/ v'Drg] cf}ifwL -clS;6f]l;g_
sf] k|of]u u/L /St>fj /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
• plrt tl/sfn] ;fn lgsfNg ;lsG5 /
kf7]3/ v'DRofpgsf nlfu plrt tl/sfn]

29
k]6sf] dfln; ug{ ;lsG5 .
• gjhft lzz'nfO{ s'g} hl6ntf cfPdf
h:t}M lg:;fl;g], g?g] cflbdf t'?Gt} plrt
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
• :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt u/fP jfkt s'g} klg
z'Ns ltg{' kb}{g, ;fy} ;/sf/n] tf]s]cg';f/
oftfoft vr{ klg kfOG5 .
$=!=^ aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf b]vfkg{ ;Sg]
vt/fsf nIf0fx¿
tn lbOPsf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]vfk/]df
dlxnfnfO{ t'?Gt} cfsl:ds -Odh]{G;L_ k|;"lt ;]jf
kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .
• cf7 306f eGbf nfdf] k|;j Joyf nfu]df,
• klxnf xft, v'66f jf ;fngfn lg:s]df,
• ;'Ts]/Lsf] xft v'66f cx|/f] eO{ sfd 5'6]df
jf d'5f{ k/]df,
• aRrf hGdfpg' cl3 jf aRrf hlGd;s]kl5
klg w]/} /ut au]df, cflb .
dflysf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf
tTsfn pkrf/ ePg eg] dlxnfsf] Hofg hfg
klg ;Sb5 . To;df klg cTolws /ut aUg',
;a}eGbf a9L vt/gfs dflgG5, h;sf] sf/0f
dlxnfsf] Hofg @ 306fdf g} klg hfg ;S5 .
o:tf vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf kl/jf/n]
dlxnfnfO{ pko'St :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg l9nfO
ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;dod} ul/g] pkrf/n] dfq dlxnfsf]
Hofg arfpg ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f klg :jf:Yo
;+:yfdf g} nu]/ ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
$=!=& kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{
;Sg] dxTTjk"0f sfo{x¿M
• kl/jf/sf ;a}nfO{ ue{jtLsf af/]df
hfGg kg]{ / Wofg lbg kg]{ sfdsf af/]df
/fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L lbg] / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{
jftfj/0f agfpg] .
• :j:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ ue{jtL
hfFr u/fpgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
• :jf:Yo hfFr tyf ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿
:jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 lnP glnPsf] lgoldt
hfgsf/L lng] .
• ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' kbf{ jf s'g} lsl;dsf]
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu cfsl:ds
¿kdf k|of]u ug{sf nflu PDa'n]G; jf
7fpFcg';f/sf] ;fwgsf] k|aGw ug{ 6f]n
;dfhsf] ;xof]u tyf ;xeflutfdf plrt
k|aGw ldnfpg cu'jfO ug]{ .
• 6f]n l5d]sdf :jf:YosdL{sf] cefj eP
To;sf] k|aGw ldnfpg ;fd"lxs ;xof]usf
nflu cu'jfO ug]{ .
• ;'/lIft dft[Tjsf dxTTj a'emfpg 6f]n
l5d]sdf 5nkmn rnfpg] / To:tf cj:yfsf
kl/jf/sf nflu pTk|]/ssf] e"ldsf lgjfx
ug]{ .
• 6f]n l5d]ssf] nflu ;'/lIft dft[Tj ;DalGwt
hfgsf/Ld"ns ;|f]t ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf
ug]{ .
• :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] ;~rfng ug]{
;'/lIft dft[Tj;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmdx¿df
;xof]u ug]{ .
$=@ k|;"lt tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/
$=@=! k|;"lt :ofxf/
dlxnfsf nflu k|;"lt jf ;'Ts]/L cj:yf ljz]if
;+j]bgzLn ;do xf] . ;]jf / :ofxf/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg x'g g;s]df Hofg hf]lvddf kg{
;Sb5 . aRrf h;/L klg hlGdxfN5 lg egL 3/d}
;'Ts]/L u/fpg' x'Fb}g . k|;j Joyf nfUg] lalQs}
k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'¥ofO bIf k|;"ltsdL{sf]

30
;xof]udf aRrf hGdfpg'kb{5 . ToxfF aRrf
hGdfpgfn] ;/;kmfO / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf
cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u ul/g] ePsf]n] cfdf / lzz'nfO{
;ªqmd0f x'g kfpFb}g .cfdf jf gjhft lzz'nfO{
s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf ;dodf g} plrt Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'Ts]/L x'g cufl8 jf k5fl8 /ut
w]/} au]df To;sf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . plrt
tl/sfn] ;fn -;fyL_ lgsfNg ;lsG5 / kf7]3/
v'DRofpgsf nlfu plrt tl/sfn] k]6sf] dfln;
ug{] l;k ePsf :jf:YosdL{ x'G5g . gjlzz'nfO{
s'g} hl6ntf cfPdf h:t}M lg:;fl;g], g?g]
cflbdf t'?Gt} plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt u/fP afkt s'g} klg z'Ns
ltg{'kb}{g, ;fy} oftfoft vr{ klg kfOG5 .
;g @)!! Dff g]kfndf ul/Psf] :jf:Yo tyf
hg;fªlvs ;j]{If0f cg';f/ #) k|ltzt cfdfx¿n]
;'Ts]/L ePsf] @ lbg leqdf / @* k|ltzt
cfdfx¿n] ;'Ts]/L ePsf] Ps 306f leqdf ;'Ts]/L
hfFr u/fPsf]] kfOof] . o:tf tYofªsn] w]/} ;'Ts]/L
cfdfx¿ / lzz'sf] :jf:Yo hf]lvddf 5 eGg] s'/f
b]vfpF5 . To;}n] ubf{ cfdf / lzz'sf] ;'/Iffsf
nflu ;/sf/n] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf g} ;'Ts]/L u/fpg
k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] xf] .
$=@=@ aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf b]vf kg{ ;Sg]
vt/fsf nIf0fx¿
s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ h:t}M k|;"lt x'g'
cufl8 / kl5 w]/} /ut aUg', xft jf cg'xf/
;'lGgg', tf/Gtf/ !@ 306feGbf a9L a]yf nfUg',
Hj/f] cfpg' jf of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL aUg',
sDkg cfpg' jf d'5f{ kg'{ h:tf ;d:ofx¿ k|;"lt
cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ / Hofg} klg hfg;Sg] vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ x'g . To:t} o:tf] cj:yfdf b]vf kg{
;Sg] cGo ;fdfGo ;d:ofx¿ h:t}M klxn] aRrfsf]
xft, v'§f jf gfn lgl:sg', kfgL au]sf] !@
306f;Dd k|;"lt gx'g', xft v'66f cx|/f] eO{ sfd
5'6g' jf d'5f{ kg'{, aRrf hGdfpg' cl3 jf aRrf
hlGd;s]kl5 klg w]/} /ut aUg', aRrf hlGdPsf]
cfwf 306f;Dd klg ;fn gemg'{ h:tf ;d:ofx¿
b]lvPdf dlxnfnfO{ t'?Gt} cfsl:ds k|;"lt ;]jf
kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . tTsfn pkrf/
ePg eg] dlxnfsf] Hofg hfg klg ;S5 . To;df
klg cTolws /ut aUg', ;a}eGbf a9L vt/gfs
dflgG5 . h;sf] sf/0f @ 306fdf g} dlxnfsf]
Hofg hfg ;S5 .
$=@=# bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg]
bIf k|;"ltsdL{{ eGgfn] 8fS6/, g;{ jf cgdL
eGg] a'lemG5 . ;'/lIft k|;"lt u/fpg log}
bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg' k5{ . bIf
k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf]
klxrfg ug'{k5{ . k|;"lt u/fpg] bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f
g} gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/ klg u/fpg' k5{ .
;'Ts]/L ePsf] @$ 306f;Dd cfdf / gjhft
lzz'nfO{ ljz]if lgu/fgL /fVg' kb{5 .
Wofg lbg'kg]{ ^ cf]6f ;/;kmfOx¿ h:t}M ;kmf
xft, ;kmf of]gL, ;kmf ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] 7fpF, gfeL
sf6g] ;kmf An]8 / wfuf], gfeL ;kmf /fVg] cflb
sfdsf af/]df klxnfb]lv g} Wofg lbg'k5{ . s'g}
;d'bfodf ;'Ts]/L u/fP kl5 of]gLleq s]xL lrh
/flvlbg] k|rng 5 . of]gLdf To:tf] s'g} j:t' jf
cf}ifwLx¿ /fVg' x'Fb}g .
$=@=# k|;"lt ;]jf tyf k|;"lt x'“bf bIf
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] ;xof]u
k|;j Joyf nfu]sf] yfxf kfpg] lalQs} jf
ue{jtLnfO{ s'[g} klg hl6ntf b]lvPdf t'?Gt}
k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' kb{5 .
cfdf jf gjhft lzz'df s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf
;dodf g} bIf :jf:YosdL{x¿n] yk pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;Sb5g . plrt tl/sfn] ;fn
-;fyL_ lgsfNg] pgLx¿;Fu ljz]if l;k / Ifdtf
x'G5 . ;'Ts]/L / gjhft lzz'sf] cj:yfcg';f/

31
3/df s:tf] lsl;dsf] :ofxf/ / ;]jf cfjZos
5 / s] s] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg] eGg] af/]df
:jf:YosdL{x¿af6 ;Nnfx kfpg ;lsG5 .
$=# ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/
lzz' hGd]kl5 $@ lbg jf ^ xKtf;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{
;'Ts]/L cj:yf elgG5 . of] ;dofjlwdf ;'Ts]/L
ePsf dlxnf w]/} sdhf]/ x'g] x'gfn] To;sf nflu
tftf], emf]lnnf] / kf]if0fo'St vfg]s'/f lbg'k5{ .
;fy}, cfTdan a9fpg dfof / cfb/k"0f{ Jojxf/sf]
klg plQs} cfjZostf kb{5 . ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf
lbOg] vfgfdf h:t}M Hjfgf]sf] emf]n, u]8fu'8Lsf]
emf]n, l3p, eft cflb lbg' kb{5 . uef{j:yfdf
lbPsf] cfO/g rSsL :jf:YosdL{n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx
cg';f/ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf klg lgoldt vfO/xg'
kb{5 .
ue{jtL cj:yfdf h:t} ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf klg
cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yodf vt/fx¿ cfpg ;Sb5
eGg] s'/fdf ;w}F x]Ssf /fVg'kb{5 . h:t}M of]gLaf6
xjfNxjfNtL jf rf]S6f rf]S6f /ut au]df, cfwf
306fdf b'O{cf]6f eGbf a9L 6fnf k'/} leh]df, Hj/f]
cfPdf, of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL au]df jf tNnf]
k]6 b'v]df, 6fpsf] ;fx|} b'v]df, xftv'66f cx|/f] eO{
d'5f{ k/]df la/fdLsf] cj:yf x]/L t'?Gt :jf:Yo
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfOxfNg' kb{5 .
$=#=! :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf x'g] ;'Ts]/L h“”rdf
pknJw x'g] ;]jfx¿
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ue{ hfFr tyf ;'t]l/;DaGwL
;]jfsf af/]df dfly pNn]v ePsf 5g / tL afx]s
c? yk pkrf/ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿ lgDg cg';f/
pknAw x'g;Sb5M
• k"0f{ :tgkfg, ;/;kmfO, cf/fd, kf]if0f,
gjhftlzz' :ofxf/, vf]k, em'nsf] k|of]u
;DaGwL k/fdz{,
• sd tf}n -@=% s]=hL=eGbf sd_ ePsf gjhft
lzz'x¿sf] nflu ljz]if :ofxf/,
• cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] nflu k"j{ tof/Laf/]
5nkmn, cfdf / gjhft lzz'df vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf s'g ;+:yfdf s;/L k'Ug] /
k};fsf] art ug]{ ;DaGwdf k/fdz{,
• cfdfnfO{ Ps k6s le6fldg P / $@ lbg
leqdf v'jfOg] cfO/g rSsL,
• gjhft lzz'nfO{ hlGdg] lalTts} ! k6s
la=;L=hL= vf]k
• kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL k/fdz{ tyf ;]jf
cflb .
$=#=@ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{
s'/fx¿
• ;kmf sf]7f / ;kmf sk8fsf] k|of]u ug]{ /ut
aUg g/f]lsGh]n;Dd ;kmf Kof8 jf ;kmf
sk8fsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
• vfgf vfg' cl3, lb;f lk;fa u/]kl5, :tgkfg
u/fpg' cufl8 tyf aRrf ;dfpg' cufl8 /
k5fl8 ;fa'g kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g],
• g'xfpFbf of}gfªux¿ klg /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug]{,
• cfkmgf] :tg ;w}F ;kmf /fVg] / ;kmf a|f /
Gofgf] lsl;dsf sk8f nufpg],
• ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ;fljs eGbf a9L g} cf/fd
ug]{, ux|f}F ef/L prfNg] jf an kg]{ sfd gug]{
lsgls o:tf] ubf{ /ut aUg] jf cfª v:g
;Sb5 . ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ub}{ cfPsf] sfddf
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿n] ;xof]u ul/lbg] .
• ;'Ts]/LnfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu} /fVg], w'jfF
w'nf] gnfUg], pHofnf] / ;kmf sf]7f jf 3/
leqsf] s'g} 7fpFdf /fVg],
• :tgdf b'w uflggaf6 /f]Sg / 3fp x'gaf6
arfpg aRrfnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf b'w r';fO{
g} /xg' kb{5 / olb aRrfnfO{ klg b'w a9L
ePdf, kl/jf/ jf l5d]sLsf c¿ aRrfnfO{

32
v'jfpg jf b'x]/ kmflnlbg klg ;lsG5 t/
uflgPsf] cj:yfdf /flv/xg x'Fb}g .
$=#=# ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kf]if0f;DaGwL
hfGg' kg]{ s'/fx¿
;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ;fljs eGbf a9L k6s / w]/}
lsl;dsf kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f vfg'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L
cfdfn] cfˆgf] b}lgs vfgfdf tnsf ljleGg
;d"xsf vfgfdWo] sd;]sd Pp6f ;d"xaf6 Ps
lsl;dsf] vfgf clgjfo{ ¿kdf kg]{ u/L Ps lbgdf
sDtLdf ;fljs eGbf Ps 5fs a9L v'jfpg'k5{ .
• cGg ;d"xaf6 h:t}M rfdn, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf],
kmfk/, hf} OToflb .
• u]8fu'8L ;d"xaf6 h:t}M e6df;, af]8L, rgf,
s]/fp, s'g} klg bfn OToflb .
• cG8f, df;', df5f OToflb -df+;fxf/Lsf nflu_ .
• b'w bxL, l3p, gf}+gL, t]n OToflb .
• ;fu jf xl/of] hftsf t/sf/Lx¿
• df};d cg';f/sf kxF]nf jf cGo kmnkm"nx¿
• b'O{ afaflnsf 5fk cªlst cfof]l8go'St
g'gsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
• ^ xKtf leqdf ;s];Dd rfF8f] Ps k6s
le6fldg ‘ P’ rSsL v'jfpg'k5{ eg] cfO/g
rSsL ^ xKtf;Dd nuftf/ vfg'kb{5 .
;'Ts]/L cfdfn] s'g} vfg]s'/f afg{' kb}{g . ;'Ts]/L
cjlwdf x/]s lbg k|z:t cf/fd ug'{k5{, lsgls
kf]l;nf] vfgf / k|z:t cf/fd ugf{n] g} cfdfsf]
b'w a9fpg dbbt k'Ub5 .
$=$= kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL hfGg'
kg{ s'/fx¿M
;'Ts]/L ePkl5 kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf s'g ljlw
ckgfpg] / s;n] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] af/]df
>Ldfg÷>LdtL lar 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o lng'
k5{ . kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwfgx¿ k|of]u gu/Lsg
of}g;Dks{ ePdf ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ^ xKtfb]lv g}
csf]{ ue{ /xg ;Sb5 . To;}n] ;'Ts]/L kl5 5}7f}F
xKtfsf] :jf:Yo hfFrsf ;dodf :jf:YosdL{af6
kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL klg k/fdz{ lng'kb{5 .
cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ;'wf/ x'g], aRrfn] nfdf]
;do;Dd cfdfsf] b"w vfg kfpg] cflb sf/0fn]
ubf{ b'O{ aRrf lar # b]lv % jif{sf] hGdfGt/
sfod ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . :tgkfg u/fO/x]sf] ;dodf
lkN; rSsL ;s];Dd k|of]u ug{' xF'b}g . o;sf] k|of]
un] cfdfsf] b'wsf] dfqf 36fpF5 .
$=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf
cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{x¿
• k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿n] v]Ng kg]{ e"ldsfsf] ;DaGwdf
• ;dod} hfgsf/L u/fpg]
• 3//:jf:Yo;+:yfdflbg'kg]{k|;"lttyf;'Ts]/L
:ofxf/ -kf]if0f, ;'Ts]/L hfFr / kl/jf/lgof]hg
• ;]jf cflbsf af/]df_ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf c?
;b:on] 3/sf] sfd ;3fpg] jftfj/0f tof/
ug]{ .
• 6f]nl5d]sdf k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf lbg'
kg]{ ;]jfsf af/]df ;d'bfonfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg] .

33
v08 kfFr
gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx

34
%gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx
%=! gjhft lzz' :ofxf/
cfdf / gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVg
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 . tLdWo] dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] ;/;kmfO / :ofxf/
;DaGwL xf]l;of/L ckgfpg] . hGd]sf] gjhft
lzz'nfO{ 5'g' cl3 /fd|f];Fu xft w'g'kb{5 . o;f]
ubf{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ ;Defljt ;ªqmd0faf6
arfpg ;lsG5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 lzz'nfO{ g/d,
wf]Psf] ;kmf / ;'Vvf ;'tLsf] sk8fn] k'5L t'?Gt}
cfdfsf] gfªuf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /fVg'k5{ . lzz'nfO{
;kmf sk8fn] a]/]/ Gofgf] agfO{ /fVg'kb{5 . hlGdg]
lalQs} gfeLdf s]xL klg gnufO{ ;'Vvf / ;kmf
/fVg'k5{ . gfeL sf6g] ;fwg / afWg] wfuf] klg
;kmf x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] cfdf / aRrf b'j}nfO{
l66fg; nufot c¿ lsl;dsf ;ªqmd0f x'gaf6
arfpg ;lsG5 . ljz]if u/L gfeL kfSg] ;d:ofaf6
arfpg ;lsG5 . lzz' hGd]sf] sDtLdf @$
306f;Dd g'xfOlbg' x'Fb}g . o;f] ugf{n] lzz'nfO{
s7ofªlu|g jf lztfªu x'gaf6 arfpF5 . hGd]sf]
@$ 306f kl5 g'xfOlbFbf lr;f] gnfuf]; eg]/
dgtftf] kfgLn] Gofgf] sf]7fdf cyjf 3fddf
g'xfO{ lbg'k5{ . Gfjhft lzz' hGdFbfsf] ldlt /
;do;Fu} tf}n klg yfxf kfO/fVg' kb{5 lsgls
p;sf] j[blw ljsf; ePsf] cg'udg ug{'k5{ .
csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f xf]], lzz' hGd]sf] ! 306f
leq} cfdfsf] ljuf}tL b'w v'jfpg'k5{ . ;'?df b'x]/
kmfNg' x'Gg, lsgls o;df lzz'sf nflu cfjZos
vf]k ;/xsf] cf}ifwLsf] sfd ug]{ tTTjx¿ x'G5g,
h;n] lzz'nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]u;Fu n8g]
zlSt lbG5 . ljuf}tL b'waf6 lzz'nfO{ /fd|f] kf]if0f
k|fKt x'G5 . cfdfn] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg
u/fpFbf /ftL / lbgdf u/L sDtLdf klg *
k6s u/fpg' kb{5 . Pp6f b'w gl/lQGh]n;Dd
-sDtLdf !% ldg]6;Dd_ r';fO/xg'kb{5 . hlt
w]/} k6s :tgkfg u/fof] Tolt g} pTkfbg x'G5 .
k|To]s k6s b'w v'jfO ;s]kl5 la5of}gfd} a;]/
lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] sfFwdf d'G6f] c8ofP/ af]Sg'
kb{5 / lk7o'Fdf d';f/L lj:tf/} cfˆgf] xftn]
y'Dy'DofFpg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ k]6sf] xfjf aflx/
lg:sg dbbt k'Ub5 / lzz'n] afGtf ub}{g .
lzz'n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf gc3fP;Dd b'j} :tgaf6
:tgkfg u/fpg'k5{ .
lzz' ^ dlxgf gk'Ubf;Dd p;sf] Ps dfq vfgf
cfdfsf] b'w xf] . o;n] lzz'nfO{ k"0f{ kf]if0f lbG5
/ /f]u;Fu n8g] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5 . k"0f{
:tgkfg u/fOPsf] lzz'nfO{ ^ dlxgfsf] pd]/;Dd
cGo s'g} klg vfgf v'jfpg cfjZostf kb}{g .
lzz'nfO{ rflxg] hlt b'w pTkfbg ug{ cfdfn] klg
kf]l;nf] vfgf tyf k|z:t emf]n s'/fx¿ vfg'kb{5 .
;fy} k|z:t cf/fd klg ug'{k5{ . olb cfdfn]
cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg s'g} ;d:of
dx;'; u/]sf] 5 eg] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n]
:jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng'k5{ .
lzz'sf] cfFvf kx]Fnf] x'g], sdnlkQ -hlG8;_
b]lvPdf x/]s lbg s]xL a]/ laxfgsf] slnnf]
gkf]Ng] 3fddf gfªu} kf/]/ cfFvfdf 3fd gkg]{
u/L /fVg'k5{ . cfdf / aRrf b'j}df la/fdLsf] s'g}
lrGx÷nIf0f 5g ls x]g'{k5{ . olb s'g} vt/fsf
nIf0f 5g eg] t'?Gt glhssf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
n}hfg'kb{5 .

35
%=!=! gjhft lzz'df b]vf kg{ ;Sg]
vt/fsf lrGxx¿ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg
;ªqmd0f jf cGo sf/0fn] gjhft lzz'df ljleGg
lsl;dsf vt/fsf lrGxx¿ h:t}M cfdfsf] b'w
/fd|/L r':g g;s]df, ;':t jf a]xf]; jf lhp
grnfpg g;s]df, l56f]l56f] ;f; km]/]df -Ps
ldg]6df ^) jf ;f] eGbf a9L k6s_, s8f lsl;dn]
sf]vf xfg]df, w]/} Hj/f] cfPdf, lztfªu ePdf,
gfO6f] kfs]df jf 5fnfdf lkkn] el/Psf kmf]sfx¿
cfPdf gjhft lzz'sf] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ x'g .
oLdWo] cGo s'g} klg vt/fsf lrGxx¿ b]lvPdf
lzz'nfO{ t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .
cfFvfsf] ;ªqmd0f eO{ /ftf] b]lvPdf cfdfsf] b'w
/flvlbg'k5{ t/ cfFvfaf6 lkk ;d]t alu/x]sf]
b]lvPdf eg] aRrfnfO{ t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
n}hfg'k5{ .
%=!=@ gjhft lzz'sf] hf“r
gjhft lzz'nfO{ sDtLdf # k6s glhssf]
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{åf/f hfFr u/fpg'k5{ . o:tf]
hfFr klxnf] k6s hGd]sf] @$ 306f leq, bf];|f]
k6s # lbgdf / t];|f] k6s & lbgdf u/fpg'k5{ .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf :jf:YosdL{n] gjhft lzz'sf]
hfFr u/L s'g} vt/fsf lrGx jf nIf0fx¿ ePdf
t'?Gt Joj:yf ug]{5g . aRrfsf] tf}nsf] cg'udg
ub{5g . vf]k / :tgkfgaf/] cfjZos ;/;Nnfx
lbg]5g .
%=!=# hGd”bf sd tf}n ePsf] lzz'sf]
:ofxf/
dlxnf @) jif{eGbf sd pd]/df ue{jtL ePdf,
ue{jtL x'geGbf cufl8 / ue{jtL ePsf] cjlwdf
s'kf]lift ePdf, ue{jtL cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd
gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ ;DaGwL s]xL k|rlnt e|d / oyfy{x¿
e|d gjhft lzz' hgdgf;fy sb{n] gfeL sf6g' kb{5 / ToxfF uf]a/ nufOlbg' kb{5 .
oyfy{ lgd{nLs/0f gul/Psf s'g} klg cf}hf/n] gfeL sf6bf aRrfnfO{ cg]sf}F /f]usf] ;ªqmd0f
x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nflu aRrfsf] Hofg hfg ;Sb5 . gfeL sf6]sf 7fpFdf uf]a/ nufO{
lbFbf t ;ªqmd0f emg l566} x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf cem} w]/} x'G5 .
e|d gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGdgf;fy g'xfOlbg' kb{5 .
oyfy{ hGdgf;fy g'xfpg' x'Gg lsgls hGdg' cufl8 cfdfsf] k]6sf] Gofgf]kgf eGbf
aflx/L jftfj/0f lr;f] x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0f aRrf s7ofªlu|g ;S5 . a? ;kmf
;'tLsf] ;'Vvf sk8fn] /fd|f];Fu k'5]/ ;kmf sk8fdf u'6'd'6' a]/]/ cfdfsf] gfªuf]
5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /flvlbg' kb{5 lsgls p;n] cfdfsf] Gofgf]kgfdf p;sf] cg's"nsf]
tfkqmd kfpFb5 .
e|d hGd]sf] lbg gjhft lzz'nfO{ b'w r';fpg' x'Gg .
oyfy{ aRrf hGd]sf] ! 306fleq b'w r';fpg' kb{5 . lsgls p;nfO{ cfdfsf] b'wsf] klxnf] k6s
cfpg] b'wn] kf]if0fsf ;fy} /f]ulj?4 n8g] zlSt To;}af6 k|fKt ub{5 .
e|d aRrfnfO{ !! lbgsf] Gjf/fg gu/];Dd aflx/ 3fddf lgsfNg' x'Fb}g .
oyfy{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGd]sf] @$ 306fkl5 g} 3fddf /fv]/ g'xfO{ lbg'kb{5 . gjhft lzz'n]
3fdaf6 g} p;sf] z/L/nfO{ cTofjZos SoflN;od eGg] TTj kfpg] x'Fbf lbgsf] Ps k6s
d'vdf 3fd gkg]{ u/L ! jf @ 306f 3fddf /fVg' g} pQd x'G5 .

36
la/fdL ePdf, aRrf @ jif{ gk'Ub} k'gM ue{jtL
ePdf, ue{jtLn] w'd|kfg jf dlb/fkfg ug]{ u/]sf]
ePdf / uef{j:yfdf kof{Kt cf/fd gu/]sf] ePdf
sd tf}nsf] aRrf hlGdg ;S5 . o;/L hlGdbf
sd tf}n ePsf] lzz'df hl6ntf x'g] ;Defjgf
x'G5 . To;}n] s'g} klg vt/fsf lrGxx¿ b]vf
k/]df t'?Gt} c:ktfn n}hfg'k5{ . hGdFbf @
s]= hL= eGbf sd tf}n ePsf gjhft lzz'nfO{
c:ktfndf g} /fv]/ ljz]if :ofxf/ ug'{k5{ . To:tf
lzz'nfO{ sªuf? ljlwåf/f Gofgf] u/L /fVg] /
lbg / /ftdf u/]/ sDtLdf * k6s :tgkfg
u/fpg'k5{ .
%=!=$ cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ d'Vo
s'/fx¿
gjhft lzz' :ofxf/df kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf]
e"ldsf w]/} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lzz'nfO{ 5'g' cufl8
xft /fd|f];Fu wf]Psf] x'g' kb{5 . hGd]sf] aRrfnfO{
klg ;kmf ;'tLsf] ;'Vvf / g/d sk8fn] /fd|f];Fu
k'5]/ clg csf]{ ;kmf;Fu wf]Psf] sk8f -yfªgf_
df u'6'd'6' kf/]/ cfdfsf] gfªuf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/
/flvlbg' kb{5 / hGd]sf] @$ 306fkl5 dfq
Gofgf];Fu g'xfOlbg ;lsG5 . aRrf hGd]sf !
306f leq cfdfsf] ljuf}tL b'w gkmfnLsg r';fpg'
kb{5 . o:tf] b'waf6 /f]u;Fu n8g] zlQm k|fKt
ub{5 . @$ 306fdf sDtLdf * k6s / k|To]s
k6sdf sDtLdf klg !% ldg]6;Dd :tgkfg
u/fpg' kb{5 . lzz'df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s'g} klg
lsl;dsf vt/fsf lrGx b]lvg] lalTts} :jf:Yo
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul/xfNg' kb{5 .
%=!=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{
;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿M
• gjhftlzz'sf]:jf:Yodfc;/gkg]{lsl;dsf
Joxf/x¿sf af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{
/fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;f]sf] af/]df
cg'udg ug]{ .
• ;'Ts]/Lsf nflu cfxf/ / cf/fdsf nflu
;xof]uL aGg] / :jf:Yo hfFr tyf pkrf/sf
nflu cu'jfO ug]{ .
• cfdfn] gjhftsf] lzz'sf nflu ug'{kg]{
sfdx¿ x'g ;s]÷g;s]sf] lgu/fgL ug]{ /
cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ .
• gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s'g} vt/fsf
lrGxx¿ kfOPdf t'?Gt} pkrf/sf nflu
n}hfg] .
• tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DalGwt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
nuL lzz'sf] :jf:Yo hfFr u/fpg] .
• 6f]n l5d]sdf gjhft lzz' ePdf ;f];DaGwL
cg'ej atfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
%=@ gjhft lzz'sf] nflu :tgkfg /
k"/s vfgf
ue{sf] lzz'nfO{ rflxg] ;a} lsl;dsf kf]if0f
tTTjx¿ cfdfsf] ue{af6 g} k|fKt eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
To;}n] ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ kf]l;nf] vfgf /
;fljssf] eGbf yk Ps k6s lbg'k5{ elgPsf]
xf] . hGd]kl5 klg lzz'n] ;j{k|yd cfdfsf] b'w
g} vfG5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 ^ dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf]
b'w dfq v'jfP k'U5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 :j:y /
lg/f]uL eO{ a9g / x's{gsf] nflu cfdfsf] b'w g}
;jf]{Ts[i6 cfxf/ xf], cd[t xf] .
%=@=!= :tgkfgsf] dxTTj
cfdfsf] b'w lzz'x¿sf nflu Psdfq ;jf]{Qd
vfgf xf] . lsgls –
• cfdfsf]b'whGd]b]lv^dlxgf;Ddsflzz'x¿sf]
zf/Ll/s j[blw Pj+ dfgl;s÷af}blws
ljsf;sf nflu cToGt cfjZos kb{5 .
cfdfsf] b'w ;Dk"0f{ kf}li6s TTjx¿n] el/k"0f{
x'G5 . t;y{ ^ dlxgf;Dd lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf]
b'w afx]s s'g} klg vfg]s'/fx¿ v'jfpg' kb}{g .
• cfdfsf] b'w ;w}F tof/L cj:yfdf x'G5 .

37
lzz'n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf hlxn] klg hxfF klg
v'jfpg ;lsG5 .
• cfdfsf] klxnf cfpg] ljuf}tL b'w lzz'sf
nflu klxnf] vf]k klg xf] . o;df /f]u;Fu n8g
;Sg] TTjx¿ x'G5 . To;}n] aRrf hlGdP/
nuQ}sf] ljuf}tL b'w b'x]/ ˆofSg' x'Fb}g .
• nfdf] ;do;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfx¿sf]
:tg / kf7]3/df SofG;/ x'g] ;Defjgf klg
w]/} sd x'G5 .
• hGdfGt/ sfod /fVg klg aRrfnfO{ lgoldt
¿kdf u/fOg] :tgkfgn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
• k"0f{¿kdf :tgkfg ug{ gkfPsf lzz'x¿ kl5
lszf]/fj:yfdf k'Ubf emu8fn' :jefjsf x'g],
c?;Fu 3'nldn ug{ g;Sg] :jefjsf x'g]
cWoogx¿n] atfPsf] 5 .
%=@=@= lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] tl/sf
• :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdf dfgl;s tgfj
ljgf cf/fd;Fu a;]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
• lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdf;Fu 6fFl:;Psf] / d'v
:tgtkm{ kf/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
• lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / z/L/ ;Lwf x'g'k5{ .
• lzz'sf] lrpF8f]n] cfdfsf] :tgnfO{ 5f]Psf]
x'g'k5{ .
• cfdfsf] b'j} xftn] lzz'sf] lk7o'Fdf /fd|f];Fu
;dft]sf] x'g'k5{ .
%=@=# pko'St b'w r';fO
b'w r';fpFbf lzz'sf] d'v / cfdfsf] :tglar
;xL tfnd]n x'g' cfjZos 5 . lzz'sf] d'v /
cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f]larsf] tfnd]n ldn]sf] 5
eg] lzz'n] :tgdf ePsf] ;a} b'w lgvf/]/ lkpg
;S5 . o;/L :tgdf ePsf] ;a} b'w lgvfl/g]
u/L lzz'sf] d'v / cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f] larsf]
tfnd]n ldnfP/ :tgkfg u/fOG5 eg] To;nfO{
pko'St b'w r';fO elgG5 .
%=@=$ cfdfn] :tgkfg u/fPsf] cjnf]sg
s;/L ug]{<
• lzz'n] :tgkfg ubf{ :tgsf] d'G6f] k5fl8sf]
uf]nfsf/sf] sfnf] efu;d]t lzz'sf] d'v
leq k;]sf] 5 ls 5}g .
• lzz'n] :tgsf] d'G6f] nfdf] kfg{ :tgnfO{
tGsfPsf] 5 ls 5}g .
• lzz'n] :tgkfg jf :tgsf] d'G6f] kfg
u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g .
• b'w r'l;/xFbf lzz'sf ufnf k'i6 uf]nf]
k/]sf] 5 ls 5}g .
• lzz'sf] lrpF8f]n] cfdfsf] :tgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu
5f]Psf] 5 ls 5}g .
oL k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ …5Ú cfpg] lqmofsnfk
x'g'kb{5 .
%=@=% ;xL tl/sfn] b'w gr';fPdf cfOkg{]
;d:ofx¿
aRrfnfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] b'w gr';fPdf cfdfsf]
:tgsf] d'G6f]df 3fp x'g ;Sb5 h;n] ubf{ lzz'n]
:tgkfg ubf{ cfdfnfO{ b'Vg ;Sb5 . cg'ko'St
cf;gdf /fvL b'w r';fOPdf :tgdf b'w hDdf
eP klg b'w gcfpg ;S5 . k|z:t b'w gcfPdf
lzz'nfO{ ;Gtf]if x'Fb}g / b'w r'l;/xg vf]H5 .
To:t} :tgdf ePsf] b'w s'g} sf/0fn] lzz'n]
lgvfl/g] u/L gr';]df :tgdf w]/} b'w hDdf x'g
;S5 / b'w uflgg ;S5 . nuftf/ o:tf] eO/x]df
:tgdf b'w 36b} hfG5 / lzz'n] rflxFbf] dfqfdf
b'w kfpFb}g . kof{Kt b'w vfg gkfPsf aRrfsf]
tf}n a9b}g .
%=@=^ lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'w k'u]sf] 5 jf 5}g
eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
lgoldt ¿kdf lzz'sf] tf}n hfFr ug]{M k|To]s
dlxgf lzz'sf] tf}n sd;]sd %)) u|fd a9]sf]
x'g'k5{ . olb lzz'sf] tf}n Ps dlxgfdf sDtLdf
klg %)) u|fd klg a9]sf] 5}g eg] lzz'n] k|z:t

38
dfqfdf cfdfsf] b'w vfg kfPsf] 5}g eg]/ yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 . h;sf] nflu lzz'sf] lgoldt tf}n
lng'k5{ . olb lgoldt tf}n lng ;Dej 5}g eg]
aRrfsf] ;fdfGo j[blw cjnf]sgaf6 klg yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tf}n lng ;Dej
gePsf jf lng ghfGg] cleefjsn] lzz'sf] gf8L
jf sDd/df 8f]/f -sGbgL_ afFw]/ p;sf] j[blw eP
gePsf] x]g]{ rng ufpF 3/df cem} klg 5 .
lzz'n] @$ 306fdf slt k6s lk;fa km]b{5
ljrf/ ug]{M b'w k'u] gk'u]sf] yfxf kfpg] csf]{
dfWod lk;fa km]/]sf] x]g]{ xf] . b'w k|z:t k'u]sf]
lzz'n] Ps lbg -@$ 306f_df sd;]sd ^ b]lv
* k6s;Dd lk;fa km]b{5 / lk;fasf] /ª ;kmf
x'G5 . olb Tof] eGbf sd lk;fa km]/]df / lk;fasf]
/ª uf8f kx]Fnf], afSnf] / Psbd uGxfpg] ePdf
lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'w k'u]sf] 5}g eg]/ yfxf
kfpg'k5{ .
%=@=& cfdfsf] b'w pTkfbgdf c;/ kfg]{
cj:yfx¿
cfdfx¿n]lzz'sfnfluk'Ubf]dfqdfb'wcfpFb}gls
eg]/ kL/ u/]sf x'G5g . jf:tjdf k|foM cfdfx¿n]
lzz'nfO{ rflxg] dfqfdf b'w pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g .
Pp6f lzz'dfq xf]Og h'DNofxf jf ltDNofxf aRrf
hGdFbf klg ;a}}nfO{ v'jfpg k'Ug] b'w pTkfbg
ug{ cfdfx¿ ;Ifd x'G5g . t/ b'w r';fpFbf lgDg
s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M
• r';fpg] cf;g l7s x'g'k5{ .
• b'w r';fpFbf :tgsf] b'w lgv|g] u/L
r';fpg'k5{ .
• Pp6f :tgdf b'w lgvf/]/ klg lzz' c3fPg
eg] dfq csf]{ :tg r';fpg'k5{ .
• csf]{ k6s v'jfpFbf klxn] gr';fPsf]
:tg rflxF r';fpg'k5{ lsgeg] Psl5g dfq
:tgkfg u/fpFbf b'w klu|O;s]sf] x'Fb}g /
b'waf6 eg]hlQ kf}li6s TTj k|fKt x'Fb}g .
• b'w r';fpFbf lzz'sf] 6fpsf] p;sf] 5ftLsf]
;tx eGbf clnslt p7]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;f]
ubf{ lzz'n] r';]sf] b'w lgNbf sfglt/ uP/
sfg kfSgaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
w]/}h;f] b'w r';fpg] cfdfx¿n] b"w gcfPsf]
u'gf;f] ug]{ u5{g . k|z:t dfqfdf b'w gcfpg'sf
w]/} sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
:tgkfg u/fpg] tl/sf, vfgkfg tyf ;do
tflnsf afx]s cfˆgf] b'w lzz'nfO{ k|z:t
k'U5 eGg] tYoaf/] cfdfnfO{ 1fg gx'g' Pj+
cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL x'g' cflb klg csf]{ sf/0f
xf] . o:tf] dfgl;stf Pj+ sdhf]/ wf/0ffn] ubf{
g} w]/}h;f] cfdfx¿n] :tgkfg u/fpg 5f]8]/ cGo
vfgf jf b'w v'jfpg yfN5g . cfdfsf] z/L/
hlt;'s} kftnf] eP klg k|foM ;a} cfdfx¿ -Hofb}
hl6n /f]u nfu]sf] cj:yf afx]s_ df cfkmgf]
lzz'sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ b'w pTkfbg ug]{
Ifdtf /x]sf] x'G5 . cfdfx¿sf] b'w pTkfbg ug]{
Ifdtf k|s[ltn] lbPsf] j/bfg g} xf] . o;df ;a}
cfdfx¿n] uf}/j ug'{k5{ .
%=@=* b'w v'jfp”bf cfOkg{ ;Sg]
;d:ofx¿sf] /f]syfd
lzz'nfO{ Aff/Daf/ b'w r';fPg eg] b'w gcfpg]
;d:ofx¿sf af/]df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL
;d:of cfPdf lgDg cg';f/ To;sf] /f]syfdsf
ljlwx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
• :tgdf s8fkg ePdf Gogf jf tftf] sk8fn]
;]Sg'k5{ .
• b'w uflgP/ 3fp ePdf jf d'G6f] lrl/Pdf
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ pkrf/ ug'k5{ . b'wsf]
d'G6f]df 3fp eP/ r';fpg sl7g ePdf
srf}/fdf b'w lgrf]/]/ lzz'nfO{ rDrfn]
v'jfO{ lbg'k5{ .
%=@=( 3fp ePsf] :tgsf] d'G6f]sf] :ofxf/
• b'w r';fpg' cl3 / b'w r';fO;s]kl5
d'G6fdf vfg] t]n nufpg ;lsG5 .

39
• lzz'sf] lha|f]df vl6/f cfPsf] 5 / cfdfsf]
:tgsf] d'G6f] klg b'v]sf] 5 eg] klxn]
lzz'sf] lha|f]sf] pkrf/ ug{'k5{ / :tgsf]
d'G6f] lgsf] gx'~h]n;Dd b'w lgrf]/]/
v'jfpg'k5{ .
• olb :tgsf] d'G6f] l7s gePdf d'G6f]sf]
pkrf/ ug'{k5{ .
• :tgsf]d'G6fdfl:kl/6,l6Gr/j]Ghg,cfof]l8g
h:tf s'/fx¿ slxNo} klg nufpg'xF'b}g .
%=@=!) ;kmn :tgkfgsf cfwf/x¿
• lzz'nfO{ c3fpGh]n :tgkfg u/fpg ;S5'
eg] cfTdljZjf; cfdfdf x'g'k5{ .
• lzz'nfO{ hlt ;Sof] w]/} k6s / dfu]sf]
;dodf rfx]hlt b'w r';fpg' k5{ .
• aRrfn] vfg rfx]df h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg
b'w r';fpg ;lsG5 .
• :tgkfgnfO{ a9fjf lbg 3/kl/jf/af6 k'/f
;xof]u ug'{k5{ .
%=# k"/s vfgf
lzz' ^ dlxgf k'/f gePkl5 dfq pko'St dfgl;s
/ zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf nflu cfdfsf] b'w;Fu} yk
-k"/s_ vfgf v'jfpg ;'? ug'{k5{ t/ sDtLdf @
jif{;Dd rflxF cfdfsf] b'w v'jfpg' kb{5 . lsgls
lzz'sf] dlitissf] ljsf; x'g b'O{ jif{ nfUb5 /
To;sf] nflu cfjZos ;"Id kf]if0f TTjx¿ cfdfsf]
b'wdf c? vfgfdf eGbf cTolws w]/} x'G5 .
%=#=! aRrfnfO{ rflxg] $ ;d"xsf] vfgf
aRrfnfO{ rflxg] rf/ k|sf/sf kf}li6s vfgf
cGtu{t lgDg cg';f/sf vfg]s'/fx¿ kb{5g M
1. kz'hGoM df5f, df;', cG8f, b'w, bxL, lrh
cflb .
2. u]8fu'8LM rgf, s]/fp, af]8L, l;dL, df;,
e6df;, d:ofª, uxt cflb .
3. cGgx¿M ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], kmfk/, rfdn,
cflb .
4. xl/of ;fukft tyf kx]Fnf hftsf kmnkm'n
tyf t/sf/Lx¿ h:t}M h:t} d]jf, km;L{ cflb .
df6fd'lg kmNg] hftx¿ h:t}M cfn', lkF8fn',
t?n cflb .
df6fd'lg kmNg] hft t/sf/L ;d"xdf kb}{gg t/
klg oL afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s
vfgfdf kb{5g .
%=#=@ pd]/ cg';f/sf] k"/s vfgf
• ^ b]lv ( dlxgf;Ddsf afnaflnsfnfO{
cfdfsf] b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k'/s
vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ . vfgf ;'? ubf{ @ b]lv
# rDrfaf6 ;'? ug'k5{ / la:tf/} ! lrof
lunf; a/fa/ ;Ddsf] vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .
• ( b]lv !@ dlxgfsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdfsf]
b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k"/s vfgf /
Ps k6s vfhf v'jfpg'k5{ . x/]s k6sdf !
lrof lunf; -!@% ld=ln=_ a/fa/sf] vfgf
v'jfpg'k5{ .
• !@ b]lv @$ dlxgfsf afnaflnsfnfO{
cfdfsf] b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k"/s
vfgf / @ k6s vfhf v'jfpg'k5{ . x/]s
k6sdf @ lrof lunf; -@%) ld=ln= _
a/fa/sf] vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .
• afnaflnsfnfO{ v'jfpg] vfgf afSnf] /
/fd|/L ldr]/ g/d agfPsf] x'g'k5{ .
%=$ ;jf]{Qd lk7f]
xfd|f] uFfp3/df ;lhn};Fu kfOg] cGg -ds}, hf},
sf]bf], rfdn, kmfk/ cflb_ / u]8fu'8L -e6df;,
rgf, s]/fp, l;dL, af]8L, cflb_ lkFw]/ ld;fO{
kf]l;nf] lk7f] æ;jf]{Qd lk7f]Æ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

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