Parenting education for better care of children (Pictorial Guidebook)

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Affnaflnsfsf] pko'Qm x]/rfxsf nflu kfl/jfl/s lzIff
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Children and Women in Social Services & Human Rights (CWISH)
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Od]n: info@cwish.org.np, j]a: www.cwish.org.np
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afnaflnsfsf] pko'Qm x]/rfxsf nflu kfl/jfl/s lzIff, ;lrq >f]t k'l:tsf 1
x/]s cfdfafa'nfO{ cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn eljiosf] rfxgf x'g' :jefljs} xf] t/ afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn eljio
cfdfafa'n] rfx]/ dfq ;Dej 5}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ plrt 9Ëaf6 x'sf{pg a9fpgsf nflu kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fn] klg
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5 . o;sf nflu gj ljjflxt bDktLn] ljjfx kZrft afnaflnsfsf] hGdsf nflu of]hgf ug'{
kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] j[l4 / ljsf;nfO{ lzz' ue{df /x]b]lv g} ue{jtL cfdfsf] :ofxf/ tyf lzz' hGd] kZrft ul/g]
:ofxf/n] klg c;/ ub{5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu ;'gf}nf !))) lbg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . cem} klg
sltko cfdfafa' tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] o; af/]df vf;} Wofg lbPsf] kfOb}g . afnaflnsfn] kl/jf/df cfdfafa' tyf
cGo ;b:ox¿n] ug]{ lqmofsnfk cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ klg To;}df ;dfof]hg ug{ rfxG5g . To;}n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf]
pHHjn eljiosf] rfxgf ug]{ cfdfafa'n] 3/ kl/jf/df klg ;f]xL cg';f/sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
3/ kl/jf/ kl5 afnaflnsfn] clwsf+z ;do ljBfnodf latfpg] ub{5g . ljBfnodf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIfs÷lzlIfsfn]
ug]{ Jojxf/n] klg pgLx¿sf]] pHHjn eljio lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 . afnaflnsf :jefj}n] c?n] u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
gSsn ug{ ?rfpF5g / cfkm" klg To:t} x'g rfxG5g . afnaflnsfsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu v]n tyf dgf]/~hgn]
klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . o;sf nflu ljBfno tyf 3/ kl/jf/df cfjZos jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . sltko
afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg rfxb}gg t/ klg cfdfafa'n] pgLx¿nfO{ ha/h:tL ljBfno k7fO/x]sf x'G5g . afnaflnsf
ljBfno hfg grfxg'sf ljleGg sf/0fx¿ x'g;S5g h'g s'/fdf cfdfafa'n] vf;} Wofg lbPsf] kfOb}g . cfdfafa'n] x/]s
lbg cfˆgf afnaflnsf;Fu lbge/ ljBfnodf eP u/]sf lqmofsnfksf] af/]df cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu a;]/ 5nkmn ug]{ /
pgLx¿nfO{ cfPsf cK7of/fx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{
cfkm" ;'/lIft / ;+/lIft /x]sf] dx;'; u/fpFb5 .
l;lj;n] Affnaflnsfsf] pko'Qm x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts k|sfzg
u/]sf] 5 . ;|f]t k':tsdf afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu cfdfafa' kl/jf/ ljBfno, ;d'bfo tyf afnaflnsf;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] cGo lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;|f]tk':tsnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL u|fdL0f e]udf cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L
/fi6«sf c;n gful/s ag"g eGg] rfxgf ug]{ t/ n]vk9 ug{ ghfGg] jf ;fdfGo n]vk9 dfq ug{ hfGg] cleefjsnfO{
cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] cfkm"n] rfx] cg';f/ k|utL u/]sf] x]g{sf nflu pgLx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg of] ;lrq
;|f]t k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
;|f]t k'l:tsfnfO{ ljleGg tLg efudf ljefhg u/L Affnaflnsfsf] hGdsf nflu of]hgf, ue{jtL dlxnf / gjhft lzz'sf]
:ofxf/, afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ / afnd}qL ljBfno lgdf{0fdf cfdfafa' tyf cleefjssf] s] s:tf] e"ldsf /xG5 eGg]
af/]df ;lrq hfgsf/L u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . of] k'l:tsfnfO{ ;d'bfo :t/df afnaflnsfsf] ;'Gb/ eljiosf] rfxgf ug]{
cleefjsx¿nfO{ cleefjs lzIff -Parenting Education_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] 5 . ;xhstf{n]
5nkmn u/fpFbf ;xeflux¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfOPsf s'/fx¿ / xfd|f] ufpdf e}/x]sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] aLrdf s] s:tf] km/s
5 < lsg o:tf] ePsf] xf]nf < lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ug{ s] ug'{knf{ < o;n] afnaflnsfdf s] s:tf] c;/ ub{5 < To;f]
eP ca xfdLn] s] ug'{knf{ < h:tf k|Zgx? u/L lrq 5nkmn u/fpg' kb{5 . k|To]s 5nkmnsf] cGTodf ca xfdLn] s]
ug]{ eg]/ of]hgf ug'{ kb{5 / of]hgf u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] ;do ;dodf cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 . ;d'bfo
:t/df cleefjs lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;xh xf]; eg]/ ;xeflux?nfO{ lrq b]vfP/ 5nkmn
ug{ nufpFbf lrqsf] k5fl8 ;xhstf{sf nflu ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 o;n] 5nkmn u/fpg yk ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . of] ;lrq
;|f]tk'l:tsf ;d'bfo :t/df 5nkmn rnfpgsf nflu ;xhstf{sf nflu ;xof]uL ;fdu|L dfq xf] . o;sf nflu ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] pko'Qm x]/rfx / afnd}qL lzIffsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts /x]sf] 5 / x/]s
;xhstf{n] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ k"j{ pQm ;|f]t k':tssf] cWoog ug'{ kb{5 .
;|f]t k'l:tsfsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf===

afnaflnsfsf] pko'Qm x]/rfxsf nflu kfl/jfl/s lzIff, ;lrq >f]t k'l:tsf2
;qsf] p2]ZoM
à gjljjflxt bDktLn] aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu s] s:tf] tof/L ug'{
kb{5 eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' .
à dlxnfn] ue{jtL cj:yfdf ug{ x'g] tyf gx'g] sfdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L
u/fO{ afnaflnsfsf] ;'/lIft hGdsf nflu :yfgLo :t/df ;r]tgf
j[l4 ug'{ .

à gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/df kl/jf/n] lgefpg' kg]{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fO{ afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;xof]u
ug'{ .
;q ;~rfngsf] ;do cjlwM #M)) 306f .
cfjZos ;fdu|LM Go"hlk|G6 k]k/, dfs{/, dfl:sª 6]k cflb .
;q !M afnaflnsfsf] hGdsf nflu of]hgf,
ue{jtL dlxnf / gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/

;q !M afnaflnsfsf] hGdsf nflu of]hgf,
ue{jtL dlxnf / gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/

;xhstf{sf] nflu ;'emfjM
lrq 5nkmnsf] cGTodf ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrq g+= ! df ljjfx kZrft
>Ldfg >LdtLn] aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu Ps cfk;df 5nkmn ul//x]sf] / lrq
g+= @ df pgLx¿n] dlxnf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{;Fu aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu >Ldfg
>LdtLn] s] s:tf] tof/L ug'{kb{5 eGg] af/]df ;Nnfx lnO/x]sf] hfgsf/L lbg] .
xfd|f] ufpF3/df cem klg aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu of]hgf ug]{ tyf k/fdz{ lng]
s'/fnfO{ Tolt Wofg lbOPsf] kfOFb}g h;n] ubf{ cfdf tyf lzz'sf] :jf:Yodf c;/
kg{ ;Sb5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] klg 5/l5d]s tyf ufpF3/df o; lsl;dsf]
;/;Nnfx, ;'emfj lbg] ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrq g+= ! / @ df tkfOF{ s]–s] b]Vg'x'G5 <
@= tkfO{Fn] klg lrq g+= ! / @ df b]vfP h:t} sfo{
ug'{eof] ls ePg < lsg < xfd|f] ufpF3/df o; lrqdf
b]vfP h:t} ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g xf]nf <
#= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ubf{ s]–s] /fd|f] cyjf g/fd|f] x'g
;S5 xf]nf <
$= xfdLn] lrqdf b]vfP h:t} sfo{ ca ufpF3/df g} ug{sf ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}F ls
;Sb}gf}F xf]nf <
lrq g+= @
lrq g++= !

lrq g+= @
lrq g++= !

lrq g+= # df ue{jtL cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿n] ;]jg ug{ x'g] / gx'g] s'/fx¿sf]
af/]df hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . xfd|f] ufpF3/df o:tf s'/fx¿df Wofg lbPsf] kfOFb}g .
ue{jtL dlxnfx¿nfO{ cGo cj:yfdf eGbf a9L kf}li6s cfxf/sf] cfjZostf
kg]{ x'Fbf kl/jf/n] ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . ue{jtL ePsf] a]nfdf dlxnfn] ;]jg
ug]{ s'/fx¿n] ue{df /x]sf] aRrfnfO{ ;d]t c;/ ug]{ x'Fbf o:tf c;/ ug]{ s'/fsf]
;]jgaf6 6f9} a:g' kb{5 . To;}u/L ue{jtL dlxnfsf] lrq $ df b]vfP cg';f/
lgoldt ¿kdf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fO{ ue{df /x]sf] lzz'sf] :jf:Yosf] af/]df
hfgsf/L lng'kb{5 . t/ cfhef]ln ue{jtL dlxnfsf] ue{df /x]sf] lzz'sf] lnË
k/LIf0f u/L ue{ktg ug]{ sfo{ a9b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L lnË klxrfgsf] cfwf/df
ue{ktg u/fpg' sfg'gL ¿kdf b08gLo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= o; lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < s] xfdLn]
klg lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F <
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ubf{ ue{jtL cfdf / aRrfsf]
nflu s]–s] /fd|f] / s]–s] g/fd|f] x'g;S5 xf]nf <
-;xefuLsf] hjfkmsf] cfwf/df ;xhstf{n] /fd|f tyf
g/fd|f s'/fx¿sf] ljj/0f Go"hlk|G6 k]k/df tof/ ug]{ /
pgLx¿nfO{ k'gM Ps k6s k9]/ ;'gfpg]_ .
#= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} sfo{ xfd|f] ufpFdf ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g xf]nf eGg] k|Zg
u/L cfˆgf] 6f]n l5d]sdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] u/L sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .
lrq g+= $
lrq g++= #

lrq g+= $
lrq g++= #

ue{jtL cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿n] ux|f}+ ef/L af]Sg] tyf zf/Ll/s Ifdtf eGbf a9L
sfd ugf{n] ue{df /x]sf] aRrfsf] ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 . To;}n]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] o:tf s'/fx¿df ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
ue{jtL cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cfOk/]sf sltko ;d:ofx¿ v'n:t
¿kdf kl/jf/df /fVg g;Sg] ePsf] / ufpF3/df dlxnfx¿sf] sfo{af]em klg
a9L x'g] ePsfn] o:tf] cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] pgLx¿sf] ljz]if Vofn
ug'{kb{5 . ue{jtL cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] cfjZos x]/rfx x'g g;s]df cfdf tyf
aRrf b'j}nfO{ c;/ ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrq g+= % / ^ df tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg' x'G5 <
lrqdf b]vfP h:t} sfd xfdLn] klg u/]sf 5f}F ls 5}gf}F <
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} sfdn] ue{jtL dlxnfdf s'g}
c;/ kb{5 ls kb}{g xf]nf < To:tf c;/x¿ s]–s] x'g
;Snfg <
#= ue{jtL cj:yfdf cfpg] o:tf ;d:ofx¿af6 aRg s]–s] ug{ ;lsG5 xf]nf <
lrq g+= ^
lrq g++= %

lrq g+= ^
lrq g++= %

ue{jtL cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿n] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf c;/ kg]{ u/L sfd ubf{ To;sf]
c;/ ue{df /x]sf] aRrfnfO{ klg kb{5 . ue{jtL dlxnfn] o:tf] cj:yfdf Vofn
ug'{kb{5 . dlxnfx¿ k|foM cfk"m pQm sfo{ ug{ c;Ifd /x]sf] s'/f atfpg cK7of/f]
dfGg ;S5g . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] pgLx¿sf] cj:yf af/]df Vofn ug]{ /
;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 . h;n] ue{df /x]sf] aRrf / cfdf b'j}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 .
ˆ
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < s] xfd|f] ufpF3/df
klg o:t} x'G5 < olb x'Fb}g eg] lsg gePsf] xf]nf <
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ubf{ ue{jtL cfdf tyf lzz'dfly
s] s:tf] k|efj k5{ xf]nf < lsg <
lrq g+= &
lrq g++= *

lrq g+= &
lrq g++= *

UffpFdf gjhft lzz'sf] hGd kl5 s]–s] ug'{ kb{5 jf s]–s] ug'{x'Fb}g eGg] af/]df
ljleGg e|dx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf e|dx¿n] gjhft lzz'nfO{ c;/ ub{5
/ sltko cj:yfdf lzz'sf] d[To' ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;xhstf{n] aRrf
hGd]kl5 gfeL sf6g k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lx¿ lgd{nLs/0f ul/g' kg]{, gjhft lzz'nfO{
cfdfsf] b"w v'jfpg' kg]{, Gofgf] sk8fdf /fVg' kg]{ tyf 3fddf ;'tfpg' kg]{ s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg] . ufpF3/df o; af/]df km/s ljrf/x¿ cfpg ;S5g h'g s'/fn]
gjhft lzz'nfO{ c;/ ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] s] ug]{ jf s] gug]{ eGg] af/]df :yfgLo
:t/df dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿;Fu klg ;Nnfx lng ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L
u/fpg' kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < s] xfdLn] klg
o:t} ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F <
@= lrqdf b]vfP cg';f/ xfdLn] s]–s] ug{ x'G5 / s]–
s] ug{ x'Fb}g h:tf] nfUb5 < lsg <
#= lrqdf b]vfP cg';f/ ug{ xfd|f] ufpF3/df ;Dej 5 ls 5}g <
lrq g+= (

lrq g+= (

lrq 5nkmnsf] cGTodf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo
hfFr u/fO{ cfwf/e"t vf]kx¿ ;dodf g} lbg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ufpF3/df g}
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿ cfpg] ub{5g . xfd|f] ufpFsf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf klg o;
lsl;dsf] ;]jf pknAw 5 . afnaflnsfsf] lgoldt :jf:Yo hfFr u/L cf}ifwL ;]jg
u/fpFbf pgLx¿ a9L ;'/lIft x'G5g . ufpFdf :jf:Yo hfFr gu/fO{ cf}ifwL v'jfpg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;f] ubf{ afnaflnsf Hff]lvddf kb{5g . To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] ;Nnfxlagf cf}ifwL ;]jg u/fpg' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
lbg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf s]–s] b]Vg' x'G5 < tkfO{Fx¿sf] ljrf/df lrqdf
b]vfP h:t} u/L xfd|f afnaflnsfsf] klg :jf:Yo hfFr
u/fpg' cfjZos 5 ls 5}g < lsg <
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L xfdLn] xfd|f afnaflnsfsf]
lgoldt :jf:Yo hfFr u/fpg] u/]sf 5f}F < 5}gf}F eg] sxfF
uP/ hrfpg] u/]sf 5f}F <
#= lgoldt :jf:Yo hfFr u/fPsf / gu/fPsf afnaflnsfdf s] s:tf] km/s kfpg'
ePsf] 5 <
lrq g+= !)
lrq g++= !!

lrq g+= !)
lrq g++= !!

UffpFdf clwsf+z dflg;sf] a'emfO afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s cfxf/
ahf/df pknAw x'G5 eGg] /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;sf] sf/0f pgLx¿n] ahf/df
tof/L kf}li6s cfxf/ g} vf]Hg] ub{5g . t/ ufpF3/df pknAw u]8fu'8Laf6 klg
afnaflnsfsf nflu 3/df g} ahf/df pknAw tof/L kf}li6s cfxf/ eGbf u'0f:t/Lo
/ :j:ys/ kf}li6s cfxf/ tof/ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s] b]Vg'eof] < xfdLn] klg lrqdf
b]vfP h:t} ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F t < olb ul//x]sf 5}gf}F eg]
xfdL o:t} ug{ ;S5f}F ls ;Sb}gf}F xf]nf <
@= ahf/df tof/L ;jf]{Qd lk7f] / 3/df g} tof/ ul/Psf]
;jf]{Qd lk7f] dWo] afnaflnsfsf nflu s'g a9L
k||efjsf/L xf]nf < lsg <
#= xfdLn] afnaflnsfsf nflu 3/df g} kf}li6s cfxf/ tof/ ug{ s]–s] k|of]u ug{
;S5f}F <
lrq g++= !@

lrq g++= !@

;xhstf{n] 5nkmnsf] cGTodf afnaflnsfsf] hGdsf nflu cfdf÷a'afn]
slt ;dosf] km/sdf aRrf hGdfpg] eg]/ ;Nnfx ug'{ kg]{, plrt hGdfGt/n]
afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] / afnaflnsf :j:y x'g], pgLx¿sf]
:ofxf/;';f/df plrt Wofg lbg ;lsg] ePsfn]] ufpF3/df cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj
lbg'kg]{ s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] . hGdfGt/ geO{ aRrf hGdfpFbf afnaflnsfsf]
j[l4 / ljsf;df c;/ ub{5 ;fy} kl/jf/n] pgLx¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/df Wofg lbg
g;Sg] x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s] b]Vg'x'G5 < b'O{j6f lrqdf
tkfO{Fx¿n] s'g} km/s kfpg' eof] < olb kfpg' eof] eg]
s] s:tf] km/s 5 t <
@= xfd|f] ufpF3/df klg xfdLn] afnaflnsfsf] hGd x'Fbf
lrqdf b]vfP h:t} km/s kfpF5f}F <
#= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} afnaflnsfsf] hGd x'Fbf hGdfGt/ sd jf a9L x'Fbf s]] /fd|f]
x'G5 / s] /fd|f] x'Fb}g <
lrq g++= !#

lrq g++= !#

;xhstf{n] sIffsf] cGTodf of] kl/jf/ ;'vL÷v';L /xg'sf sf/0fx¿ s]–s]
xf]nfg eGg] af/]df 5nkmn rnfO{ o; ;qsf] ;'?b]lv g} 5nkmn u/fOPsf
lrqx¿sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 . kl/jf/ ;'vL /xg gjljjflxt bDktLn] ljjfx
kZrft afnaflnsfsf] hGdsf nflu of]hgf u/L cfkm" aRrf hGdfpg ;Ifd /x]
g/x]sf] olsg ug]{, ue{jtL cj:yfdf lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg], lzz'sf]
hGd kZrft cfjZos :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ tyf pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yodf Wofg lbg] cflb
sfo{n] kl/jf/nfO{ ;'vL agfpg] x'Fbf o:tf s'/fdf xfdLn] ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ eGg]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ sIff ;dfkg ug]{ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s] b]Vg'eof] < of] kl/jf/ lsg
v';L b]lvPsf] xf]nf <
@= s] xfd|f] ufpF3/df klg ;a} kl/jf/ lrqdf b]vfP h:t}
v';L 5g t < lsg <
#= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} xfd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ klg v';L kfg{ xfdLn] s]–s] ug'{knf{ <
lrq g++= !$

lrq g++= !$

;qsf] p2]ZoM
à afnaflnsfsf] pko'Qm x]/rfxsf nflu kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf tyf
lhDd]jf/Lsf] af/]df ;r]tgf j[l4 ug'{ .
à afnaflnsfsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu 3/ kl/jf/df x'g'kg]{ jftfj/0f
lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg' .

à afnaflnsfnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk tyf ;+:sf/sf] af/]df l;sfpg
kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' .
;q ;~rfngsf] ;do cjlwM !M#) 306f .
;q @M afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/

;q @M afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/

;xhstf{n] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf b'O{j6f lrqx¿df s] s:tf] leGgtf /x]sf] 5
eGg] af/]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|Zg u/L ;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf leGgtfx¿nfO{
Go'hlk|G6 k]k/ tyf ;]tf]kf6Ldf l6Kg'kb{5 . ;xefuLaf6 cfPsf s'/fx¿sf
cfwf/df afnaflnsfsf] nflu pQm s'/fx¿n] s] s:tf] /fd|f] tyf g/fd|f] c;/
ub{5 eGg]af/]df 5nkmn rnfpg'kb{5 . 5nkmnsf] cGTodf afnaflnsfnfO{
kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf cleefjsx¿n] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
u/fpg] . pgLx¿sf lh1f;fx¿sf] emsf]{ gdfgL hjfkm lbFbf x'g] ;sf/fTds kIfsf]
af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5 h;n] ubf{ afnaflnsf l;h{gzLn x'G5g eGg] ;Gb]z
lbg' kb{5 . afnaflnsf :jefj}n] a9L lh1f;' x'g] / gofF gofF s'/f ug{ rfxg]
x'G5g . o;df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] emsf]{ gdfgL pgLx¿sf lh1f;f d]6fpg'
kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ xKsfpg] tyf ufnL ug]{ ugf{n] pgLx¿ cleefjs eGbf
6f9f /xg vf]Hg] / s'ntdf ;d]t kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf o; s'/fdf ;w}F ;r]t x'g' kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fn] s] b]Vg'eof] < tkfO{F xfd|f] kl/jf/df
klg o:t} x'G5 ls x'Fb}g <
@= klxnf] / bf]>f] lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s] s:tf] leGgtf
kfpg' x'G5 <
#= klxnf] lrqdf b]vfP h:tf] Jojxf/n] afnaflnsfdfly s] s:tf] c;/ ub{5 <
$= bf]>f] lrqdf b]vfP cg';f/ Jojxf/ ugf{n] afnaflnsfdfly s] s:tf] k|efj
kg{ ;S5 <
lrq g+= !^
lrq g++= !%

lrq g+= !^
lrq g++= !%

;xhstf{n] lrqsf] cfwf/df 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ afnaflnsfsf]
pHHjn eljiosf nflu 3/ kl/jf/df klg pko'Qm jftfj/0f x'g' kg]{ / o;sf
nflu cleefjsn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ atfpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsf cfˆgf ultljlw
cleefjsnfO{ b]vfpg rfxG5g / cleefjsaf6 k|z+;f tyf xf};nfsf] ck]Iff
klg /fv]sf x'G5g . afnaflnsfnfO{ gofF gofF sfd ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0f agfpg]
lhDd]jf/L cleefjssf] xf] . afnaflnsfn] s'g} sfd lauf/]df pgLx¿nfO{ k'gM
gbf]xf]¥ofpg eGg' kb{5, o;n] afnaflnsfdf ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'G5
eGg] s'/fsf] ;Gb]z lbg' kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg' eof] < tkfO{Fn] s]
s:tf] km/s÷leGgtf kfpg'eof] <
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:tf] xfd|f] 3/df klg 5 ls 5}g <
#= lrqdf b]vfPsf s'/fx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ s] s:tf]
kmfObf jf a]kmfObf x'G5 xf]nf <
lrq g+= !&

lrq g+= !&

;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfP cg';f/sf] jftfj/0f eP gePsf] af/]df
5nkmn u/fO{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf k7fpFb}df pgLx¿n] /fd|f];Fu k95g
eGg] 5}g pgLx¿sf] nflu 3/df klg z}lIfs jftfj/0f x'g' cfjZos 5 . sltko
cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ xKsfpg] tyf ufnL ugf{n] pgLx¿ cleefjssf]
5]pdf g} gcfpg] x'G5g . afnaflnsf cleefjs eGbf 6f9f /xFbf pgLx¿nfO{
ljleGg lsl;dsf hf]lvdtfx¿ cfpg ;S5g, o; s'/fdf cleefjsn] ljz]if Wofg
lbg' kb{5 . To;}n] 3/kl/jf/df afnaflnsfsf] nflu pko'Qm÷afnd}qL jftfj/0f
s;/L tof/ ug]{ eGg] af/]df cleefjsx¿n] ;f]Rg'kg]{ af/]df ;Gb]z lbg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < tkfO{Fn] s]
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:tf] xfd|f] 3/df klg 5 ls 5}g <
#= lrqdf b]vfPsf s'/fx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ s] s:tf
kmfObf jf a]kmfObf x'G5g xf]nf <
lrq g+= !*

lrq g+= !*

afnaflnsf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf cleefjsn] ug]{ Jojxf/af6 w]/} s'/f
l;Sg] ub{5g . To;}n] 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] ljBfnosf] ¿kdf
klg lnOG5 . ;fgf] pd]/df g} pgLx¿ cleefjsn] ug]{ sfdx¿sf] gSsn
ug]{ / cfkm" klg ;f]xL cg';f/ ug{ a9L dg k/fpF5g . sltko cleefjsx¿n]
pgLx¿nfO{ o:tf sfd ug{ lbFb}gg / afnaflnsfnfO{ ufnL ub{5g . h;sf] sf/0f
afnaflnsf k'gM To:tf] sfd ug{ ?rfpFb}gg . afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ?lr
cg';f/ hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg' kb{5, h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv
g} ;dfhdf 3'nldn x'g l;sfpFb5 . o;sf nflu cleefjssf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < tkfO{Fn] s]
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ xfd|f] 3/df x'g]
u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g <
#= lrqdf b]vfPsf s'/fx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ s] s:tf]
kmfObf jf a]kmfObf x'G5 xf]nf <
lrq g+= !(

lrq g+= !(

Affnaflnsfn] cfkm"n] b]v]sf s'/fx¿af6 g} hLjgdf ug{ x'g] / gx'g] s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L kfpF5g . ufpF3/df 6f]nsf] ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ sfo{df cleefjssf] ;xeflutf
x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] afnaflnsfn] klg cfˆgf] / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO{ ug'{kb{5 eGg]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpF5g . kl/jf/df czQm JolQmnfO{ cfdf a'afn] u/]sf] ;xof]u
b]v]/ pgLx¿n] klg To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 eGg] af/]df
hfgsf/L kfpFb5g . To;}n] cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfpg cfkm"n]
klg To; lsl;dsf Jojxf/x¿ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbg' kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] <
@= lrqdf b]vfP h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ xfd|f] 3/df klg
x'g] u/]sf 5g <
#= lrqdf b]vfPsf sfdx¿af6 afnaflnsfn] s] s:tf
s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;S5g <
lrq g+= @)
lrq g+= @!

lrq g+= @)
lrq g+= @!

;qsf] p2]ZoM
à afnd}qL ljBfno lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjssf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fpg' .
à afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno tyf 3/ kl/jf/df x'g] b'Jo{jxf/af6
hf]ufpg kl/jf/nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg' .

à ljBfnodf afnaflnsf tyf cleefjssf] ;xeflutf j[l4 u/L
afnd}qL ljBfno lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;lqmo u/fpg'  .
;q ;~rfngsf] ;do cjlwM @ 306f .
;q #M afnd}qL ljBfno

;q #M afnd}qL ljBfno

lrqsf] 5nkmn kZrft ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ xfd|f afnaflnsf k9g] ljBfnodf klg
lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ljleGg lsl;dsf b'Jo{jxf/x¿ x'g ;S5g . sltko ljBfnodf cem} klg
afnaflnsfdfly zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo x'g]u/]sf] kfOG5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof u/]sf] h:tf]
u/L pgLx¿sf ;+j]bgzLn cË rnfpg] tyf ufnfdf lrdf]6g] sfo{ 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ljBfnodf
klg ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf ultljlwsf sf/0faf6 afnaflnsfn] c;'/lIft tyf c;xh
dx;'; ul//x]sf x'G5g . t/ afnaflnsfn] cfkm"dfly ePsf o:tf b'Jo{jxf/x¿ 3/df geGg
klg ;S5g . ljBfnodf x'g ;Sg] o:tf ultljlwn] afnaflnsfnfO{ dfgl;s ¿kdf c;/
ul//x]sf] x'G5 / pgLx¿ n]vk9 ug{ dg gk/fpg] x'G5g . pgLx¿dfly o:tf ultljlw gxf];
eg]/ ljBfnodf cleefjsx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf hfg'kb{5 / afnaflnsf;Fu klg lgoldt 5nkmn
ug'{kb{5 . cleefjsn] k|To]s lbg afnaflnsf;Fu ljBfnodf eP u/]sf lqmofsnfksf af/]df
5nkmn ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ Psbd} /fd|f] nfu]sf] tyf g/fd|f] nfu]sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{
cg'zfl;t / d]xgtL x'g k|f]T;fxg lbg] cflb sfo{ ugf{n] afnaflnsfn] cfkm"nfO{ cK7of/f] k/]sf
s'/f ;xh ?kdf atfpg ;S5g . sltko cj:yfdf afnaflnsf dfgl;s ¿kdf 8/fO/x]sf 5g
eg] kl/jf/n] pgLx¿sf OR5f cg';f/sf lrqx¿ agfpg nufP/ klg pgLx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L
lng ;lsG5 o;sf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;w}F k|f]T;fxg lbg' kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf]] ;Gb]z lbg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < s] xfd|f afnaflnsf k9g]
ljBfnodf klg o:tf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 <
@= s] tkfO{Fsf afnaflnsfn] ljBfnodf lrqdf b]vfP h:t} lqmofsnfk
eof] eg]/ eGg] u/]sf 5g <
#= tkfO{Fsf afnaflnsfn] lrqdf b]vfP h:tf] b'Jo{jxf/ ljBfnodf
cfk"mdfly eof] egL tkfO{FnfO{ eg]sf v08df tkfO{F s] ug'{x'G5 <
$= tkfOF{n] slxNo} ljBfnodf tkfO{Fsf afnaflnsfdfly b'Jo{jxf/ eof]
eGg] s'/f lnP/ ljBfnodf hfg'ePsf] 5 <
%= tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ultljlwn] afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf s'g} c;/ u5{ ls ub}{g
xf]nf <
lrq g+= @@
lrq g+= @#

lrq g+= @@
lrq g+= @#

xfd|f] ufpFsf] ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg cleefjsx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/xg] ub{5 . ljBfnodf cleefjssf] ;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs
u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu ;xof]u k'Ub5 . ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] lgoldt l;sfO{
d"NofÍg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 5}g, ljBfnodf hfthflt, wfld{s cf:yf, lnË tyf
zf/Ll/s ckfËtfsf] cfwf/df lagf e]befj k7gkf7g ug]{ u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]
s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cleefjssf] xf] . sltko cj:yfdf afnaflnsf
aLr klg o; lsl;dsf] lje]b ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf nflu ljBfnodf
cleefjsx¿sf] ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 . ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff,
v]n tyf dgf]/~hgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L eP gePsf] olsg u/L pQm s'/fsf]
Joj:yfkgdf cleefjsn] ljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ ub{5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf]
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf ;fy} ljBfnonfO{ afnaflnsf d}qL agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < s] xfd|f]
afnaflnsf k9g] ljBfnodf klg lrqdf b]vfP h:t} 5
<
@= tkfO{F ljBfnodf s] s:tf] ultljlw x'G5 eg]/ hfg]
ug'{ePsf] 5 <
#= xfd|f] ufpFsf] ljBfnonfO{ klg lrqdf b]vfP h:t} agfpg s] ug'{kb{5 xf]nf <
lrq g+= @$

lrq g+= @$

;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ lgsfNb} sltko afnaflnsf
ljBfnodf afnd}qL k"jf{wf/sf] cefjdf ljBfno 5f]8g], ljBfnodf lgoldt
gcfpg] tyf k9fO{df sdhf]/ x'g] ub{5g . o;sf nflu cleefjsn] ljBfnodf
afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ a:g] Joj:yf ldnfpg], ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf]
;xh ¿kdf kx'Fr k'Ug] u/L wf/f tyf zf}rfnosf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, ljBfnodf
?lr cg';f/ cWoog ug{sf nflu k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{sf nflu
cleefjsx¿n] ljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] . sltko
ljBfnodf o; lsl;dsf] k"jf{wf/x¿ gx'g klg ;Sb5g . To:tf] cj:yfdf
:yfgLo :t/df pknAw >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg]
sfo{df lzIfs cleefjsx¿ lar ;xsfo{ x'g' cfjZos 5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf tkfO{Fx¿n] s]–s] b]Vg'eof] < s] xfd|f] ljBfnodf
klg o:t} 5 < olb 5}g eg] o;n] afnaflnsfdf s]
s:tf] k|efj kf5{ <
@= xfd|f] ljBfnodf klg lrqdf b]vfP h:t} Joj:yf
ldnfpg s]–s] ug'{kb{5 xf]nf <
#= xfd|f] ljBfnonfO{ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} agfpg xfdLn] s] s:tf] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}F <
$= ljBfnodf lrqdf b]vfP h:t} k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yfkg ePdf afnaflnsf /
pgLx¿sf] k9fO{df s] s:tf] km/s cfpF5 xf]nf <
lrq g+= @%

lrq g+= @%

Affnaflnsf :jefj}n] ;'g]sf] s'/f eGbf b]v]sf] / cfkm}Fn] k|of]u u/]sf s'/fx¿ a9L
;Demg] :jefjsf x'G5g . ljBfnodf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bz{g ljlw dfkm{t lzIf0f
l;sfO{ tyf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ k|of]ufTds cEof; ubf{ pgLx¿n]
l;s]sf] l;sfO{ bL3{sfnLg x'G5 . o;sf nflu ljBfnodf pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
tyf :yfgLo :t/df g} z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfnodf afnaflnsf
la/fdL kbf{ tyf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ;fdfGo rf]6k6s nfUbf pgLx¿sf] k|fylds pkrf/
ug]{ tyf cf/fd ug]{ sf]7fsf] Joj:yf 5 ls 5}g eGg] af/]df cleefjsx¿n]
hfgsf/L lng'kb{5 / o;sf nflu of]hgf ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu cleefjsx¿n]
ljBfno;Fu ;dGjo u/L cfjZos of]hgf th'{df ug]{ tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ug'{
kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!=lrqdftkfO{Fx¿n]s]–s]b]Vg'eof]<s]xfd|f]ljBfnodf
klg o:t} Joj:yf 5 <
@= xfd|f] ljBfnonfO{ s;/L lrqdf b]vfP h:t} agfpg
;lsG5 xf]nf <
#= lrqdf b]vfPsf] Joj:yf ljBfnodf gx'Fbf
afnaflnsfnfO{ s] s:tf] c;/ kb{5 xf]nf <
$= xfd|f] ljBfnodf lrqdf b]vfP h:t} Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g <
o;sf nflu xfdLn] s] s:tf] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}F <
lrq g+= @^

lrq g+= @^

ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfn] ljBfnosf] ;du| k|ultdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5  .
afnaflnsfsf] af/]df s'g} lg0f{o ug'{ kbf{ pgLx¿sf] egfO{ ;'Gg] / ;f]xL cg';f/
lg0f{o ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfn]
pgLx¿nfO{ cfPsf ;d:ofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g] tyf ca s] ug]{ eg]/ of]hgf
ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] ub{5 . afnaflnsfsf] af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;do
;dodf ljBfnodf x'g] k|ltof]lutfTds tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL
x'g k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 eg] sltko cj:yfdf o:tf sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf tyf
;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L afnaflnsfnfO{ g} lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] k|ultdf
xf};nf k|bfg ug]{ tyf c;kmn x'Fbf klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbFb} csf]{ k6s
;kmn x'g xf};nf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] afnaflnsfdf ;sf/fTds ;f]rfOsf]
ljsf; x'g] ub{5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu cleefjsn] klg cfjZos
jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf s]–s] eO/x]sf] 5 < s] xfd|f afnaflnsf
klg ljBfnodf x'g] o:tf ultljlwx¿df ;xefuL x'g]
u/]sf 5g <
@= afnaflnsfnfO{ lrqdf b]vfP cg';f/sf
lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL u/fpFbf s]–s] kmfObf / s]–s]
a]kmfObf x'G5 xf]nf <
#= tkfO{Fsf afnaflnsfn] ljBfnodf x'g] o:tf lqmofsnfksf af/]df hfgsf/L
u/fpg] u/]sf 5g < tkfO{F pgLx¿sf o:tf lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL eP/ pgLx¿nfO{
xf};nf lbg'ePsf] 5 <
lrq g+= @&
lrq g+= @* lrq g+= @(

lrq g+= @&
lrq g+= @* lrq g+= @(

of] 5nkmnsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z eg]sf] ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg ;r]t / hfu?s
cleefjssf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfn]
ljBfnodf ug]{ lqmofsnfksf] af/]df lgoldt hfgsf/L lng], ljBfnodf lbPsf]
u[xsfo{ u/] gu/]sf] a'‰g], afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} ;d:of /x]sf] eP ljBfnodf
hfgsf/L u/fpg], ljBfnon] ;~rfng ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿df cfˆgf afnaflnsf
;xefuL eP gePsf] hfgsf/L lng] / pQm lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g xf};nf k|bfg
ug]{, ljBfnosf] ef}lts lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/sf nflu ljBfnonfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u
ug]{ tyf ;do ;dodf ljBfnosf] ;du| ljsf;sf] af/]df 5nkmn cfof]hgf ug{
nufpg] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu cleefjsx¿ g} lhDd]jf/ x'G5g eGg]
hfgsf/L u/fO{ cfˆgf] ljBfno lgdf{0fsf nflu s]–s] ug]{ eg]/ of]hgf tof/ ug{
nufpg] .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
!= lrqdf b]vfP h:t} xfd|f] ljBfnonfO{ klg afnd}qL
agfpg xfdLn] s] s:tf] sfd ug{ ;S5f}F xf]nf <
@= xfd|f] ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg s–s;n] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g xf]nf <
#= xfd|f] ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg ;a}eGbf a9L s;sf] e"ldsf /xG5 xf]nf <
lsg <

lrq g+= #)

lrq g+= #!

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