parliamentry and presidential ppt

Parliamentary
System
And
Presidential
System

Parliamentary
System
INTRODUCTION
• A parliamentary form of government
system, in which the executive is taken
from the legislature
• The reason why it is called Parliamentary
form of government because the
government powers. The parliament
performs legislative and financial functions
and is also concerned with the executive
functions of the government.
• Parliamentary government is a democratic
form of government in which the political
party that wins the most seats in the
legislature or parliament during the federal
election forms the government.

 Kingdom of Great Britain between
1707 and 1800.
 In Sweden between 1721 and 1772.
 In Pakistan 1956 constitution.
 Canada (1867), Italy (2 June 1946),
Japan(1889), Latvia(5–6 June 1993),
the Netherlands(1865), and New
Zealand(1854).
Origin Of Parliamentary System

 Parliamentary systems fall into two categories: bicameral and
unicameral. Out of 193 countries in the world, 79 are bicameral
and 113 are unicameral.
 It is a bicameral federal legislature that consists of the Senate as
the upper house and the National Assembly as the lower house.
According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,
the President of Pakistan is also a component of the Parliament.
Origin Of Parliamentary System

CHARACTERISTICS
• Heads of the state and government:
• In the parliamentary system, two different people hold two positions.
Prime Minister is head of the Government, and the President is head of
State.
• Election:
• In a parliamentary system, people elect all members of the provincial
assembly and national assembly by voting to their respective
candidates. These MA's then chose the prime minister of the country
who is also the leader of the parliament, by casting votes.
• Term of Office:
• In parliamentary form, the prime minister has to leave his office and
resign in the case of a vote of no confidence from the majority of
parliamentarians. The new prime ministers elected through voting by
members of the assembly . The courts have the power to disqualify
him on some particular offense like corruption charges or contempt of
court

Presidential system
• It is also known as Single Executive System.
• A democratic system of government is characterized by a
separation of powers between the executive and legislative.
• In the presidential government, voters elect the president and the
congress separately for fixed terms.
• The president cannot dissolve the congress, and the congress
cannot dismiss the president unless impeachment is used.
• President is the head of state government, is elected directly by the
people, and is responsible to them, not to the congress.

• The separation of powers is among three organs, executive , legislature, and
Judiciary.
• All the three organs of the government is separated from each other but all are
checking each other and restraining each other.
• Superior position of President because all the power of the government are
concentrated with him.
• Political homogeneity is not necessary that all cabinet should belong to same
political party.
CHARACTERISTICS

Chief of State who either sign or veto legislation presented to him.
Chief Executive appoints the heads of the government departments
President as Legislative Power either sign legislation into law or veto bills
enacted by Congress.
Chief Diplomat establishes and implements foreign policies and conducts
international negotiations.
Responsibilities Of The President

Commander in Chief authorize direct movement of naval and
military forces placed by law at his command.
Chief of Party acts as the leader of their political party and
supports other governmental candidates who support the same
policies.
Guardian of the Economy monitors the economy of the country
and help to run it smoothly.
Responsibilities Of The President

COMPARISON
Parliamentary system
• In Parliamentary system the legislative and
executive body of government are closely
related, while the judiciary is independent of the
other two bodies of government.
• In parliamentary systems, the head of
government usually know as prime minister.
• Executive is taken from the legislature
• It is based on principles of collective
leadership.
Presidential system
• In Presidential system, the legislative,
executive and judiciary body of the
government are independent of each other.
• The president is the head of government and
the head of state.
• The president is separate from the legislative
group.
• Presidential System is based on single
executive

COMPARISON
Parliamentary system Presidential system
• Single membership
• Members of congress are elected
during separate elections
• President does not make laws
• responsible for performing judicial
duties.
• Double membership
• Members of parliament elected by
single elections
• Parliament selects the prime minister
• responsible to make the decisions and
laws for the state

COMPARISON
Parliamentary system Presidential system
• President cannot dissolve lower house.
• The President is elected directly by the
people and is answerable to the voters.
• Separation of powers
• He is not accountable to the legislature
• President have a fixed tenure.
• Prime Minister can dissolve the
lower house before the expiry of its
term.
• directly answerable to the people
• No separation of powers
• He is accountable to the legislature.
• Tenure of executive does not fixed

• Election of chief Executive:
Two types of executive i.e. titular executive and real executive.
• Tenure:
The Prime Minister has no official term length. Thus, so long as Parliament is
satisfied, the Prime Minister remains in position.
• Separation of Powers:
Separation of powers recognizes three separate and distinct branches; legislative,
executive, judicial.

• Position of ministers:
the prime minister plays a significant and highly crucial role in the
functioning of the government.
• Checks and balances:
A system of checks and balances ensures that each power
exercises control over the others.

Presidential System
• Role of the head of the state:
The head of government is performed by chief executive officially known as
president.
• Relation with the legislature:
The executive is not responsible to legislature.
• Formation of cabinet:
The president has the power to choose the members of his cabinet.
• Political homogeneity:
The president has the right to appoint any person, whom he considers fit to head any
government department.

Parliamentary System
• Limited Separation of Powers:
Typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is
separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of
powers.
• Political Responsibility:
There is less influence of political parties in the decision-making
process.
• Collective Responsibility:
Which states that ministers are responsible for the running of their
departments, and therefore culpable for the departments' mistakes

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
Advantages disadvantages
Always stable government
The government becomes unstable if the ruling
party does not focus minority people.
Greater party discipline
This system is against the theory of separation
of power
Responsible government
Much of the time is wasted in discussion during
war and emergency
like to become dictatorship
Sometimes national interest is sacrificed for
party interest
Less expensive Expensive to Operate
People’s loyalty to the state This system leads to perpetual conflict

Reduce work load Minimal amount of check and balance
management between Legislature and
Executive
Conflict Between the Head of State and
Head of Government.
friendly relationship between the executive
and legislative
Struggles Between the Ruling Party and
the Opposition.
Faster and quicker decision making Formation of government becomes difficult
in multiparty
More adjustable according to changing
circumstances
Frequency in change of government leads to
uncertainty
Head of the state is impartial
Minister pay more attention to the politics
than administration
It is accountable to public opinion Minority rights get washed away

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
Advantages Disadvantages
Fixed tenure of office of the president Lack of flexibility in Tenure of Office
Full control of the executive arm
It may lead to dictatorship
Quick in Decision-making Absence of Party Discipline
Direct Elections
Lack of control and balance
Stability in politics Inflexibility

Absence of collective
responsibility
Expensive to run the system.
Separation of powers
Friction between the executive
and the legislature
The system allows a strong
president to achieve all his
objectives.
It leads to high rate of corruption
It encourages good policy making
Decisions can take longer if
executive and legislative do not
agree

Conclusion
• In some countries, government
adopted a mixture of both these types
of system as well.
• These systems have multiple
differences based on separation of
powers, accountability, executives
etc.
• It is upon the government of a
particular country to decide the
system which will be most suited for
their country.
• The concentration of power in a
single hand will lead to abuse of
power which is very dangerous to
our democracy

parliamentry and presidential ppt

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