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Participatory rural appraisal(pra)

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Shubham Soni
Shubham Soni

Participatory Rural Appraisal are more of Methods of Interacting with the people of villages, rural areas whose data and countings are rarely done, but need to be looked at, after all they contribute for the GDP. A branch of Extension Education, Each one should be Cared For and shouldn't be overlooked.

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Participatory Rural Appraisal
Why PRA…? • Development plans of the past focused on potential area and resourceful people development. The purpose of development was to increase productivity on potential areas with the introduction of new techniques and technologies and to concentrate efforts on limited section and supply surplus to the markets. The professionals briefly paid visit to those potential areas often closer to the main road and urban locations, where inputs could be easily distributed. An increase in production on those fertile lands would not have been however difficult. • The experts visit men who are living in a better condition and do not visit women, spend more time discussion with elites than the poor. • Even if visits have been done, it was in the dry and cool weather than hot and wet season. The situation investigated was that of a single season, heterogeneity. Farm systems consist of several elements, which are affected by seasons. During rainy season, the system becomes productive and in the dry season crop cultivation stops, etc. The poor and marginalized people live on meager sources and are neglected. • PRA believes in that, if opportunities are given, then poor people can create circumstance to change their own situation. Outsiders should support them with their skills so that they become creative.
Introduction… • Participatory rural appraisal:- a set of informal techniques used by development practitioners in rural areas to collect and analyze data. • PRA is a label given to participatory approaches and methods that emphasize local knowledge and enable local people to make their own appraisal, analysis, and plans. • This tool is efficient in terms of both time and money. PRA work intends to gather enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions.
Principles of PRA • - Respecting people’s knowledge and learning from them. • - Listening to the disadvantaged: Respect • - Optimal ignorance: Do not collect data, which you do not need. • - Flexibility: PRA does not stick to fixed plan to action. • - Appropriate imprecision: Necessary to accept local concept of data, quantification. • - It involves a team of people working with a community for several days.
Types of PRA… • i) Exploratory: PRA tools and techniques are widely used to diagnose the current situation such as farming system, health and health facilities, hygiene and sanitation,etc. • ii) Topical: Such PRA focuses on one issue to conduct a more detailed investigation, leading to an extended hypothesis on the roots of the problem and specific suggestions to deal with it. • iii) Problem solving: Diagnosis of problems and suggestions of solution with participation of people.
VARIOUS PRA METHODS • -Transects • - Maps 1. Resource Map 2. Social Map 3. Farm Map • - Seasonally analysis • - Historical analysis
VARIOUS PRA METHODS contd… • - Matrix ranking • - Wealth ranking • - Pair wise ranking • - Pie charts • - Venn diagrams
Transect Walk • This involves walking with the villagers through the village and discussing about different aspects of land and water in the village during the walk. • This enables the outsider to observe different aspects of rural environment and helps in getting in-depth information about problems and opportunities as well as their interpretations. • The walk also reveals view about Natural resources; is it resource rich/poor village?
Seasonal Analysis • Each season has specific problems and influences on rural life. • It affects the availability of food, water, fuel, fodder, etc. this influences their living conditions. • Here, villagers prepare diagrams and charts of socio-economic and physical phenomenon.
Historical Analysis • Various diagramming techniques can help explore changes in: rainfall, labor demand, farming (fishing, hunting, herding) activities, wood supply for fuel, disease incidence, migration for employment, food stocks and many other elements that change over time. The diagrams you produce can be used as a basis for discussions for the reasons behind changes and implications for the people involved.
Matrix Ranking • Matrix ranking is used to list items to be compared along horizontal line and criteria on the vertical line to rank choices from most important to least important (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc) In this case frequency of the items valued as the 1st choice helps to make up a final decision. • * * * * (4/5)
Wealth Ranking • Wealth ranking is a method to understand relative wealth with in a specific area and community. It is a method to learn about local criteria of well-being. • Wealth ranking provides a way to identify information form different social and economic groups to produce a baseline against which future intervention impact can be measured. • Wealth ranking is a sensitive issue to discuss with every member of the community
Pair-Wise Ranking • Here, two items are used at a time for ranking and can be used to explore rural people’s criteria for choosing one alternative over the other. • At the end, most favorable choice or problem is identified.
Venn Diagrams • In this Diagrams, circles of different sizes represent an individual or institution whose size shows degree of its importance in decision making.
Maps… • The purposes of a map or is a visual representation of what the community perceives as their community space. • This include showing the shape (appearance) of the community, boundary and all the major features as understood and known by the community. • The map shows where resources, activities, problems and opportunities are located as well as the dimension and scope of issues to be investigated.
Resource Maps… [Maps(contd…)] • Resource maps are drawn by the people to show natural resource of an area, location and use of natural resources. • - fields and land uses • - physical land features • - water location, quality and use • - soil types, uses, location…etc.
Social Maps… [Maps(contd…)] • Specific type of map representing households according to certain indicators. Social Maps: • - Indicates where people live and how many people live in an area • - Social and residential differences in status and wealth • - Buildings where people live or work, uses of space in a house
Farm Maps… [Maps(contd…)] • It is an idea tool for knowing the details of the farm, soil condition, water management, fertilizer use and yields. • A villager is asked to draw a map to show the crop grown on his farm and the location of the farm.
COMPARISON OF PRA AND RRA • Both are systems of collecting and analyzing information about rural life to improve decisions. • Both consist of an approach and a set of techniques. The approaches are different; the techniques are almost the same. • RRA helps the outsider to have a better, more sympathetic understanding of rural life, thus improving his/her decisions. • PRA empowers the local community to analyze its situation and to improve its decisions. PRA is a close relative to RRA.
Participatory rural appraisal(pra)

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Participatory rural appraisal(pra)

  • 2. Why PRA…? • Development plans of the past focused on potential area and resourceful people development. The purpose of development was to increase productivity on potential areas with the introduction of new techniques and technologies and to concentrate efforts on limited section and supply surplus to the markets. The professionals briefly paid visit to those potential areas often closer to the main road and urban locations, where inputs could be easily distributed. An increase in production on those fertile lands would not have been however difficult. • The experts visit men who are living in a better condition and do not visit women, spend more time discussion with elites than the poor. • Even if visits have been done, it was in the dry and cool weather than hot and wet season. The situation investigated was that of a single season, heterogeneity. Farm systems consist of several elements, which are affected by seasons. During rainy season, the system becomes productive and in the dry season crop cultivation stops, etc. The poor and marginalized people live on meager sources and are neglected. • PRA believes in that, if opportunities are given, then poor people can create circumstance to change their own situation. Outsiders should support them with their skills so that they become creative.
  • 3. Introduction… • Participatory rural appraisal:- a set of informal techniques used by development practitioners in rural areas to collect and analyze data. • PRA is a label given to participatory approaches and methods that emphasize local knowledge and enable local people to make their own appraisal, analysis, and plans. • This tool is efficient in terms of both time and money. PRA work intends to gather enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions.
  • 4. Principles of PRA • - Respecting people’s knowledge and learning from them. • - Listening to the disadvantaged: Respect • - Optimal ignorance: Do not collect data, which you do not need. • - Flexibility: PRA does not stick to fixed plan to action. • - Appropriate imprecision: Necessary to accept local concept of data, quantification. • - It involves a team of people working with a community for several days.
  • 5. Types of PRA… • i) Exploratory: PRA tools and techniques are widely used to diagnose the current situation such as farming system, health and health facilities, hygiene and sanitation,etc. • ii) Topical: Such PRA focuses on one issue to conduct a more detailed investigation, leading to an extended hypothesis on the roots of the problem and specific suggestions to deal with it. • iii) Problem solving: Diagnosis of problems and suggestions of solution with participation of people.
  • 6. VARIOUS PRA METHODS • -Transects • - Maps 1. Resource Map 2. Social Map 3. Farm Map • - Seasonally analysis • - Historical analysis
  • 7. VARIOUS PRA METHODS contd… • - Matrix ranking • - Wealth ranking • - Pair wise ranking • - Pie charts • - Venn diagrams
  • 8. Transect Walk • This involves walking with the villagers through the village and discussing about different aspects of land and water in the village during the walk. • This enables the outsider to observe different aspects of rural environment and helps in getting in-depth information about problems and opportunities as well as their interpretations. • The walk also reveals view about Natural resources; is it resource rich/poor village?
  • 9. Seasonal Analysis • Each season has specific problems and influences on rural life. • It affects the availability of food, water, fuel, fodder, etc. this influences their living conditions. • Here, villagers prepare diagrams and charts of socio-economic and physical phenomenon.
  • 10. Historical Analysis • Various diagramming techniques can help explore changes in: rainfall, labor demand, farming (fishing, hunting, herding) activities, wood supply for fuel, disease incidence, migration for employment, food stocks and many other elements that change over time. The diagrams you produce can be used as a basis for discussions for the reasons behind changes and implications for the people involved.
  • 11. Matrix Ranking • Matrix ranking is used to list items to be compared along horizontal line and criteria on the vertical line to rank choices from most important to least important (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc) In this case frequency of the items valued as the 1st choice helps to make up a final decision. • * * * * (4/5)
  • 12. Wealth Ranking • Wealth ranking is a method to understand relative wealth with in a specific area and community. It is a method to learn about local criteria of well-being. • Wealth ranking provides a way to identify information form different social and economic groups to produce a baseline against which future intervention impact can be measured. • Wealth ranking is a sensitive issue to discuss with every member of the community
  • 13. Pair-Wise Ranking • Here, two items are used at a time for ranking and can be used to explore rural people’s criteria for choosing one alternative over the other. • At the end, most favorable choice or problem is identified.
  • 14. Venn Diagrams • In this Diagrams, circles of different sizes represent an individual or institution whose size shows degree of its importance in decision making.
  • 15. Maps… • The purposes of a map or is a visual representation of what the community perceives as their community space. • This include showing the shape (appearance) of the community, boundary and all the major features as understood and known by the community. • The map shows where resources, activities, problems and opportunities are located as well as the dimension and scope of issues to be investigated.
  • 16. Resource Maps… [Maps(contd…)] • Resource maps are drawn by the people to show natural resource of an area, location and use of natural resources. • - fields and land uses • - physical land features • - water location, quality and use • - soil types, uses, location…etc.
  • 17. Social Maps… [Maps(contd…)] • Specific type of map representing households according to certain indicators. Social Maps: • - Indicates where people live and how many people live in an area • - Social and residential differences in status and wealth • - Buildings where people live or work, uses of space in a house
  • 18. Farm Maps… [Maps(contd…)] • It is an idea tool for knowing the details of the farm, soil condition, water management, fertilizer use and yields. • A villager is asked to draw a map to show the crop grown on his farm and the location of the farm.
  • 19. COMPARISON OF PRA AND RRA • Both are systems of collecting and analyzing information about rural life to improve decisions. • Both consist of an approach and a set of techniques. The approaches are different; the techniques are almost the same. • RRA helps the outsider to have a better, more sympathetic understanding of rural life, thus improving his/her decisions. • PRA empowers the local community to analyze its situation and to improve its decisions. PRA is a close relative to RRA.