This document discusses philosophical views in nursing. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the meaning of philosophy and how it relates to nursing practice and education. It defines philosophy and discusses the significance for nursing in achieving intellectual enlightenment. It describes two approaches to philosophy development - top-down and bottom-up. The document then outlines the history of nursing education and philosophy, discusses several famous nursing philosophers and their views, and concludes with Jean Watson's Philosophy and Science of Caring.
2. OBJECTIVES
⢠To understand the meaning of philosophy
and relay it to nursing profession
⢠To understand the philosophy behind nursing
practice and nursing education
⢠To explain the significance of philosophy of
nursing
⢠To determine the purposes of philosophy
⢠To elaborate the 2 approaches to philosophy
development
3. PHILOSOPHY
⢠Is defined as âlove and pursuit of wisdom by
intellectual means and moral-disciplineâ.
⢠Is a science that comprises logic, ethics,
aesthetics, metaphysics, and the theory of
knowledge.
⢠Set of beliefs and values that guide the way
in which we operate in the world.
⢠Is a statement of beliefs that guide oneâs
behavior and, in case, influence the practice
of nursing.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF PHILOSOPHY
FOR NURSING
⢠To achieve intellectual enlightenment
⢠The individual is afforded an
opportunity to exercise both
understanding and value judgments
⢠Sciences benefit from philosophy
essentially because philosophy governs
their methods through logic and ethics
5. APPROACHES TO PHILOSOPHY
DEVELOPMENT
⢠Top-Down Approach = imposed by the
managerial system and is a reflection of
organizational beliefs, which are not
necessarily applicable to the nursing
care.
⢠Bottom-Up Approach = people will have
to use the philosophy who are involved
in writing it
6. PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING
EDUCATION
⢠Period of Intuitive Nursing / Medieval
Period (Primitive Era)
⢠Apprentice Nursing / Middle Ages
(1848)
⢠Period of Educated Nursing /
Nightingale Era (1900)
⢠Period of Contemporary Nursing / 20th
Century
19. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Florence Nightingale
(1820 â1910)
âkeeping the client warm,
maintaining a noise-free
environment, and
attending to the clientâs
diet in terms of assessing
intake, timeliness of the
food and its effect on the
personâ.
20. Famous Nursing Philosophers
⢠Mary Seacole
(1805 â 1881)
Jamaican healer or
'doctress' with expertise
in tending victims of
cholera and yellow fever
epidemics during
Crimean War
21. Famous Nursing Philosophers
⢠Hildegard Peplau
(1909â1999)
âThere must be a nurse-
patient relationship and to
help clients fulfill their
needs, nurses must
assumes many roles;
stranger, teacher, resource
person, surrogate, leader
and counselorâ.
22. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Virginia Henderson
(1897-1996)
âNursing in relation
to client and
environment
concerned with
both healthy and
ill individualsâ.
23. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Dorothy Johnson
(1905â1984)
⢠the science and
art of nursing
should focus on
the clients, not
on the disease
process itself
24. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Imogene King
(1923â2007)
âthe nursing domain
involves human beings,
families, and
communities as a
framework within which
nurses make
transactions in multiple
environments with
health as a goalâ.
25. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Martha Elizabeth
Rogers
(1914-1994)
⢠âHumans are dynamic
energy fields in
continuous exchange
with environmental
fields, both of which
are infiniteâ.
26. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Lydia Eloise Hall
(1906-1969)
âThe patient is
composed of
overlapping parts;
person (core),
pathologic state and
treatment (cure) and
body (care)â.
27. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Dorothea Orem
(1914â2007),
â not only when nursing is
needed but also how people
can be assisted through five
methods of helping: acting or
doing for, guiding, teaching,
supporting, and providing an
environment that promotes
the individualâs abilities to
meet current and future
demandsâ.
28. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Sister Callista Roy
(1914)
âthe process and the
outcome whereby the
thinking and feeling
person uses conscious
awareness and choice
to create human and
environmental
integrationâ
29. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Betty Neuman
(1921-2006)
âClient as an open system
consisting of a basic
structure or central core of
energy resources
(physiologic, psychological,
sociocultural,
developmental, and
spiritual) surrounded by
two concentric boundaries
or rings referred to as lines
of resistance
30. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Madeline Leininger
âCare is the essence
of nursing and the
dominant, distinctive
and unifying feature of
nursingâ.
31. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Rose Marie Risso
Parse
âClient, not the nurse is
the authority figure and
decision maker, the
nurseâs role involves
helping individuals and
families in choosing the
responsibilities for
changing the health
processâ
32. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Margaret Newman
âHumans are unitary beings in
whom disease is a manifestation of
the pattern of health. every person
in every situation, no matter how
disordered and hopeless it may
seem, is part of the universal
process of expanding
consciousness â a process of
becoming more of oneself, of
finding greater meaning in life, and
of reaching new dimensions of
connectedness with other people
and the world
33. Famous Nursing Philosophers
Ida Jean Orlando
(1926)
She believed that
the nurse helps
patients meet a
perceived need that
the patients cannot
meet for
themselves.
35. PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF
CARING
⢠The practice of caring is central to
nursing; it is the unifying focus for
practice
⢠Watson's idea of person contains the
beliefs that human have potential for
what they may become and are free to
make responsible choices.
36. 10 PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS
1. The formation of a humanistic- altruistic
system of values.
2. The installation of faith-hope.
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to oneâs self
and to others.
4. The development of a helping-trust
relationship
5. The promotion and acceptance of the
expression of positive and negative
feelings.
37. 10 PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS
6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-
solving method for decision making
7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-
learning.
8. The provision for a supportive, protective and
/or corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural
and spiritual environment.
9. Assistance with the gratification of human
needs.
10.The allowance for existential-
phenomenological forces.