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Physics investigatgory project on logic gates class 12

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This document describes various logic gates and their workings. It begins with introducing logic gates and their basic components like inputs, outputs, truth tables, and Boolean algebra. It then explains the OR gate, AND gate, NOT gate, NOR gate, NAND gate, EX-OR gate, and EX-NOR gate through their circuit diagrams and truth tables. Each gate is constructed using basic electronic components like diodes, transistors, and resistors. The document concludes that logic gates are fundamental building blocks of modern electronics and digital circuits.

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Physics investigatgory project on logic gates class 12
CONTENTS Sr.no Title Page no. 1 Introduction 1 2 Principle 2 3 BasicGates 3 4 The OR Gate 5 5 The AND Gate 7 6 TheNOTGate 9 7 The NOR Gate 11 8 The NAND Gate 13 9 TheEX-ORGate 15 10 The EX-NOR Gate 17 11 Conclusion 19
Introduction GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through or stop it. The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic statement relating to them. Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than One inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output Voltages are expressed in the form of a table called truth table. Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic gates. Boolean algebra: - The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates. Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical statements which are followed by logical gates. 1
2 Principle Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be constructed from three basic Devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and an N-P- N transistor. We have three different type of logic gates and they are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOTgate. LOGICAL STATEMENTS 1 0 High Low Positive Negative On Off Close Open Conductin g Non- Conducting Right Wrong True False Yes No
Basic Gates The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one o u t put. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR. The Boolean expression: A+B=Y This indicates that Y equals to A or B. The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one o u tpu t. In Boolean algebra, Multiplication sign is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y o r A X B=Y This indicate s t h a t Y equals to A and B. 3
The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT has one input and has one o u t put. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT. The Boolean expression: This indicates that Y is not equal to A. - Making of logic gates was started by binary numbers. - Logic gates can also store information. 4
. 5 The ORGate Aim: To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit. Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2). Theory and Construction: An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
6 The following conclusion can be drawn from the above circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept Open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1, B=1), t he n bulb glows,hence Y=1 TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
TheAND Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT. Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance( R). Theory and Construction: An ANDgate can be realized by the electronic Circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently. Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to the level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with respect to earth. 7
8 The following conclusions can b e easily drawn from the working of this circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept Closed (A=0, B=1), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), t he n bulb glows,hence Y=1. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
The NOT Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT. Components: An ideal n-p-n transistor. Theory and Construction: A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use a n-p-n transistor. The base of the transistor is connected to the input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth. 9
The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of circuit: (i) If the switch A is kept open (A=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (ii) If the switch A is kept closed (A=1) Then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 TRUTH TABLE: Input A OUTPUT Y 0 1 1 0 10
11 The NORGate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT. Component: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2). An ideal n-p-n transistor Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
12 In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. (ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B iskept Open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows, Hence Y=0. (iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
The NANDGate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT. Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) A resistance R An ideal n-p-n transistor Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth. 13
14 In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. (ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), t he n bulb glows, hence Y=1 (iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb glows, hence Y=1 (iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
TheEX-OR Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-OR GATE CIRCUIT. Components: 1) Two AND gates 2) An OR gate 3) Two NOT gate Theory and Construction: The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and if both are identical, then output Y=0. This operation is also called exclusive OR gate, designated EX- OR. 15
16 In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gat e is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept Open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow, hence Y=1 (iv) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will not glow, hence Y=0 TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
The EX-NORGate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-NOR GATE CIRCUIT. Components: 1) Two AND gates 2) And OR gate 3) Three NOT gates Theory and Components: The operation EX-NOR checks for the exclusively in the value of the two signals A and B. it means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This operation is also called exclusive NOR gate, designated EX- NOR. 17
18 In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is expressed as The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (v) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (vii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept Open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow, hence Y=1 TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Conclusion Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in today’s modern world. NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates because we can construct all the three basic gates using NAND & NOR gates. Without logic gates, electronic world Would be nearly incomplete!
Bibliography This project would be nearly incomplete if I had not used the information given in the following websites. My special thanks to the up loader of information on these websites. If considered, I have used everything that GOOGLEshowsme……. 20

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Physics investigatgory project on logic gates class 12

  • 2. CONTENTS Sr.no Title Page no. 1 Introduction 1 2 Principle 2 3 BasicGates 3 4 The OR Gate 5 5 The AND Gate 7 6 TheNOTGate 9 7 The NOR Gate 11 8 The NAND Gate 13 9 TheEX-ORGate 15 10 The EX-NOR Gate 17 11 Conclusion 19
  • 3. Introduction GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through or stop it. The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic statement relating to them. Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than One inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output Voltages are expressed in the form of a table called truth table. Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic gates. Boolean algebra: - The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates. Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical statements which are followed by logical gates. 1
  • 4. 2 Principle Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be constructed from three basic Devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and an N-P- N transistor. We have three different type of logic gates and they are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOTgate. LOGICAL STATEMENTS 1 0 High Low Positive Negative On Off Close Open Conductin g Non- Conducting Right Wrong True False Yes No
  • 5. Basic Gates The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one o u t put. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR. The Boolean expression: A+B=Y This indicates that Y equals to A or B. The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one o u tpu t. In Boolean algebra, Multiplication sign is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y o r A X B=Y This indicate s t h a t Y equals to A and B. 3
  • 6. The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT has one input and has one o u t put. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT. The Boolean expression: This indicates that Y is not equal to A. - Making of logic gates was started by binary numbers. - Logic gates can also store information. 4
  • 7. . 5 The ORGate Aim: To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit. Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2). Theory and Construction: An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
  • 8. 6 The following conclusion can be drawn from the above circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept Open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1, B=1), t he n bulb glows,hence Y=1 TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
  • 9. TheAND Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT. Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance( R). Theory and Construction: An ANDgate can be realized by the electronic Circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently. Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to the level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with respect to earth. 7
  • 10. 8 The following conclusions can b e easily drawn from the working of this circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept Closed (A=0, B=1), t he n bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), t he n bulb glows,hence Y=1. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
  • 11. The NOT Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT. Components: An ideal n-p-n transistor. Theory and Construction: A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use a n-p-n transistor. The base of the transistor is connected to the input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth. 9
  • 12. The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of circuit: (i) If the switch A is kept open (A=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (ii) If the switch A is kept closed (A=1) Then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 TRUTH TABLE: Input A OUTPUT Y 0 1 1 0 10
  • 13. 11 The NORGate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT. Component: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2). An ideal n-p-n transistor Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
  • 14. 12 In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. (ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B iskept Open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows, Hence Y=0. (iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
  • 15. The NANDGate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT. Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) A resistance R An ideal n-p-n transistor Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth. 13
  • 16. 14 In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. (ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), t he n bulb glows, hence Y=1 (iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), t he n bulb glows, hence Y=1 (iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
  • 17. TheEX-OR Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-OR GATE CIRCUIT. Components: 1) Two AND gates 2) An OR gate 3) Two NOT gate Theory and Construction: The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and if both are identical, then output Y=0. This operation is also called exclusive OR gate, designated EX- OR. 15
  • 18. 16 In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gat e is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept Open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow, hence Y=1 (iv) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will not glow, hence Y=0 TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
  • 19. The EX-NORGate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-NOR GATE CIRCUIT. Components: 1) Two AND gates 2) And OR gate 3) Three NOT gates Theory and Components: The operation EX-NOR checks for the exclusively in the value of the two signals A and B. it means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This operation is also called exclusive NOR gate, designated EX- NOR. 17
  • 20. 18 In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is expressed as The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (v) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (vii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept Open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow, hence Y=1 TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
  • 21. Conclusion Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in today’s modern world. NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates because we can construct all the three basic gates using NAND & NOR gates. Without logic gates, electronic world Would be nearly incomplete!
  • 22. Bibliography This project would be nearly incomplete if I had not used the information given in the following websites. My special thanks to the up loader of information on these websites. If considered, I have used everything that GOOGLEshowsme……. 20