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Physiological disorders

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This document summarizes physiological disorders that can occur in various fruits. It discusses issues like malformation, black tip, scorching of leaves, spongy tissue, chlorosis, and deficiencies in mangoes. It also covers disorders in bananas like chlorosis and maladie du parasol. Disorders addressed in other fruits include die back and bronzing in guava, boron deficiency and skin freckles in papaya, fruit necrosis and unfruitfulness in aonla, chilling injury in jackfruit, sunscald and black heart in pineapple, die back and oblongation of fruit in sapota, sun burning in litchi, fruit drop, granulation, fruit cracking, and frenching in

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PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER OF FRUIT
MANGO •MALFORMATION •Increase in promotive activity •Increase endogenous gibberlins accounted for production of solely male flower.
•BLACK TIP  Due to cool flumes of brick klins.  Cause due to sulphur dioxide.  Depressed yellowing spot distal end of fruit  Increase in size of spot and finally black.  Fruit never reach full maturity.  CONTROL  Application of Borax@.6% before flowering, during flowering and after fruit setting.
BLACK TIP
SCORCHING OF LEAVES • It ressembles pottasium deficiency but it is due to chloride. • Identifies by brick red colour towards the tip. • CONTROL-KCl should be avoided instead of potassium sulphate.
SPONGGY TISSUE •Convective heat arising from the soil is the main cause. •Pulp remains unripe due to unhydrolysed starch. •CONTROL-Sod culture, green vegetation mulching at pre harvest stage.
 CHOLOROSIS:  Marginal chlorosis due to N or Zn deficiency.  Reduction in leaf size,thinning of petiole.  BLUE DISEASE:  It is due to magnesium deficiency.  Purple blotching of petioles  Necrotic patches on the olderleaves. •BANANA
CHLOROSIS
MALADIE DU PARASOL OF BANANA  Seen in Ivory coast.  Yellowing of leaves and drooping.  Due to Cu deficiency.
GUAVA Die back  Withering of lower most branch of the tree from top downwards.  Lesions develop at the point of disease part.  CONTROL  Application of lime or gypsum@1.8Kg
BRONZING OF GUAVA •Nutritional disorder. •Leaf turn yellow. •CONTROL •20Kg FYM,1kg ssp,0.5 mop,100gm of ZnSO4
PAPAYA •BORON DEFICIENCY •Result in malformed. •CONTROL •Spraying of Boric acid 0.1% at 3 month interval.
•SKIN FRECKLE  Freckle like blemishes occur in ripe fruit.  Young plant not effected.  Diameter increase of fruit.  CONTROL  Wrapping of fruit in white paper bag reduce the fruit freckle.
SKIN FRECKLE
AONLA
•FRUIT NECROSIS 1. It is due to boron deficiency. 2. Mesocarp tissue become hard at the third week of september. 3. CONTROL- Spray Borax @0.6% thrice in the month of september and october.
UNFRUITFULLNESS 1.The problem in Banarasi variety. 2.It is due to absence of female flower. CONTROL 1.Plantation of two or more type of variety.
*JACK FRUIT*
CHILLING INJURY Temperature less than 12c Symptom show discoloration of fruit,pulp browning and off flavour development.
CHILLING OF JACKFRUIT
PINEAPPLE
SUNSCALD • Sometime the peduncle bearing fruit fall on one side exposing fruits direct to sunlight. • The cells under skin of exposed surface get damage. • CONTROL • Fruit should be covered with banana leaf during april/may.
FASCIATION & MULTIPLE CROWN •In some cases pineapple bear more than 1 crown. •The top of fruit flat and unfit for canning. •Fruit tastes insipid in nature. •It is a heritable character in Cayene group. •Flowering take more timethan the normal plant. •CONTROL •Avoid ratooning of crop.
BLACK HEART • It is also called internal browning. • Initially brown spots develop in fruit let base to the core in several case entire core of fruit effect brown coloration. • Low temp. and exogenous application of GA induce this disorder.
BLACK HEART
SAPOTA
DIE BACK  It is common where sapota cultivation is being extend to traditionally rice growing regions.  Due to anaerobic condition in monsoon and post monsoon wilt is common appearance aggravated by Fussarium spp.  CONTROL  Effective drainage facility.
OBLONGATION OF FRUIT  Shape of fruit related with number of seeds in it which depend on condition for pollination at anthesis.  High temperature rise at rainfall at flowering cause oblongation fruit.  CONTROL  Extreme summer avoided.
CORKINESS OF SAPOTA  The fruit expose to intense sunlight do not ripen uniformly developing corking during winter.  This is probably due to killing hydrollysing enzyme by alteration moisture accumulation and heating of fruit surface by winter.
LITCHI
SUN BURNING •Serious problem in litchi grower which are promoted to high to high temperature. •Low humidity, Low soil moisture,and Ca & B deficiency. •CONTROL •Irrigation at weekly interval. •Application of Borax@8% and ZnSO4@1.5%supply at weekly interval starting from pea stage to harvesting & spraying NAA 20ppm.
CITRUS
FRUIT DROP•Higher temperature, excess of nutrient. Immediately after fruit set at marble stage which lasts for a month after fill bloom refered as post set drop. •CONTROL •Application of 2,4- D-10ppm combined with aureofungin at the 1st week of fruit drop.
GRANULATION •Especially seen in north India. •Abnormality initiated at the stem end of the fruit , which extends to styllar end. •Fruit become grey in colour,taste insipid and less juice extract. •CONTROL •Spraying of GA 15ppm followed by NAA 300ppm in October.
FRUIT CRACKING •Uneven regular supply of water. •Lack of well proper irrigation management. •Less availability of nitrogenous fertilizer. •CONTROL •Well irrigation management.
•FRENCHING •The leaves turn yellow and curled. •It also cause due to N, Zn and Mn deficiency. •CONTROL •Well managed fertilizer application.
CUSTARD APPLE
STONNING OF FRUIT •Main season is due too much water after a long spell without water. •The cells in the meat of the fruit rapidly swell due to an influx of water apposed to regular watering. •CONTROL •Regular water supply.
THANK YOU TO ALL  SOURAV PANIGRAHY  16B/10  IPSIT SAMPAD DASH  47B/10

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Physiological disorders

  • 3. •BLACK TIP  Due to cool flumes of brick klins.  Cause due to sulphur dioxide.  Depressed yellowing spot distal end of fruit  Increase in size of spot and finally black.  Fruit never reach full maturity.  CONTROL  Application of Borax@.6% before flowering, during flowering and after fruit setting.
  • 5. SCORCHING OF LEAVES • It ressembles pottasium deficiency but it is due to chloride. • Identifies by brick red colour towards the tip. • CONTROL-KCl should be avoided instead of potassium sulphate.
  • 6. SPONGGY TISSUE •Convective heat arising from the soil is the main cause. •Pulp remains unripe due to unhydrolysed starch. •CONTROL-Sod culture, green vegetation mulching at pre harvest stage.
  • 7.  CHOLOROSIS:  Marginal chlorosis due to N or Zn deficiency.  Reduction in leaf size,thinning of petiole.  BLUE DISEASE:  It is due to magnesium deficiency.  Purple blotching of petioles  Necrotic patches on the olderleaves. •BANANA
  • 9. MALADIE DU PARASOL OF BANANA  Seen in Ivory coast.  Yellowing of leaves and drooping.  Due to Cu deficiency.
  • 10. GUAVA Die back  Withering of lower most branch of the tree from top downwards.  Lesions develop at the point of disease part.  CONTROL  Application of lime or gypsum@1.8Kg
  • 11. BRONZING OF GUAVA •Nutritional disorder. •Leaf turn yellow. •CONTROL •20Kg FYM,1kg ssp,0.5 mop,100gm of ZnSO4
  • 13. •SKIN FRECKLE  Freckle like blemishes occur in ripe fruit.  Young plant not effected.  Diameter increase of fruit.  CONTROL  Wrapping of fruit in white paper bag reduce the fruit freckle.
  • 15. AONLA
  • 16. •FRUIT NECROSIS 1. It is due to boron deficiency. 2. Mesocarp tissue become hard at the third week of september. 3. CONTROL- Spray Borax @0.6% thrice in the month of september and october.
  • 17. UNFRUITFULLNESS 1.The problem in Banarasi variety. 2.It is due to absence of female flower. CONTROL 1.Plantation of two or more type of variety.
  • 19. CHILLING INJURY Temperature less than 12c Symptom show discoloration of fruit,pulp browning and off flavour development.
  • 22. SUNSCALD • Sometime the peduncle bearing fruit fall on one side exposing fruits direct to sunlight. • The cells under skin of exposed surface get damage. • CONTROL • Fruit should be covered with banana leaf during april/may.
  • 23. FASCIATION & MULTIPLE CROWN •In some cases pineapple bear more than 1 crown. •The top of fruit flat and unfit for canning. •Fruit tastes insipid in nature. •It is a heritable character in Cayene group. •Flowering take more timethan the normal plant. •CONTROL •Avoid ratooning of crop.
  • 24. BLACK HEART • It is also called internal browning. • Initially brown spots develop in fruit let base to the core in several case entire core of fruit effect brown coloration. • Low temp. and exogenous application of GA induce this disorder.
  • 27. DIE BACK  It is common where sapota cultivation is being extend to traditionally rice growing regions.  Due to anaerobic condition in monsoon and post monsoon wilt is common appearance aggravated by Fussarium spp.  CONTROL  Effective drainage facility.
  • 28. OBLONGATION OF FRUIT  Shape of fruit related with number of seeds in it which depend on condition for pollination at anthesis.  High temperature rise at rainfall at flowering cause oblongation fruit.  CONTROL  Extreme summer avoided.
  • 29. CORKINESS OF SAPOTA  The fruit expose to intense sunlight do not ripen uniformly developing corking during winter.  This is probably due to killing hydrollysing enzyme by alteration moisture accumulation and heating of fruit surface by winter.
  • 31. SUN BURNING •Serious problem in litchi grower which are promoted to high to high temperature. •Low humidity, Low soil moisture,and Ca & B deficiency. •CONTROL •Irrigation at weekly interval. •Application of Borax@8% and ZnSO4@1.5%supply at weekly interval starting from pea stage to harvesting & spraying NAA 20ppm.
  • 33. FRUIT DROP•Higher temperature, excess of nutrient. Immediately after fruit set at marble stage which lasts for a month after fill bloom refered as post set drop. •CONTROL •Application of 2,4- D-10ppm combined with aureofungin at the 1st week of fruit drop.
  • 34. GRANULATION •Especially seen in north India. •Abnormality initiated at the stem end of the fruit , which extends to styllar end. •Fruit become grey in colour,taste insipid and less juice extract. •CONTROL •Spraying of GA 15ppm followed by NAA 300ppm in October.
  • 35. FRUIT CRACKING •Uneven regular supply of water. •Lack of well proper irrigation management. •Less availability of nitrogenous fertilizer. •CONTROL •Well irrigation management.
  • 36. •FRENCHING •The leaves turn yellow and curled. •It also cause due to N, Zn and Mn deficiency. •CONTROL •Well managed fertilizer application.
  • 38. STONNING OF FRUIT •Main season is due too much water after a long spell without water. •The cells in the meat of the fruit rapidly swell due to an influx of water apposed to regular watering. •CONTROL •Regular water supply.
  • 39. THANK YOU TO ALL  SOURAV PANIGRAHY  16B/10  IPSIT SAMPAD DASH  47B/10