This document provides an introduction to finance concepts for a business principles course. It discusses key topics like the importance of cash over profit, debt versus equity sources of funding, and the working capital cycle. The learning outcomes are to explain the difference between cash and profit, compare debt and equity, evaluate financing options, and understand the importance of cash flow to a business. The document also outlines different sources of funding like loans, leasing, overdrafts, and shares, and how their costs vary based on risk level.
2. Overview
2
• The importance of cash
• Sources of finance for organisations
• Debt versus equity
• Profit versus cash
3. Learning outcomes
By the end of this session you should be able to:
3
• Explain the importance of cash to a business
• Compare and contrast debt and equity
• Evaluate financing options for different types of
organisation
• Understand the difference between cash and profit
4. Superficially, how do businesses operate?
4
Company
Customers
Product
/service
Employees and contractors
Suppliers
Tax
authorities
Raw
materials/services
W
a
g
e
Trade on
credit
Payment
T
a
x
5. 5
Cash versus Profit
Profit = Revenue - Expenses
• Revenue = The gross inflow of economic benefit from the ordinary course of
trading.
• Expense = cost incurred in acquiring a product or service
Cash = Money or legal tender
6. The importance of cash
6
• What would you do if you did not get paid for work
you had done?
• What can the tax authorities do if they do not
receive payment on time?
• What can suppliers do if they do not get paid on
time?
Cash is crucial for a business, not profit!
7. The working capital cycle
7
Suppliers Customers
Company
Raw
materials/services
Trade on
credit
Product
/service
Payment
Payable days
Inventory
days
Receivable days
8. Sources of funding
8
Characteristics of debt-based funding:
• Legal obligation to repay amounts borrowed
• Interest or equivalent charged on funds borrowed
• Usually a maturity date
Characteristics of equity-based funding:
• No legal obligation to repay amounts invested (therefore no maturity
date)
• Usually funds are exchanged for shares
• Investor rewarded through capital growth and/or dividends
10. Sources of funding
10
Ordinary
shares
Preference
shares
Bank
overdrafts
Securitisation
of assets
Debt
factoring
Long-term
Total finance
Short-term
Finance
leases
Hire purchase
agreements
Invoice
discounting
Borrowings
11. Sources of funding: Shares
11
Shareholders
Company
Invests
funds
Trade existing shares
already in issue if
company is Plc
Issues new
shares
(certificates)
Stock
markets
Value of shares can go
up or down over time
12. How expensive are sources of funding?
12
Risk versus return
• Why is equity is more expensive than debt
• Why is the average small business loan rate
5.3%?
• Why are bonds cheaper than debentures?
13. 1. Chapter 1 of the core text book
2. Research the characteristics of various sources of finance
13
Pre-seminar work
Editor's Notes
Spend 10 minutes explaining the overall logistics of companies, and the relationship between a customer, supplier, employees, customers.
This slide is designed to get the students thinking about the relationship between the essential components of company operations and realted cash movements.
Make sure you cover the idea of credit payments here for business to business transactions. A company usually pays its suppliers on credit, but if you are a B2C business you will normally obtain payment at the time of receipt of product or service.
Although the tax man is not part of a company’s operations, they are an important payment outlet, hence why they have been included on the diagram.
Make the point that consideration for expenses is usually cash, but that cash may not be paid when the product or service is acquired (eg if trading on credit). Therefore cash and profit are different. You should also mention at this point that some expenses recognised by businesses do not involve cash at all (eg, depreciation, amortisation)
The point here is that cash cripples businesses. Insolvency / administration etc come into play when a business cannot meet its financial obligations on time.
Worth spending 5 minutes talking about the powers of tax authorities to fine, audit, wind up, and even close down businesses if they are not paid
Also worth going through the measures that suppliers have - usually less than the tax man. Possible options are credit chasing, legal action, and retention of customer goods (lien)
A very common misconception is that profit is the most important objective for a business. Very profitable companies have gone into liquidation in the past because of poorly managed cashflows. Crucially cash is the lifeblood of any business – profitable companies with insufficient cash do not last long. The elctrical retailer Comet was a good example of this!
The lower the working capital cycle (ie the faster cash moves through the business operations) the better.
Loans/debentures/bonds – cover the differences (ie bonds are secured and paid before debentures on liquidation – hence a lower interest rate. I like to use the IOU note idea to explain this
Leasing – finance and operating leases
Overdrafts
Redeemable preference shares – these are preference shares where there is an obligation for the company to buy back the shares at some point in the future, hence they are a libaility rather than equity
Shares – covered on next slide
Irredeemable preference shares – no obligation on company to buy back therefore they are equity
Might be worth asking the students if they have heard of any others at this point, and going through their answers. Please make the point that retained earnings are not a source of financing (they should know why now – ie profit and cash are different)
Loans/debentures/bonds – cover the differences (ie bonds are secured and paid before debentures on liquidation – hence a lower interest rate. I like to use the IOU note idea to explain this
Leasing – finance and operating leases
Overdrafts
Redeemable preference shares – these are preference shares where there is an obligation for the company to buy back the shares at some point in the future, hence they are a libaility rather than equity
Shares – covered on next slide
Irredeemable preference shares – no obligation on company to buy back therefore they are equity
Might be worth asking the students if they have heard of any others at this point, and going through their answers. Please make the point that retained earnings are not a source of financing (they should know why now – ie profit and cash are different)
This basic diagram shows the relationship between companies, shareholders and stock markets.
Worth covering dividends and various dividend strategies too.
Cover private and public listed companies
Loans/debentures/bonds – cover the differences (ie bonds are secured and paid before debentures on liquidation – hence a lower interest rate. I like to use the IOU note idea to explain this
Leasing – finance and operating leases
Overdrafts
Redeemable preference shares – these are preference shares where there is an obligation for the company to buy back the shares at some point in the future, hence they are a libaility rather than equity
Shares – covered on next slide
Irredeemable preference shares – no obligation on company to buy back therefore they are equity
Might be worth asking the students if they have heard of any others at this point, and going through their answers. Please make the point that retained earnings are not a source of financing (they should know why now – ie profit and cash are different)
Might be worth asking the students if they have heard of any others at this point, and going through their answers. Please make the point that retained earnings are not a source of financing (they should know why now – ie profit and cash are different)