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Points and crossings
- 2. Outline • Turnout • Types – Left hand – Right Hand • Components • Points and Switches • Crossings
- 3. Turnout • In case of roads – vehicles move in any direction • Trains - not possible at will to change the direction • Change is made possible with the provision of turnouts • Consists of points and crossings. • Information sent to loco pilot using signals.
- 4. Turnout - Definition • Simple arrangement of points and crossings by the manipulation of which the train from one track may be diverted to the another track or branch line or to siding is known as turnout. • 2 tracks either merge or diverge, or 2 tracks parallel to each other but are still connected to each other- This connection helps in changing the direction of trains. • for this points and crossings are used.
- 5. Turnouts • The combination of lead rails with curved rails (and fastenings) helps in diverting rolling stock from one track to another track. • Rails depending on curvature – Lead rails are straight – Curved rails have curvature • Turnouts are also provided in yards and sidings
- 7. Turnouts and Problems • Some problems exist • Weakest points on the track due to joints and fastenings. Safety becomes main concern in design • Retards the movement of the trains
- 8. Types of Turnouts • Depending on direction of movement of trains from main tracks – Left hand turnout – Right hand turnout
- 10. Component Parts of a Turnout 1. A pair of tongue rails 2. A pair of stock rails 3. Two check rails 4. Four lead rails 5. A Vee crossing 6. Slide chairs 7. Stretcher bar 8. A pair of heel blocks 9. Switch tie plate or gauge 10. Parts for operating points- Rods, cranks, levers etc 11. Locking system which includes locking box, lock bar, plunger bar etc
- 11. • Facing direction: – Standing at switch and looking towards crossing • Trailing direction: – Standing at crossing and looking towards switches • Points: – A pair of tongue rails with stock rails – Train diverting from the main track will negotiate these points first.
- 12. • Tongue Rail: – It is a tapered movable rail, made of high-carbon or -manganese steel to withstand wear. – At its thicker end, it is attached to a running rail. – A tongue rail is also called a switch rail. • Stock Rail: – It is the running rail against which a tongue rail operates.
- 13. • Switch angle: – angle between the gauge face of the stock rail and tongue rail at the theoretical toe of switch. • Throw of switch: – Distance by which the tongue rail moves laterally at the toe of switch
- 14. • Crossing: – A crossing is a device introduced at the junction where two rails cross each other to permit the wheel flange of a railway vehicle to pass from one track to another.
- 16. Switches - Components • A set of points or switches consists of the following main constituents – A pair of stock rails – A pair of tongue rails • also known as switch rails, made of medium- manganese steel to withstand wear. The tongue rails are machined to a very thin section to obtain a snug fit with the stock rail. The tapered end of the tongue rail is called the toe and the thicker end is called the heel.
- 17. Switches – A pair of heel blocks which hold the heel of the tongue rails is held at the standard clearance or distance from the stock rails. – A number of slide chairs to support the tongue rail and enable its movement towards or away from the stock rail. – Two or more stretcher bars connecting both the tongue rails close to the toe, for the purpose of holding them at a fixed distance from each other – A gauge tie plate to fix gauges and ensure correct gauge at the points.
- 18. Types of Switches • Two types – Stud switch • no separate tongue rail is provided and some portion of the track is moved from one side to the other side – Split switch • These consist of a pair of stock rails and a pair of tongue rails • These are 2 types – loose heel type – Fixed heel type
- 19. • Loose heel type: – In this type of split switch, the switch or tongue rail finishes at the heel of the switch to enable movement of the free end of the tongue rail. – The fish plates holding the tongue rail may be straight or slightly bent. – The tongue rail is fastened to the stock rail with the help of a fishing fit block and four bolts.
- 20. – The fish bolts in the lead rail are tightened while those in the tongue rail are kept loose or snug to allow free movement of the tongue – As the discontinuity of the track at the heel is a weakness in the structure, the use of these switches is not preferred.
- 21. • Fixed heel type: – In this type of split switch, the tongue rail does not end at the heel of the switch but extends further and is rigidly connected. – The movement at the toe of the switch is made possible on account of the flexibility of the tongue rail.
- 22. Based on Toe of Switches • Undercut switch – The foot of the stock rail is planed to accommodate the tongue rail • Straight cut switch – Tongue rail is cut straight along the stock rail to increase thickness at toe. • Over riding switch – Stock rail occupies the full section and the tongue rail is planed to a 6mm thick edge which overrides the foot of stock rail – Switch rail is kept 6mm higher than the stock rail from the heel to the point towards the toe where planning starts – Eliminates the possibility of splitting which might be caused by the movement of false flange in the trailing direction
- 23. – Stock rail is uncut, hence more stronger – manufacturing work is confined only to tongue rail, which is very economical – Tongue rail supported by stock rail, hence combined strength of rails between sleepers is greater than that of tongue rail alone in the case of undercut switch. – These overriding switches are standardized and used in IR.
- 24. Crossings • A crossing or frog is a device introduced at the point where two gauge faces cross each other to permit the flanges of a railway vehicle to pass from one track to another. • A gap is provided from throw to the nose of crossing • Check rails assures the correct movement and guides the wheels properly.
- 25. Crossing - Components • 2 Rails – Point rail, Splice rail are joined • These are machined to form a nose. • The point rail has its fine end slightly cut off to form a blunt nose, with a thickness of 6 mm (1/4"). • The toe of the blunt nose is called the actual nose of crossing (ANC) and the theoretical point where gauge faces from both sides intersect is called the theoretical nose of crossing (TNC). • The ‘V’ rail is planed to a depth of 6 mm (1/4") at the nose and runs out in 89 mm to stop a wheel running in the facing direction from hitting the nose.
- 27. Crossings - Components • Two wing rails consisting of a right-hand and a left-hand wing rail that converge to form a throat and diverge again on either side of the nose. • Wing rails are flared at the ends to facilitate the entry and exit of the flanged wheel in the gap. • A pair of check rails are used to guide the wheels
- 28. Crossing - Types • Based on the angle of crossing – Acute angle crossing: (or V crossing) • 2 rail gauge faces cross at acute angle – Obtuse angle or Diamond crossing • 2 gauge faces meet at obtuse angle – Square crossing • Two tracks cross at right angles
- 29. Crossings - Types • For manufacturing purposes – Built up crossing: • 2 wing rails, a V section consisting of point and splice rails are assembled together by means of bolts and distance blocks to form a crossing. • Low cost • Easy to place and repair. • Bolts require frequent checking. • If wear is more than 10mm renewal required.
- 30. Crossings - Types – Cast steel crossing: • One piece crossing with no bolts and require little maintenance. • More rigid as it is one single piece. • High initial cost • High maintenance cost • Replaced by Cast Manganese Steel crossings these days – Combined rail and cast crossing • Combination of built up and cast steel crossing • Consists of a cast steel nose finished to ordinary rail faces
- 31. Crossing - Types • CMS Crossings – Due to heavy loads and traffic, normal manganese rails are quickly wearing out – CMS crossings possess high strength, high resistance to wear, longer life. – Avg life of CMS crossing is 4 times that of built up crossing – CMS crossings are free from bolts and other components which normally get loose as a result of traffic. – High initial cost, but less maintenance – Standardized in Indian Railways
- 32. Crossing- Types • According to Diversion: – In a spring crossing, one wing rail is movable and is held against the V of the crossing with a strong helical spring while the other wing rail is fixed.
- 33. Crossings: Crossover Crossing Function of this crossing is to connect two parallel or diverging tracks. According to Diversion
- 35. Crossings: Scissors Crossing(Double cross): This type of crossing consists 4 pair of switch 6 Acute crossings 2 Obtuse crossings check rails And this type is use at goods yard. According to Diversion
- 37. Crossings: Diamond Crossing When two tracks crosses each other at less than 90 angle then it forms diamond shape so it is called Diamond Crossing According to Diversion
- 40. Crossings: Gathering Lines: When there is more than two track divert from one line then it is called Gathering lines. According to Diversion