Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Presentation of rooha shahid

•
•
R
ROOHASHAHID1

- Idealism focuses on the idea that reality exists in thoughts and ideas rather than material things, and promotes spiritual development. It emphasizes cultivating truth, beauty and goodness. - Realism believes that reality exists in concrete, material things that can be observed and experienced. It focuses on preparing students for practical life based on child psychology and interests. - Both philosophies influence curriculum and teaching methods. Idealism includes subjects that promote self-realization, while realism focuses on skills for life. Teachers in idealism guide self-development, while realist teachers present facts objectively.

Related slideshows

REALISM AND EDUCATION
REALISM AND EDUCATIONREALISM AND EDUCATION
REALISM AND EDUCATION
 
Naturalism
NaturalismNaturalism
Naturalism
 
Realism
RealismRealism
Realism
 
1 of 29
Presentation of rooha shahid
Presentation of rooha shahid
Presentation of rooha shahid
 This philosophical doctrine stems from the category of thought associated with ideas is ‘idealism’.  Generally derived from the Greek word ‘idein’ meaning ‘to see’.  This notion promote that reality of everything lies in ideas, thought, & mind not in material thing.
 Idealism is born out of Plato’s “Theory of Ideas”. According to this doctrine, the ultimate superiority to ideas.  Idealism holds that spiritual world is more important than material world. The chief reason is that material world is destructible and mortal. Exponents of idealism are Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Spinoza, Barkley, Kant, Fitche, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, J.S.Ross, D.M.Dutta, Herman Harrell Horne of U.S.A Froebel Swami Dayanand, R.N. Tagore, Gandhi, etc.
According to Dutta “Idealism holds that ultimate reality is spiritualism”. According to Ross “Idealistic philosophy takes many and varied forms but the postulate underlying all this is that mind or spirit is the essential world stuff that the true reality is of a mental character”.
Idealistic system of education helps man to seek the truth and avoid error, enjoy the beauty and discard ugliness take up the good and deplore evil. Man must learn how to suppress and conquer desires with the help of strong will power. He can develop this power through education. 1. Self-Realization or Exaltation of Personality: Idealism lay great stress on the exaltation of human personality. By exaltation of human personality, they mean self-realization. Self-realization involves full knowledge of the Self.
2. To Ensure Spiritual Development: Idealists give greater importance to spiritual values in comparison with material attainments because they believe spiritual values are undying and permanent. 3. To Cultivate Truth, Beauty and Goodness: Idealists assert that to develop spiritual values in the individuals, pursuit of highest ideals namely Truth, Beauty and Goodness should be encouraged more and more. The more an individual realizes these ideals, the more spiritually developed he will become. 4. Conversion of Inborn Nature into Spiritual Nature: Idealists hold the view that the inborn instincts and
inherent tendencies of the child should be sublimated into spiritual qualities and values. This is real development of the individuality. 5. Preparation for a Holy Life: Idealists uphold that education should create such condition and provide an environment which is conductive to the development of spiritual values in a child. 6. Development of intelligence and rationality: The world is planned and well organized. Man can understand the purpose as well as the plan and organization.
IDEALISM AND THE CURRICULUM  Idealism regards curriculum as self-development. To idealism any subject that provides sufficient opportunities for the development of the creative self is suitable for study.  It emphasizes the experience of the human race as whole and the curriculum should be organized as to make it a representative of that experience or race to cultivate the creative individuals.  In two broad heads science and humanities may include any course of studies but the sole purpose of these courses focus on personal development and self realization.
The idealist teacher finds his spiritual growth in helping the pupil. The pupil is as important to him/her as he himself is to the pupil. The idealist teacher feels that he can help his pupils in three distinct ways. In the first place, he can help them by associating himself with them and by letting they understand what kind of person he is trying to be. This will be done in the course of discussing and solving common problems. Thus the personality of the teacher will always be influencing the pupils.
In the second place, the idealist teacher always emphasis that the solution of a problem needs efforts on the part of the self, and it is through efforts that the self can be developed. In the third place, the idealist teacher helps the pupils by guiding them to understand the essentials of scientific method, of analysis and synthesis. He leads them to realize that many difficult problems which appear as inaccessible at first can be easily solved when broken into smaller parts.
The method of teaching used by the idealist teacher is to help the student to obtain a deeper insight and to realize that behind all his experiences there are attractive and inviting depths which he can attain for himself leading to further insights. The idealist teacher does not rely on straight lecture methods. He relies more on a discussion method, taking full account of diverging points of view as expressed by various students.
The students are thus to choose their own final answers and compare the worth of the same with other existing. The purpose of the idealist method of teaching is to lead the teacher and students to more creative insights . There is no specific method for teaching all idealists preferred. Socrates used Question-Answer Method, Plato emphasized Discussion Method, Aristotle advocate Inductive-Deductive method, Herbert advocated Instruction Method.
The realistic movement in education started from the 16th century. They extended the horizon of human knowledge. The rise of scientific inquiry opened new vistas before human mind (Bacon’s formulation and statement of the new scientific method Consequently, there arose a demand of/for a new type of education in which truth rather than beauty, realities of life of the day rather than the beauties of the old days were aims of education.
According to Prof. D.M. Dutta "The realistic attitude, however is not a new one in philosophy. Realism says the realist is the instinctive belief of man and it is, therefore, as old as man." According to Realism the external world of objects is not imaginary. It really exists, “Our experience is not independent but determines reaction to the external objects. Experiences are influenced by the external world which has real existence.” Realism cannot accept anything unless it can be tested by observation and experiment. It stands for a scientific outlook of life.
Exponents of realisms are ;Aristotle, Iramus, Rebellias, Milton, Lord Montaigne, Locke, Bacon, Commenius, White-head, Bertrand Russell Mulcaster, Ratke etc. According to Aristotle “Reality exists in concrete things or in the process of their development”. According to Butler “Realism is the reinforcement of our common acceptance of this world as it appears to us”.
The fundamental principles of Realism are given below:  Phenomenal World is True  Senses are the Doors of Knowledge  Man is a Part of Material World  Importance of Present Applied Life
Realism is a reaction against the book centered, academic, intellectual, liberal, literacy or humanistic education. It favors child centered, practical, specific, scientific and psychological education. Applied to education the new spirit manifested itself in the following forms:  Humanistic Realism  Social Realism  Sense Realism  Neo Realism
Humanistic Realism Humanistic Realism firmly believed that education should be realistic. Such an education only can promote human welfare and success. To achieve this aim of education, they advocated the study of Greek and Roman literatures because those literatures contained all the essentials for success and happiness in life. In their view there was no problem of life over which these literatures had nothing to say. Social Realism Social Realism aims to make human life happy and successful by fulfilling the needs of society. In other words, education should promote the working efficiency of the individuals.
According to social realism the curriculum should include Geography, History, Arithmetic, Law, Diplomacy, Warfare, Horse riding, Dancing, Gymnastic exercises etc. so that social qualities are promoted and developed. They condemned cramming and upheld learning by experience. Sense Realism Sense realism upholds that knowledge primarily comes through the senses, not from words. As such, in the education of the child, his ears, mouth, skin and limbs should be freely used to the maximum. Without exercising his sense organs, no knowledge will be gained by the child. They came to believe firmly that all knowledge originates from the external nature. Hence, education should adopt real and effective methods instead of artificial techniques.
Neo Realism This ideology has more importance in the field of philosophy and science than in education. According to Rusk “The positive contribution of neo-realism is its acceptance of the methods and results of modern developments in physics”. Neo-realism believes that like other rules and procedures, rules and procedures of science are also changeable. They are valid only in certain conditions and circumstances. When those circumstances change, the rules also change. The protagonists of neo- realism emphasize both the education of arts and sciences.
According to realism curriculum Only those subjects are included in the curriculum which are useful to the students and prepare them to meet the challenges of time in their actual life and prepare the pupil for a successful and happy living according to the realist’s style. In deciding the suitability of a subject adequate attention must be paid to: (a) The pupil's previous training. (b) Inter-relationships between the parts of the various subjects. (c) The social demands for the pupil to be trained.
Realists greatly admire the various branches of science as the most profitable contents of the curriculum, because through these pupil requisite skills and knowledge for facing the actualities of self-situations in the world successfully. The realist teacher realizes that information cannot be given to students with the expectation that it will be equally intelligible to all. So he must study child psychology and adolescent psychology and must be able to adapt the material according to the living interests of his pupils.
Realist teacher make the necessary adaptations in order to make the material intelligible to the pupils. The realist teacher must be able to help his pupils making discoveries, because it is by making their own discoveries that they can learn to stand on their own feet and proceed further on the path by themselves. The method of teaching, according to realism is to abstract from the personality of both the teacher and the pupils. In the process of presenting facts, the teacher has to present the facts as they are, and he must not add anything of his own.
The realist method of teaching starts with the parts and considers them real in themselves. It regards the whole as a product of the parts which while contributing to the building up of the whole, retain somehow their individual independence.
IDEALISM  Reality of everything lies in ideas or thoughts.  Idealism focus on spiritual development or cultivate truth , beauty and goodness.  According to idealist in curriculum everything include that permute self- realization or creativity.  Teacher in idealism relate her/himself with students and guide them.  In teaching idealist used divergent thinking , discussion method or Socrates question answering method. REALISM  Reality of everything lies in concrete things.  Realists focus on that man except everything that exist in material world.  According to realists in curriculum keep in mind child psychology or interest.  Teacher in realism present reality without adding his/her opinion.  In realism teacher move from parts to whole and permute depth.
REFERENCES Bawa, B. Idealism, Naturalism, Realism and Pragmatism: Your article library Retrieved from:http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/idealism-naturalism-realism-and- pragmatism/76829 Nikunja, S. &Dash, R. (2015). Philosophical foundation of education: directorate of distance & Continuing Education Utkal University: vaniviharbhubaneswar: 751007 Retrieved from: https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_Education/Paper_1.pdf Singh, K.Y.(2008).Philosophical Foundation of Education: APH Publishing Corporation New Delhi110002.Retrievedfrom: https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=iy1P6pFYYOQC&pg=PA374&lpg=PA374&dq=philoso phical+foundation+of+education+by+Dr.Y.K.Singh+in+pdf&source=bl&ots=9uacQB7VqB&si g=ACfU3U0nFvwRAHo3I7YO7LTegbcsGzX9vQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjytoqmzNzpAh VUD2MBHXivAfIQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ Shivastava, K.K.(2003).PhilosophicalFoundation of Education:Kanishka Publishers,Distributors NewDelhi110002.Retrievedfrom: https://www.academia.edu/26713206/Philosophical_Foundations_of_Education_ii_iii_Philoso phical_Foundations_of_Education?auto=download
Presentation of rooha shahid

More Related Content

Presentation of rooha shahid

  • 4.  This philosophical doctrine stems from the category of thought associated with ideas is ‘idealism’.  Generally derived from the Greek word ‘idein’ meaning ‘to see’.  This notion promote that reality of everything lies in ideas, thought, & mind not in material thing.
  • 5.  Idealism is born out of Plato’s “Theory of Ideas”. According to this doctrine, the ultimate superiority to ideas.  Idealism holds that spiritual world is more important than material world. The chief reason is that material world is destructible and mortal. Exponents of idealism are Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Spinoza, Barkley, Kant, Fitche, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, J.S.Ross, D.M.Dutta, Herman Harrell Horne of U.S.A Froebel Swami Dayanand, R.N. Tagore, Gandhi, etc.
  • 6. According to Dutta “Idealism holds that ultimate reality is spiritualism”. According to Ross “Idealistic philosophy takes many and varied forms but the postulate underlying all this is that mind or spirit is the essential world stuff that the true reality is of a mental character”.
  • 7. Idealistic system of education helps man to seek the truth and avoid error, enjoy the beauty and discard ugliness take up the good and deplore evil. Man must learn how to suppress and conquer desires with the help of strong will power. He can develop this power through education. 1. Self-Realization or Exaltation of Personality: Idealism lay great stress on the exaltation of human personality. By exaltation of human personality, they mean self-realization. Self-realization involves full knowledge of the Self.
  • 8. 2. To Ensure Spiritual Development: Idealists give greater importance to spiritual values in comparison with material attainments because they believe spiritual values are undying and permanent. 3. To Cultivate Truth, Beauty and Goodness: Idealists assert that to develop spiritual values in the individuals, pursuit of highest ideals namely Truth, Beauty and Goodness should be encouraged more and more. The more an individual realizes these ideals, the more spiritually developed he will become. 4. Conversion of Inborn Nature into Spiritual Nature: Idealists hold the view that the inborn instincts and
  • 9. inherent tendencies of the child should be sublimated into spiritual qualities and values. This is real development of the individuality. 5. Preparation for a Holy Life: Idealists uphold that education should create such condition and provide an environment which is conductive to the development of spiritual values in a child. 6. Development of intelligence and rationality: The world is planned and well organized. Man can understand the purpose as well as the plan and organization.
  • 10. IDEALISM AND THE CURRICULUM  Idealism regards curriculum as self-development. To idealism any subject that provides sufficient opportunities for the development of the creative self is suitable for study.  It emphasizes the experience of the human race as whole and the curriculum should be organized as to make it a representative of that experience or race to cultivate the creative individuals.  In two broad heads science and humanities may include any course of studies but the sole purpose of these courses focus on personal development and self realization.
  • 11. The idealist teacher finds his spiritual growth in helping the pupil. The pupil is as important to him/her as he himself is to the pupil. The idealist teacher feels that he can help his pupils in three distinct ways. In the first place, he can help them by associating himself with them and by letting they understand what kind of person he is trying to be. This will be done in the course of discussing and solving common problems. Thus the personality of the teacher will always be influencing the pupils.
  • 12. In the second place, the idealist teacher always emphasis that the solution of a problem needs efforts on the part of the self, and it is through efforts that the self can be developed. In the third place, the idealist teacher helps the pupils by guiding them to understand the essentials of scientific method, of analysis and synthesis. He leads them to realize that many difficult problems which appear as inaccessible at first can be easily solved when broken into smaller parts.
  • 13. The method of teaching used by the idealist teacher is to help the student to obtain a deeper insight and to realize that behind all his experiences there are attractive and inviting depths which he can attain for himself leading to further insights. The idealist teacher does not rely on straight lecture methods. He relies more on a discussion method, taking full account of diverging points of view as expressed by various students.
  • 14. The students are thus to choose their own final answers and compare the worth of the same with other existing. The purpose of the idealist method of teaching is to lead the teacher and students to more creative insights . There is no specific method for teaching all idealists preferred. Socrates used Question-Answer Method, Plato emphasized Discussion Method, Aristotle advocate Inductive-Deductive method, Herbert advocated Instruction Method.
  • 15. The realistic movement in education started from the 16th century. They extended the horizon of human knowledge. The rise of scientific inquiry opened new vistas before human mind (Bacon’s formulation and statement of the new scientific method Consequently, there arose a demand of/for a new type of education in which truth rather than beauty, realities of life of the day rather than the beauties of the old days were aims of education.
  • 16. According to Prof. D.M. Dutta "The realistic attitude, however is not a new one in philosophy. Realism says the realist is the instinctive belief of man and it is, therefore, as old as man." According to Realism the external world of objects is not imaginary. It really exists, “Our experience is not independent but determines reaction to the external objects. Experiences are influenced by the external world which has real existence.” Realism cannot accept anything unless it can be tested by observation and experiment. It stands for a scientific outlook of life.
  • 17. Exponents of realisms are ;Aristotle, Iramus, Rebellias, Milton, Lord Montaigne, Locke, Bacon, Commenius, White-head, Bertrand Russell Mulcaster, Ratke etc. According to Aristotle “Reality exists in concrete things or in the process of their development”. According to Butler “Realism is the reinforcement of our common acceptance of this world as it appears to us”.
  • 18. The fundamental principles of Realism are given below:  Phenomenal World is True  Senses are the Doors of Knowledge  Man is a Part of Material World  Importance of Present Applied Life
  • 19. Realism is a reaction against the book centered, academic, intellectual, liberal, literacy or humanistic education. It favors child centered, practical, specific, scientific and psychological education. Applied to education the new spirit manifested itself in the following forms:  Humanistic Realism  Social Realism  Sense Realism  Neo Realism
  • 20. Humanistic Realism Humanistic Realism firmly believed that education should be realistic. Such an education only can promote human welfare and success. To achieve this aim of education, they advocated the study of Greek and Roman literatures because those literatures contained all the essentials for success and happiness in life. In their view there was no problem of life over which these literatures had nothing to say. Social Realism Social Realism aims to make human life happy and successful by fulfilling the needs of society. In other words, education should promote the working efficiency of the individuals.
  • 21. According to social realism the curriculum should include Geography, History, Arithmetic, Law, Diplomacy, Warfare, Horse riding, Dancing, Gymnastic exercises etc. so that social qualities are promoted and developed. They condemned cramming and upheld learning by experience. Sense Realism Sense realism upholds that knowledge primarily comes through the senses, not from words. As such, in the education of the child, his ears, mouth, skin and limbs should be freely used to the maximum. Without exercising his sense organs, no knowledge will be gained by the child. They came to believe firmly that all knowledge originates from the external nature. Hence, education should adopt real and effective methods instead of artificial techniques.
  • 22. Neo Realism This ideology has more importance in the field of philosophy and science than in education. According to Rusk “The positive contribution of neo-realism is its acceptance of the methods and results of modern developments in physics”. Neo-realism believes that like other rules and procedures, rules and procedures of science are also changeable. They are valid only in certain conditions and circumstances. When those circumstances change, the rules also change. The protagonists of neo- realism emphasize both the education of arts and sciences.
  • 23. According to realism curriculum Only those subjects are included in the curriculum which are useful to the students and prepare them to meet the challenges of time in their actual life and prepare the pupil for a successful and happy living according to the realist’s style. In deciding the suitability of a subject adequate attention must be paid to: (a) The pupil's previous training. (b) Inter-relationships between the parts of the various subjects. (c) The social demands for the pupil to be trained.
  • 24. Realists greatly admire the various branches of science as the most profitable contents of the curriculum, because through these pupil requisite skills and knowledge for facing the actualities of self-situations in the world successfully. The realist teacher realizes that information cannot be given to students with the expectation that it will be equally intelligible to all. So he must study child psychology and adolescent psychology and must be able to adapt the material according to the living interests of his pupils.
  • 25. Realist teacher make the necessary adaptations in order to make the material intelligible to the pupils. The realist teacher must be able to help his pupils making discoveries, because it is by making their own discoveries that they can learn to stand on their own feet and proceed further on the path by themselves. The method of teaching, according to realism is to abstract from the personality of both the teacher and the pupils. In the process of presenting facts, the teacher has to present the facts as they are, and he must not add anything of his own.
  • 26. The realist method of teaching starts with the parts and considers them real in themselves. It regards the whole as a product of the parts which while contributing to the building up of the whole, retain somehow their individual independence.
  • 27. IDEALISM  Reality of everything lies in ideas or thoughts.  Idealism focus on spiritual development or cultivate truth , beauty and goodness.  According to idealist in curriculum everything include that permute self- realization or creativity.  Teacher in idealism relate her/himself with students and guide them.  In teaching idealist used divergent thinking , discussion method or Socrates question answering method. REALISM  Reality of everything lies in concrete things.  Realists focus on that man except everything that exist in material world.  According to realists in curriculum keep in mind child psychology or interest.  Teacher in realism present reality without adding his/her opinion.  In realism teacher move from parts to whole and permute depth.
  • 28. REFERENCES Bawa, B. Idealism, Naturalism, Realism and Pragmatism: Your article library Retrieved from:http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/idealism-naturalism-realism-and- pragmatism/76829 Nikunja, S. &Dash, R. (2015). Philosophical foundation of education: directorate of distance & Continuing Education Utkal University: vaniviharbhubaneswar: 751007 Retrieved from: https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_Education/Paper_1.pdf Singh, K.Y.(2008).Philosophical Foundation of Education: APH Publishing Corporation New Delhi110002.Retrievedfrom: https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=iy1P6pFYYOQC&pg=PA374&lpg=PA374&dq=philoso phical+foundation+of+education+by+Dr.Y.K.Singh+in+pdf&source=bl&ots=9uacQB7VqB&si g=ACfU3U0nFvwRAHo3I7YO7LTegbcsGzX9vQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjytoqmzNzpAh VUD2MBHXivAfIQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ Shivastava, K.K.(2003).PhilosophicalFoundation of Education:Kanishka Publishers,Distributors NewDelhi110002.Retrievedfrom: https://www.academia.edu/26713206/Philosophical_Foundations_of_Education_ii_iii_Philoso phical_Foundations_of_Education?auto=download