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Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Chrysanthemum

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Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi
Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi

Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.

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ASSIGNMENT FOR FINAL PRACTICAL EXAM ON
ORIGIN:- • The cultivated chrysanthemum is originally native to China. • Its history can be traced back to the Con-Fucian era (550 B.C.). Confucius wrote! “The chrysanthemum has its yellow glory inbhis book Li-ki which treats largely of ancient ceremonies and institutions. • The Chinese eRa as early as the fourth century A.D. grew ball shaped progenitors of present-day chryaanthemum in a variety of colors. The chrysanthemum flower appears Frequently in Chinese literature, poetry, and songs where it is referred to as chu or chu-hwa. • Through the ages it was one of the most popular flowers of China, and it re-mains a popular flower in China today.
• MUCH OF THE CREDIT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN HARDY CHRYSANTHEMUM CALLED KOREAN HYBRID IS ATTRIBUTED TO ALEX CUMMING. VARIETIES DERIVED FROM CROSSES BETWEEN C. COREANUM WITH THE GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM C.MORIFCLIUM WERE PRODUCED IN 1928. THE INTRODUCTION OF GERM PLASM OF THIS SPECIES HAS RESULTED IN BETTER HARDY GARDEN CHRYSANTHEMUMAND POINTS THE WAY TO FUTURE IMPROVEMENT THROUGH INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES. BRISTOL NURSERIES OF BRISTOL, CON-NECTICUT WITH RODERICK CUMMINGHAS BEEN LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR POPULARIZING THE IMPORTANT DEVELOPNANTS IN AMERICAN GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM BREEDING. THE HARVEST GIANT SERIES WERE PRODUCED BY QRVILLE DUNHAM AND WERE NATIONALLY PUBLICISED IN 1956 IN LIFE MAGAZINE. IN GENERAL, GREAT ADVANCES IN CHRYAANTHEMUM DEVELOPMENT HAVE BEEN MADE IN THIS LAST QUARTER CENTURY.
WILD RELATIVES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM: Genus Chrysanthemum belongs to the family Compositeae which is second largest family among flowering plants comprising about 20, 000 species, largest being Orchidaceae. • 1. Chrysanthemum morifolium • 2. C. sinense • 3. C. indicum • 4. C. japonicum • 5. C. arnatum • 6. C. satsumense • 7. C. boreale.
SPECIES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM:- • Indigenous species:- 1. C. indicum– Native to India, Florist chrysanthemum. • Wild species:- 1. C. stilliszkai 2. C. rkhtsria 3. C. atkinsoni 4. C. leucanthemum wild species in the Indo-Tibetan border.
•Objective1:- . To gather horticultural and genetic evaluation information. BREEDING OBJECTIVES:
Other breeding methods:- 1. Cultivars with low temperature requirement 2. Rapid growth habit with small to medium size of leaves to enable close planting. 3. Pollen – free cultivars have been reported to be desirable as pollen spoils the appearance and also induces allergy reactions during handling. 4. Uniform response to environment, 5. Long storage life 6. Compact and dwarf 7. Easy to root cutting 8. Cultivars with no vernalisation requirement are preferred for year around production.
BREEDING PROCEDURES:- Major Breeding methods followed in chrysanthemum:- a. Introduction b.Selection c. Hybridization d.Mutation breeding
INTRODUCTION:- • Scrutiny of names of cultivars grown in this part of the country show their Australian, English, French, Japanese or American origin in addition to those originating within the country. • In South India on the other hand only a few yellow or white small coloured cultivars are grown for use as loose flowers which are probably of Indian origin. • Introduction of exhibition types seems to have started in East India, particularly in Calcutta and Sikkim during British period. • Most introductions till two decades back were done by resourceful individuals or nurserymen in these two places or through some embassies in New Delhi.
•The realization of this fact led to introduction of 80 cultivars from Japan in 1972 at National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow . • These introduced cultivars formed the basis for filling the gaps mentioned above by hybridization or mutation breeding at the institute.
NAMES OF SOME WELL KNOWN CULTIVARS GROWN IN INDIA HAVE BEEN GIVEN BELOW ALONG WITH THE NAME OF COUNTRY WHEREFROM THEY WERE INTRODUCED INTO THIS COUNTRY OR WHERE IT ORIGINATED:
SELECTION:- • Most of the outstanding spray and loose flower type cultivars evolved in India, namely Birbal Sahni, Apsara, Kundou, Jaya, Shard Singer, Co1, Co2. The drawback of this method include unknown parentage, need for raising a very large number of seedling population. Failure of the improved double long and tabular ray florets to set seeds etc. Single plant selection method is followed.
HYBRIDIZATION:- • The aim of hybridization is improvement which assumes different meanings depending-upon the purpose for which a new cultivar is intended. • A cultivar suitable for pot- culture may not be fit for growing as cut-flower. Similarly, a cultivar may be suitable for cut-flower purpose but not for garland making.
IN RECENT YEARS REMARKABLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN THE PRODUCTION OF HARDIER TYPES OF GARDEN FLOWERS BY USING A NUMBER OF SPECIES FOR HYBRIDIZING. CONSIDERABLE VARIATION MIGHT BE EXPECTED FROM THESE HYBRIDS
1.CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM (MOTHER CHRYAANTHEMUM) - FROM THIS LITTLE BLOSSOM, THE WIDE RANGE OF GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM AND ENORMOUS EXHIBITION TYPES OF THE FLORISTS WERE LARGELY DEVELOPED. FOLIAGE AND STEMS HAVE A STRONG ODOUR. 2.C.MORIFOLIUM (FLORISTS’CHRYAANTHEMUM) A CULTIGEN OF CHINESE ORIGIN AND CULTIVATED IN CHINA, JAPAN AND KOREA FOR MORE THAN THREE THOUSAND YEARS, THERE ARE HIGHLY DEVELOPED HORTICULTURAL PLANTS AND HAVE THE GREATEST NUMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES (CULTIVARS). THESE PLANTS ARE PERENNIAL HERBS, 2 TO 4 FEET OR MORE HIGH. FLOWER HEADS HAVE DEVELOPED INTO SEVERAL GROUPS OF FLOWER TYPES. ITS GROWTH HABIT IS REGULATED BY PLANTING DATE AND PINCHING AND PHOTOPERIOD CONTROL. THE LEAVES ARE PETIOLED OR WITH WINGED-PETIOLAR BASE, TOOTHED AND DEEPLY These chrysanthemum species include:
SINGLE FLOWERS 2 INCHES ACROSS; OPEN PURE WHITE, CHANGING TO PINK, WITH OCCASIONAL CARMINE-PINK TONES WHEN MATURE 4. C.NIPPONICUM (NIPPON OXEYED DAISY) SHRUB-LIKE, A LARGE PART OF THE PLANT WILL OVER- WINTER AND PRODUCE NEW LATERAL STEMS IN SPRING. LEAVES CROWNED ON UPPER PART OF STEM, THICK AND STIFFENED; FLOWER HEAD SINGLE ON THE TERMINAL; BLOOMS VERY LATE. 5. C.MAXIMUM (SHASTA DAISY. GLORY OF THE WAYSIDE) - AS A POLLEN PARENT IT HAS BEEN USED IN THE DIREC- TION OF A MORE COMPACT AND EARLIER FLOWERING TYPE. RAYS WHITE; DISK YELLOW; LEAVES SESSILE, TOOTHED, OBLONG- LANCEOLATE OR OBLANCEOLATE (INVERSELY LANCEOLATE). 6.C.COOCINEUM (COLOR DAIAY. PAINTED DAISY) - IT HAS PROVED TO BE OF VALUE AS A POLLEN PARENT. SOME EXTREMELY DESIRABLE COLOR SHADES HAVE DEVELOPED, SUCH AS RED, PINK, XIXAC AND WHITE, WITH YELLOW DISK, ALSO A GREATER DEPTH OF RICHNESS IN THE CRIMSON SHADES HAS BEEN
7. C.ARCTICUM (ARCTIC DAISY) :-A SPECIES OF LOW,MOUND-LIKE GROWTH. HEADS SOLITARY, 1”TO 2” ACROSS, WHITE TINGED ROSE OR LILAC, NUMEROUS AND ATTRACTIVE FXOWERS. OFTEN SURVIVE A WINTER TEMPERATURE OF 20 DEGREES BELOW ZERO F. 8. C.UXIGINOSUM (GIANT DAISY) :-AN ERECT GROWING TYPE ATTAINING A HEIGHT OF SIX FEET IN THE RICH MOIST SOIL WHICH IT PREFERS. STEMS MUCH BRANCHED AND FINELY PUBESCENT ABOVE; LEAVES LONG-LANCEOLATE, VERY SHARP POINTED
MUTATION BREEDING:- • Pioneering work on induction of somatic mutation in chrysanthemum by using a Co 60 thisoactive gamma irradiation source has been done at N.B.R.I., Lucknow, resulting in the development of about 40 mutant cultivars strikingly different from their parents. The main advantage of this method lies in changing one or few characters of an otherwise outstanding cultivar without altering the remaining, and often unique, part of the genotype. Examples: Basanti, Pusa centenary, pusa anmol, usha kiran
Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Chrysanthemum

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Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Chrysanthemum

  • 2. ORIGIN:- • The cultivated chrysanthemum is originally native to China. • Its history can be traced back to the Con-Fucian era (550 B.C.). Confucius wrote! “The chrysanthemum has its yellow glory inbhis book Li-ki which treats largely of ancient ceremonies and institutions. • The Chinese eRa as early as the fourth century A.D. grew ball shaped progenitors of present-day chryaanthemum in a variety of colors. The chrysanthemum flower appears Frequently in Chinese literature, poetry, and songs where it is referred to as chu or chu-hwa. • Through the ages it was one of the most popular flowers of China, and it re-mains a popular flower in China today.
  • 3. • MUCH OF THE CREDIT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN HARDY CHRYSANTHEMUM CALLED KOREAN HYBRID IS ATTRIBUTED TO ALEX CUMMING. VARIETIES DERIVED FROM CROSSES BETWEEN C. COREANUM WITH THE GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM C.MORIFCLIUM WERE PRODUCED IN 1928. THE INTRODUCTION OF GERM PLASM OF THIS SPECIES HAS RESULTED IN BETTER HARDY GARDEN CHRYSANTHEMUMAND POINTS THE WAY TO FUTURE IMPROVEMENT THROUGH INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES. BRISTOL NURSERIES OF BRISTOL, CON-NECTICUT WITH RODERICK CUMMINGHAS BEEN LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR POPULARIZING THE IMPORTANT DEVELOPNANTS IN AMERICAN GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM BREEDING. THE HARVEST GIANT SERIES WERE PRODUCED BY QRVILLE DUNHAM AND WERE NATIONALLY PUBLICISED IN 1956 IN LIFE MAGAZINE. IN GENERAL, GREAT ADVANCES IN CHRYAANTHEMUM DEVELOPMENT HAVE BEEN MADE IN THIS LAST QUARTER CENTURY.
  • 4. WILD RELATIVES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM: Genus Chrysanthemum belongs to the family Compositeae which is second largest family among flowering plants comprising about 20, 000 species, largest being Orchidaceae. • 1. Chrysanthemum morifolium • 2. C. sinense • 3. C. indicum • 4. C. japonicum • 5. C. arnatum • 6. C. satsumense • 7. C. boreale.
  • 5. SPECIES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM:- • Indigenous species:- 1. C. indicum– Native to India, Florist chrysanthemum. • Wild species:- 1. C. stilliszkai 2. C. rkhtsria 3. C. atkinsoni 4. C. leucanthemum wild species in the Indo-Tibetan border.
  • 7. Other breeding methods:- 1. Cultivars with low temperature requirement 2. Rapid growth habit with small to medium size of leaves to enable close planting. 3. Pollen – free cultivars have been reported to be desirable as pollen spoils the appearance and also induces allergy reactions during handling. 4. Uniform response to environment, 5. Long storage life 6. Compact and dwarf 7. Easy to root cutting 8. Cultivars with no vernalisation requirement are preferred for year around production.
  • 8. BREEDING PROCEDURES:- Major Breeding methods followed in chrysanthemum:- a. Introduction b.Selection c. Hybridization d.Mutation breeding
  • 9. INTRODUCTION:- • Scrutiny of names of cultivars grown in this part of the country show their Australian, English, French, Japanese or American origin in addition to those originating within the country. • In South India on the other hand only a few yellow or white small coloured cultivars are grown for use as loose flowers which are probably of Indian origin. • Introduction of exhibition types seems to have started in East India, particularly in Calcutta and Sikkim during British period. • Most introductions till two decades back were done by resourceful individuals or nurserymen in these two places or through some embassies in New Delhi.
  • 10. •The realization of this fact led to introduction of 80 cultivars from Japan in 1972 at National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow . • These introduced cultivars formed the basis for filling the gaps mentioned above by hybridization or mutation breeding at the institute.
  • 11. NAMES OF SOME WELL KNOWN CULTIVARS GROWN IN INDIA HAVE BEEN GIVEN BELOW ALONG WITH THE NAME OF COUNTRY WHEREFROM THEY WERE INTRODUCED INTO THIS COUNTRY OR WHERE IT ORIGINATED:
  • 12. SELECTION:- • Most of the outstanding spray and loose flower type cultivars evolved in India, namely Birbal Sahni, Apsara, Kundou, Jaya, Shard Singer, Co1, Co2. The drawback of this method include unknown parentage, need for raising a very large number of seedling population. Failure of the improved double long and tabular ray florets to set seeds etc. Single plant selection method is followed.
  • 13. HYBRIDIZATION:- • The aim of hybridization is improvement which assumes different meanings depending-upon the purpose for which a new cultivar is intended. • A cultivar suitable for pot- culture may not be fit for growing as cut-flower. Similarly, a cultivar may be suitable for cut-flower purpose but not for garland making.
  • 14. IN RECENT YEARS REMARKABLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN THE PRODUCTION OF HARDIER TYPES OF GARDEN FLOWERS BY USING A NUMBER OF SPECIES FOR HYBRIDIZING. CONSIDERABLE VARIATION MIGHT BE EXPECTED FROM THESE HYBRIDS
  • 15. 1.CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM (MOTHER CHRYAANTHEMUM) - FROM THIS LITTLE BLOSSOM, THE WIDE RANGE OF GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM AND ENORMOUS EXHIBITION TYPES OF THE FLORISTS WERE LARGELY DEVELOPED. FOLIAGE AND STEMS HAVE A STRONG ODOUR. 2.C.MORIFOLIUM (FLORISTS’CHRYAANTHEMUM) A CULTIGEN OF CHINESE ORIGIN AND CULTIVATED IN CHINA, JAPAN AND KOREA FOR MORE THAN THREE THOUSAND YEARS, THERE ARE HIGHLY DEVELOPED HORTICULTURAL PLANTS AND HAVE THE GREATEST NUMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES (CULTIVARS). THESE PLANTS ARE PERENNIAL HERBS, 2 TO 4 FEET OR MORE HIGH. FLOWER HEADS HAVE DEVELOPED INTO SEVERAL GROUPS OF FLOWER TYPES. ITS GROWTH HABIT IS REGULATED BY PLANTING DATE AND PINCHING AND PHOTOPERIOD CONTROL. THE LEAVES ARE PETIOLED OR WITH WINGED-PETIOLAR BASE, TOOTHED AND DEEPLY These chrysanthemum species include:
  • 16. SINGLE FLOWERS 2 INCHES ACROSS; OPEN PURE WHITE, CHANGING TO PINK, WITH OCCASIONAL CARMINE-PINK TONES WHEN MATURE 4. C.NIPPONICUM (NIPPON OXEYED DAISY) SHRUB-LIKE, A LARGE PART OF THE PLANT WILL OVER- WINTER AND PRODUCE NEW LATERAL STEMS IN SPRING. LEAVES CROWNED ON UPPER PART OF STEM, THICK AND STIFFENED; FLOWER HEAD SINGLE ON THE TERMINAL; BLOOMS VERY LATE. 5. C.MAXIMUM (SHASTA DAISY. GLORY OF THE WAYSIDE) - AS A POLLEN PARENT IT HAS BEEN USED IN THE DIREC- TION OF A MORE COMPACT AND EARLIER FLOWERING TYPE. RAYS WHITE; DISK YELLOW; LEAVES SESSILE, TOOTHED, OBLONG- LANCEOLATE OR OBLANCEOLATE (INVERSELY LANCEOLATE). 6.C.COOCINEUM (COLOR DAIAY. PAINTED DAISY) - IT HAS PROVED TO BE OF VALUE AS A POLLEN PARENT. SOME EXTREMELY DESIRABLE COLOR SHADES HAVE DEVELOPED, SUCH AS RED, PINK, XIXAC AND WHITE, WITH YELLOW DISK, ALSO A GREATER DEPTH OF RICHNESS IN THE CRIMSON SHADES HAS BEEN
  • 17. 7. C.ARCTICUM (ARCTIC DAISY) :-A SPECIES OF LOW,MOUND-LIKE GROWTH. HEADS SOLITARY, 1”TO 2” ACROSS, WHITE TINGED ROSE OR LILAC, NUMEROUS AND ATTRACTIVE FXOWERS. OFTEN SURVIVE A WINTER TEMPERATURE OF 20 DEGREES BELOW ZERO F. 8. C.UXIGINOSUM (GIANT DAISY) :-AN ERECT GROWING TYPE ATTAINING A HEIGHT OF SIX FEET IN THE RICH MOIST SOIL WHICH IT PREFERS. STEMS MUCH BRANCHED AND FINELY PUBESCENT ABOVE; LEAVES LONG-LANCEOLATE, VERY SHARP POINTED
  • 18. MUTATION BREEDING:- • Pioneering work on induction of somatic mutation in chrysanthemum by using a Co 60 thisoactive gamma irradiation source has been done at N.B.R.I., Lucknow, resulting in the development of about 40 mutant cultivars strikingly different from their parents. The main advantage of this method lies in changing one or few characters of an otherwise outstanding cultivar without altering the remaining, and often unique, part of the genotype. Examples: Basanti, Pusa centenary, pusa anmol, usha kiran