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Primary organs

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Bharathiar university
Bharathiar university

The document summarizes the key primary organs and organ systems in the human body. It discusses the five vital organs - brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs. For each organ, it provides details on their location, structure, functions and role in various organ systems like nervous system, cardiovascular system, renal system, digestive system and respiratory system. It also discusses the development of organs during the three trimesters of fetal growth.

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PRIMARY ORGANS HEMA T MSc BIOCHEMISTRY BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY 2018-2020
Body systems • The human body is made of 11 important organ systems. • These systems work together to maintain a functioning human body. Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems
These are the 11 organ systems  Circulatory system  Digestive system  Endocrine system  Integumentary system  Muscular system  Nervous system  Reproductive system  Respiratory system  Skeletal system  Urinary system  Lymphatic system These are the 11 Organ Systems
Organs • A part of an organism which is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function is called as an organ. • The word organ is derived from Greek. • It is widely believed that there are 80 organs; however, there is no universally standard definition of what constitutes an organ. • The number of organs varies depending on how one defines an organ. • Newly discovered organs • Interstitium • Mesentery
Stages of Fetal DevelopmentStages of Fetal Development
First Trimester (1-3 Months) These are the organs and organ systems that form during First trimester of fetal development. • Nervous system • Heart • Face • Arms and Legs • Sexual Organs • Muscle and Movement
First Trimester
Second Trimester (4-6 Months) • Development of taste buds • Development sensory neurons • Baby will weigh almost 2 pounds • About 1 foot long • All of the essential organs have formed • Branches of the respiratory tree develop
Primary organs
Third Trimester (7-9 Months) • In case boy, testicles descend into scrotum • Skeleton is hardening • Open and close eyes • Amniotic fluid disappear • Put on more fat • Baby lungs fully mature now.
Primary organs
• Humans have five vital organs that are essential for survival. • These are called as primary organs. • They are the • brain • heart • kidneys • liver and • lungs. Primary Organs
Brain • Brain comes under nervous system. • Brain is situated in the skull. • It is continued as spinal cord. • Brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of meninges called the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater and inner pia mater. • The space between arachnoid mater and pia mater is known as subarachnoid space. • This space is filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid.
Parts of Brain
1. Prosencephalon Prosencephalon is otherwise known as forebrain. It is further divided into two parts: i. Telencephalon, which includes cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus ii. Diencephalon, consisting of thalamus, hypo thalamus, metathalamus and subthalamus. 2. Mesencephalon Mesencephalon is also known as midbrain. 3. Rhombencephalon Rhombencephalon or hindbrain is subdivided into two portions: i. Metencephalon, formed by pons and cerebellum ii. Myelencephalon or medulla oblongata. Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are together called the brainstem.
Functions of Brain
Do You Know? • The human brain weighs 3 pounds. • It comprises 60% of fat. • It is one of the fattest organs in the human body. • Of the total blood and oxygen that is produced in our body, the brain gets 20% of it. • When the blood supply to the brain stops, it is almost after 8-10 seconds that the brain starts losing the consciousness. • The brain is capable of surviving for 5 to 6 minutes only if it doesn’t get oxygen after which it dies.
Heart • Heart comes under cardiovascular system. • Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the circulatory system. • It is situated in between two lungs in the mediastinum. • It is made up of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles.
Heart is made up of three layers of tissues: 1. Outer pericardium 2. Middle myocardium 3. Inner endocardium PERICARDIUM • Pericardium is the outer covering of the heart. It is made up of two layers: i. Outer parietal pericardium ii. Inner visceral pericardium Layers of Heart
MYOCARDIUM • Myocardium is the middle layer of wall of the heart and it is formed by cardiac muscle fibers or cardiac myocytes. ENDOCARDIUM • Endocardium is the inner most layer of heart wall. • It is a thin, smooth and glistening membrane. • It is formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, lining the inner surface of the heart.
Valves of the Heart • There are four valves in human heart. • Two valves are in between atria and the ventricles called atrioventricular valves. • Other two are the semilunar valves, placed at the opening of blood vessels arising from ventricles, namely systemic aorta and pulmonary artery. • Valves of the heart permit the flow of blood through heart in only one direction.
Atrioventricular Valves • Left atrioventricular valve is otherwise known as mitral valve or bicuspid valve. • Right atrioventricular valve is known as tricuspid valve. Semilunar Valves • Semilunar valves are present at the openings of systemic aorta and pulmonary artery and are known as aortic valve and pulmonary valve respectively.
Blood Vessels Blood vessels Diamete r Thickness of the wall Elastic tissue Smooth muscle fibre Fibrous tissue Aorta 25mm 2mm More Less More Artery 4mm 1mm More More Moderate Arteriole 30μ 6μ Moderate More Moderate Terminal arteriole 10μ 2μ Less More Moderate Capillary 8μ 0.5μ Absent Absent Moderate Venule 20μ 1μ Absent Absent Less Vein 5mm 0.5mm Less More Moderate Vena cava 30mm 1.5mm Less More More
Primary organs
Kidney • Kidney comes under renal system. • Renal system includes: 1. A pair of kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra. • Kidneys produce the urine. • Ureters transport the urine to urinary bladder. • Urinary bladder stores the urine until it is voided (emptied). • Urine is voided from bladder through urethra.
Different layers of kidney Components of kidney are arranged in three layers 1. Outer cortex 2. Inner medulla 3. Renal sinus. 1. Outer Cortex • Cortex is dark and granular in appearance. • It contains renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules.
2. Inner Medulla • Medulla contains tubular and vascular structures arranged in parallel radial lines. • Medullary mass is divided into 8 to 18 medullary or Malpighian pyramids. • Broad base of each pyramid is in contact with cortex and the apex projects into minor calyx. 3. Renal Sinus • Renal sinus consists of the following structures: i. Upper expanded part of ureter called renal pelvis ii. Subdivisions of pelvis: 2 or 3 major calyces and about 8 minor calyces iii. Branches of nerves, arteries and tributaries of veins iv. Loose connective tissues and fat.
Functions of Kidney 1. Role in homeostasis 2. Hemopoietic function 3. Endocrine function 4. Regulation of blood pressure 5. Regulation of blood calcium level
Liver • Liver comes under digestive system. • Liver is a dual organ having both secretory and excretory functions. • It is the largest gland in the body, weighing about 1.5 kg in man. • It is located in the upper and right side of the abdominal cavity, immediately beneath diaphragm.
Internal Structure of Liver Hepatic Lobes • Liver is made up of many lobes called hepatic lobes • Each lobe consists of many lobules called hepatic lobules. Hepatic Lobules • Hepatic lobule is the structural and functional unit of liver. • There are about 50,000 to 100,000 lobules in the liver. • The lobule is a honeycomb-like structure and it is made up of liver cells called hepatocytes.
Hepatocytes and Hepatic Plates • Hepatocytes are arranged in columns, which form the hepatic plates. • Each plate is made up of two columns of cells. • In between the two columns of each plate lies a bile canaliculus . • In between the neighboring plates, a blood space called sinusoid is present. • Sinusoid is lined by the endothelial cells. • In between the endothelial cells some special macrophages called Kupffer cells are present.
Portal Triads • Each lobule is surrounded by many portal triads. • Each portal triad consists of three vessels: 1. A branch of hepatic artery 2. A branch of portal vein 3. A tributary of bile duct. • Branches of hepatic artery and portal vein open into the sinusoid. • Sinusoid opens into the central vein. • Central vein empties into hepatic vein. • Bile is secreted by hepatic cells and emptied into bile canaliculus. • From canaliculus, the bile enters the tributary of bile duct.
Functions of liver 1. Metabolic function 2. Storage function 3. Synthetic function 4. Secretion of bile 5. Excretory function 6. Heat production 7. Hemopoietic function 8. Hemolytic function 9. Inactivation of hormones and drugs 10. Defensive and detoxification functions
Lungs • Lung comes under respiratory system. Pleura • Each lung is enclosed by a bilayered serous membrane called pleura or pleural sac. • Pleura has two layers namely inner visceral and outer parietal layers. • Visceral layer is attached firmly to the surface of the lungs. • At hilum, it is continuous with parietal layer, which is attached to the wall of thoracic cavity.
Intrapleural Space or Pleural Cavity • Intrapleural space or pleural cavity is the narrow space in between the two layers of pleura. Intrapleural Fluid • Intrapleural space contains a thin film of serous fluid called intrapleural fluid, which is secreted by the visceral layer of the pleura.
Functions of intrapleural fluid 1. It functions as the lubricant to prevent friction between two layers of pleura 2. It is involved in creating the negative pressure called intrapleural pressure within intrapleural space. Pleural Cavity in Abnormal Conditions • In some pathological conditions, the pleural cavity expands with accumulation of air (pneumothorax), water (hydrothorax), blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax).
Tracheobronchial Tree Trachea and bronchi are together called tracheobronchial tree. It forms a part of air passage. Components of tracheobronchial tree 1. Trachea bifurcates into two main or primary bronchi called right and left bronchi 2. Each primary bronchus enters the lungs and divides into secondary bronchi 3. Secondary bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi. In right lung, there are 10 tertiary bronchi and in left lung, there are eight tertiary bronchi 4. Tertiary bronchi divide several times with reduction in length and diameter into many generations of bronchioles 5. When the diameter of bronchiole becomes 1 mm or less, it is called terminal bronchiole 6. Terminal bronchiole continues or divides into respiratory bronchioles, which have a diameter of 0.5 mm.
Functions of Lungs • Changing the pH of blood (whether the blood is more acid or alkali) by increasing or decreasing the amount of CO2 in the body. • Filtering out small gas bubbles that may occur in the bloodstream. • Converting a chemical in the blood called angiotensin I to angiotensin II. These chemicals are important in the control of blood pressure.
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Primary organs

  • 1. PRIMARY ORGANS HEMA T MSc BIOCHEMISTRY BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY 2018-2020
  • 2. Body systems • The human body is made of 11 important organ systems. • These systems work together to maintain a functioning human body. Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems
  • 3. These are the 11 organ systems  Circulatory system  Digestive system  Endocrine system  Integumentary system  Muscular system  Nervous system  Reproductive system  Respiratory system  Skeletal system  Urinary system  Lymphatic system These are the 11 Organ Systems
  • 4. Organs • A part of an organism which is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function is called as an organ. • The word organ is derived from Greek. • It is widely believed that there are 80 organs; however, there is no universally standard definition of what constitutes an organ. • The number of organs varies depending on how one defines an organ. • Newly discovered organs • Interstitium • Mesentery
  • 5. Stages of Fetal DevelopmentStages of Fetal Development
  • 6. First Trimester (1-3 Months) These are the organs and organ systems that form during First trimester of fetal development. • Nervous system • Heart • Face • Arms and Legs • Sexual Organs • Muscle and Movement
  • 8. Second Trimester (4-6 Months) • Development of taste buds • Development sensory neurons • Baby will weigh almost 2 pounds • About 1 foot long • All of the essential organs have formed • Branches of the respiratory tree develop
  • 10. Third Trimester (7-9 Months) • In case boy, testicles descend into scrotum • Skeleton is hardening • Open and close eyes • Amniotic fluid disappear • Put on more fat • Baby lungs fully mature now.
  • 12. • Humans have five vital organs that are essential for survival. • These are called as primary organs. • They are the • brain • heart • kidneys • liver and • lungs. Primary Organs
  • 13. Brain • Brain comes under nervous system. • Brain is situated in the skull. • It is continued as spinal cord. • Brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of meninges called the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater and inner pia mater. • The space between arachnoid mater and pia mater is known as subarachnoid space. • This space is filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid.
  • 15. 1. Prosencephalon Prosencephalon is otherwise known as forebrain. It is further divided into two parts: i. Telencephalon, which includes cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus ii. Diencephalon, consisting of thalamus, hypo thalamus, metathalamus and subthalamus. 2. Mesencephalon Mesencephalon is also known as midbrain. 3. Rhombencephalon Rhombencephalon or hindbrain is subdivided into two portions: i. Metencephalon, formed by pons and cerebellum ii. Myelencephalon or medulla oblongata. Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are together called the brainstem.
  • 17. Do You Know? • The human brain weighs 3 pounds. • It comprises 60% of fat. • It is one of the fattest organs in the human body. • Of the total blood and oxygen that is produced in our body, the brain gets 20% of it. • When the blood supply to the brain stops, it is almost after 8-10 seconds that the brain starts losing the consciousness. • The brain is capable of surviving for 5 to 6 minutes only if it doesn’t get oxygen after which it dies.
  • 18. Heart • Heart comes under cardiovascular system. • Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the circulatory system. • It is situated in between two lungs in the mediastinum. • It is made up of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles.
  • 19. Heart is made up of three layers of tissues: 1. Outer pericardium 2. Middle myocardium 3. Inner endocardium PERICARDIUM • Pericardium is the outer covering of the heart. It is made up of two layers: i. Outer parietal pericardium ii. Inner visceral pericardium Layers of Heart
  • 20. MYOCARDIUM • Myocardium is the middle layer of wall of the heart and it is formed by cardiac muscle fibers or cardiac myocytes. ENDOCARDIUM • Endocardium is the inner most layer of heart wall. • It is a thin, smooth and glistening membrane. • It is formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, lining the inner surface of the heart.
  • 21. Valves of the Heart • There are four valves in human heart. • Two valves are in between atria and the ventricles called atrioventricular valves. • Other two are the semilunar valves, placed at the opening of blood vessels arising from ventricles, namely systemic aorta and pulmonary artery. • Valves of the heart permit the flow of blood through heart in only one direction.
  • 22. Atrioventricular Valves • Left atrioventricular valve is otherwise known as mitral valve or bicuspid valve. • Right atrioventricular valve is known as tricuspid valve. Semilunar Valves • Semilunar valves are present at the openings of systemic aorta and pulmonary artery and are known as aortic valve and pulmonary valve respectively.
  • 23. Blood Vessels Blood vessels Diamete r Thickness of the wall Elastic tissue Smooth muscle fibre Fibrous tissue Aorta 25mm 2mm More Less More Artery 4mm 1mm More More Moderate Arteriole 30μ 6μ Moderate More Moderate Terminal arteriole 10μ 2μ Less More Moderate Capillary 8μ 0.5μ Absent Absent Moderate Venule 20μ 1μ Absent Absent Less Vein 5mm 0.5mm Less More Moderate Vena cava 30mm 1.5mm Less More More
  • 25. Kidney • Kidney comes under renal system. • Renal system includes: 1. A pair of kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra. • Kidneys produce the urine. • Ureters transport the urine to urinary bladder. • Urinary bladder stores the urine until it is voided (emptied). • Urine is voided from bladder through urethra.
  • 26. Different layers of kidney Components of kidney are arranged in three layers 1. Outer cortex 2. Inner medulla 3. Renal sinus. 1. Outer Cortex • Cortex is dark and granular in appearance. • It contains renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules.
  • 27. 2. Inner Medulla • Medulla contains tubular and vascular structures arranged in parallel radial lines. • Medullary mass is divided into 8 to 18 medullary or Malpighian pyramids. • Broad base of each pyramid is in contact with cortex and the apex projects into minor calyx. 3. Renal Sinus • Renal sinus consists of the following structures: i. Upper expanded part of ureter called renal pelvis ii. Subdivisions of pelvis: 2 or 3 major calyces and about 8 minor calyces iii. Branches of nerves, arteries and tributaries of veins iv. Loose connective tissues and fat.
  • 28. Functions of Kidney 1. Role in homeostasis 2. Hemopoietic function 3. Endocrine function 4. Regulation of blood pressure 5. Regulation of blood calcium level
  • 29. Liver • Liver comes under digestive system. • Liver is a dual organ having both secretory and excretory functions. • It is the largest gland in the body, weighing about 1.5 kg in man. • It is located in the upper and right side of the abdominal cavity, immediately beneath diaphragm.
  • 30. Internal Structure of Liver Hepatic Lobes • Liver is made up of many lobes called hepatic lobes • Each lobe consists of many lobules called hepatic lobules. Hepatic Lobules • Hepatic lobule is the structural and functional unit of liver. • There are about 50,000 to 100,000 lobules in the liver. • The lobule is a honeycomb-like structure and it is made up of liver cells called hepatocytes.
  • 31. Hepatocytes and Hepatic Plates • Hepatocytes are arranged in columns, which form the hepatic plates. • Each plate is made up of two columns of cells. • In between the two columns of each plate lies a bile canaliculus . • In between the neighboring plates, a blood space called sinusoid is present. • Sinusoid is lined by the endothelial cells. • In between the endothelial cells some special macrophages called Kupffer cells are present.
  • 32. Portal Triads • Each lobule is surrounded by many portal triads. • Each portal triad consists of three vessels: 1. A branch of hepatic artery 2. A branch of portal vein 3. A tributary of bile duct. • Branches of hepatic artery and portal vein open into the sinusoid. • Sinusoid opens into the central vein. • Central vein empties into hepatic vein. • Bile is secreted by hepatic cells and emptied into bile canaliculus. • From canaliculus, the bile enters the tributary of bile duct.
  • 33. Functions of liver 1. Metabolic function 2. Storage function 3. Synthetic function 4. Secretion of bile 5. Excretory function 6. Heat production 7. Hemopoietic function 8. Hemolytic function 9. Inactivation of hormones and drugs 10. Defensive and detoxification functions
  • 34. Lungs • Lung comes under respiratory system. Pleura • Each lung is enclosed by a bilayered serous membrane called pleura or pleural sac. • Pleura has two layers namely inner visceral and outer parietal layers. • Visceral layer is attached firmly to the surface of the lungs. • At hilum, it is continuous with parietal layer, which is attached to the wall of thoracic cavity.
  • 35. Intrapleural Space or Pleural Cavity • Intrapleural space or pleural cavity is the narrow space in between the two layers of pleura. Intrapleural Fluid • Intrapleural space contains a thin film of serous fluid called intrapleural fluid, which is secreted by the visceral layer of the pleura.
  • 36. Functions of intrapleural fluid 1. It functions as the lubricant to prevent friction between two layers of pleura 2. It is involved in creating the negative pressure called intrapleural pressure within intrapleural space. Pleural Cavity in Abnormal Conditions • In some pathological conditions, the pleural cavity expands with accumulation of air (pneumothorax), water (hydrothorax), blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax).
  • 37. Tracheobronchial Tree Trachea and bronchi are together called tracheobronchial tree. It forms a part of air passage. Components of tracheobronchial tree 1. Trachea bifurcates into two main or primary bronchi called right and left bronchi 2. Each primary bronchus enters the lungs and divides into secondary bronchi 3. Secondary bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi. In right lung, there are 10 tertiary bronchi and in left lung, there are eight tertiary bronchi 4. Tertiary bronchi divide several times with reduction in length and diameter into many generations of bronchioles 5. When the diameter of bronchiole becomes 1 mm or less, it is called terminal bronchiole 6. Terminal bronchiole continues or divides into respiratory bronchioles, which have a diameter of 0.5 mm.
  • 38. Functions of Lungs • Changing the pH of blood (whether the blood is more acid or alkali) by increasing or decreasing the amount of CO2 in the body. • Filtering out small gas bubbles that may occur in the bloodstream. • Converting a chemical in the blood called angiotensin I to angiotensin II. These chemicals are important in the control of blood pressure.