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Principles of fertilizer application (IGKV RAIPUR C.G)

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Rahul Raj Tandon

This document discusses principles of fertilizer application, including: 1. Fertilizers should be applied at the proper time, in the right manner, and with consideration of crop nutrient requirements, methods of application, economics, and soil/crop factors. 2. Methods of application include broadcasting, placement, localized placement, band placement, liquid application, foliar application, fertigation, and injection into soil. 3. The appropriate method depends on the fertilizer type, soil type, and crop nutrient needs and growth stages.

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PRINCIPLES OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION In order to get maximum benefit from manures and fertilizers, they should not only be applied in proper time and in right manner but any other aspects should also be given careful consideration. The aspects that require consideration in fertilizer application - 2. Nutrient requirements of crops at different stages of crop growth. 3. Time of application. 4. Methods of application, placement of fertilizers. 5. Foliar application. 6. Crop response to fertilizers application and interaction of N, P, and K. 7. Residual effect of manures and fertilizers. 8. Crop response to different nutrient carrier. 9. Unit cost of nutrients and economics of manuring.
Fertilizers are applied by different methods mainly for 3 purposes: 1.To make the nutrients easily available to crops, 2.To reduce fertilizer losses and 3. for ease of application. The time and method of fertilizer application are depends on- 1)The nature of fertilizer. 2) Soil type and 3)The differences in nutrient requirement and nature of field crops.
Application of solid fertilizer
[a] Broadcasting  large doses of fertilizers are applied and insoluble phosphatic fertilizers such as rock phosphate are used.  It refers to spreading fertilizers uniformly all over the field. Broadcasting of fertilizers is of two types i) Broadcasting at sowing or planting (Basal application) The main objectives of broadcasting the fertilizers at sowing time are to uniformly distribute the fertilizer over the entire field and to mix it with soil. ii) Top dressing It is the broadcasting of fertilizers particularly nitrogenous fertilizers in closely sown crops like paddy and wheat.
[B] Placement  It refers to the placement of fertilizers in soil at a specific place with or without reference to the position of the seed.  Placement of fertilizers is normally recommended when the quantity of fertilizers to apply is small, development of the root system is poor, soil have a low level of fertility and to apply phosphatic and potassic fertilizer. i) Plough sole placement 1.In this method, fertilizer is placed at the bottom of the plough furrow in a continuous band during the process of ploughing. ii) Deep placement It is the placement of ammoniacal nitrogenous fertilizers in the reduction zone of soil particularly in paddy fields, where ammoniacal nitrogen remains available to the crop.
[c] Localized placement  It refers to the application of fertilizers into the soil close to the seed or plant in order to supply the nutrients in adequate amounts to the roots of growing plants.The common methods to place fertilizers close to the seed or plant are as follows:  a) Drilling  In this method, the fertilizer is applied at the time of sowing by means of a seed-cum-fertilizer drill.This method has been found suitable for the application of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers in cereal crops, but sometimes germination of seeds and young plants may get damaged due to higher concentration of soluble salts.  b) Side dressing  Placement of nitrogenous fertilizers by hand in between the rows of crops like maize, sugarcane, cotton etc., to apply additional doses of nitrogen to the growing crops and  Placement of fertilizers around the trees like mango, apple, grapes, papaya etc.
Band placement  If refers to the placement of fertilizer in bands.  Band placement is of two types.  i) Hill placement  In this method, fertilizers are placed close to the plant in bands on one or both sides of the plant.  ii) Row placement  When the crops like sugarcane, potato, maize, cereals etc., are sown close together in rows, the fertilizer is applied in continuous bands on one or both sides of the row, which is known as row placement. d) Pellet application 1.It refers to the placement of nitrogenous fertilizer in the form of pellets 2.5 to 5 cm deep between the rows of the paddy crop. 2.The fertilizer is mixed with the soil in the ratio of 1:10 and made small pellets of convenient size to deposit in the mud of paddy fields.
Liquid fertilizer a) Starter solutions It refers to the application of solution of N, P2O5 and K2O in the ratio of 1:2:1 and 1:1:2 to young plants at the time of transplanting, particularly for vegetables. Starter solution helps in rapid establishment and quick growth of seedlings. b) Foliar application It refers to the spraying of fertilizer solutions containing one or more nutrients on the foliage of growing plants.
Fertigation  It refers to the application of water soluble fertilizers through irrigation water.  The nutrients are thus carried into the soil in solution.  Generally nitrogenous fertilizers are applied through irrigation water.
d) Injection into soil  Liquid fertilizers for injection into the soil may be of either pressure or non-pressure types.  Non-pressure solutions may be applied either on the surface or in furrows without appreciable loss of plant nutrients under most conditions.  e) Aerial application.  In areas where ground application is not practicable, the fertilizer solutions are applied by aircraft particularly in hilly areas, in forest lands, in grass lands or in sugarcane fields etc.
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Principles of fertilizer application (IGKV RAIPUR C.G)

  • 1. PRINCIPLES OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION In order to get maximum benefit from manures and fertilizers, they should not only be applied in proper time and in right manner but any other aspects should also be given careful consideration. The aspects that require consideration in fertilizer application - 2. Nutrient requirements of crops at different stages of crop growth. 3. Time of application. 4. Methods of application, placement of fertilizers. 5. Foliar application. 6. Crop response to fertilizers application and interaction of N, P, and K. 7. Residual effect of manures and fertilizers. 8. Crop response to different nutrient carrier. 9. Unit cost of nutrients and economics of manuring.
  • 2. Fertilizers are applied by different methods mainly for 3 purposes: 1.To make the nutrients easily available to crops, 2.To reduce fertilizer losses and 3. for ease of application. The time and method of fertilizer application are depends on- 1)The nature of fertilizer. 2) Soil type and 3)The differences in nutrient requirement and nature of field crops.
  • 3. Application of solid fertilizer
  • 4. [a] Broadcasting  large doses of fertilizers are applied and insoluble phosphatic fertilizers such as rock phosphate are used.  It refers to spreading fertilizers uniformly all over the field. Broadcasting of fertilizers is of two types i) Broadcasting at sowing or planting (Basal application) The main objectives of broadcasting the fertilizers at sowing time are to uniformly distribute the fertilizer over the entire field and to mix it with soil. ii) Top dressing It is the broadcasting of fertilizers particularly nitrogenous fertilizers in closely sown crops like paddy and wheat.
  • 5. [B] Placement  It refers to the placement of fertilizers in soil at a specific place with or without reference to the position of the seed.  Placement of fertilizers is normally recommended when the quantity of fertilizers to apply is small, development of the root system is poor, soil have a low level of fertility and to apply phosphatic and potassic fertilizer. i) Plough sole placement 1.In this method, fertilizer is placed at the bottom of the plough furrow in a continuous band during the process of ploughing. ii) Deep placement It is the placement of ammoniacal nitrogenous fertilizers in the reduction zone of soil particularly in paddy fields, where ammoniacal nitrogen remains available to the crop.
  • 6. [c] Localized placement  It refers to the application of fertilizers into the soil close to the seed or plant in order to supply the nutrients in adequate amounts to the roots of growing plants.The common methods to place fertilizers close to the seed or plant are as follows:  a) Drilling  In this method, the fertilizer is applied at the time of sowing by means of a seed-cum-fertilizer drill.This method has been found suitable for the application of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers in cereal crops, but sometimes germination of seeds and young plants may get damaged due to higher concentration of soluble salts.  b) Side dressing  Placement of nitrogenous fertilizers by hand in between the rows of crops like maize, sugarcane, cotton etc., to apply additional doses of nitrogen to the growing crops and  Placement of fertilizers around the trees like mango, apple, grapes, papaya etc.
  • 7. Band placement  If refers to the placement of fertilizer in bands.  Band placement is of two types.  i) Hill placement  In this method, fertilizers are placed close to the plant in bands on one or both sides of the plant.  ii) Row placement  When the crops like sugarcane, potato, maize, cereals etc., are sown close together in rows, the fertilizer is applied in continuous bands on one or both sides of the row, which is known as row placement. d) Pellet application 1.It refers to the placement of nitrogenous fertilizer in the form of pellets 2.5 to 5 cm deep between the rows of the paddy crop. 2.The fertilizer is mixed with the soil in the ratio of 1:10 and made small pellets of convenient size to deposit in the mud of paddy fields.
  • 8. Liquid fertilizer a) Starter solutions It refers to the application of solution of N, P2O5 and K2O in the ratio of 1:2:1 and 1:1:2 to young plants at the time of transplanting, particularly for vegetables. Starter solution helps in rapid establishment and quick growth of seedlings. b) Foliar application It refers to the spraying of fertilizer solutions containing one or more nutrients on the foliage of growing plants.
  • 9. Fertigation  It refers to the application of water soluble fertilizers through irrigation water.  The nutrients are thus carried into the soil in solution.  Generally nitrogenous fertilizers are applied through irrigation water.
  • 10. d) Injection into soil  Liquid fertilizers for injection into the soil may be of either pressure or non-pressure types.  Non-pressure solutions may be applied either on the surface or in furrows without appreciable loss of plant nutrients under most conditions.  e) Aerial application.  In areas where ground application is not practicable, the fertilizer solutions are applied by aircraft particularly in hilly areas, in forest lands, in grass lands or in sugarcane fields etc.