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Process for biomass conversion

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Shadan Rasheed
Shadan Rasheed

This document discusses biomass conversion processes. It defines biomass as organic matter produced by plants, including crops, crop residues, and animal manure. Biomass can be converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Key conversion processes discussed include anaerobic digestion, which converts wet biomass into biogas; fermentation, which produces ethanol from sugars; and pyrolysis, which produces fuels when dry biomass is heated without oxygen. Both advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy are presented.

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Harran university College of Engineering Environmental Department Process For Biomass Conversion Presented By : Shadan Rashid Abubaker
BIOMASS • Biomass is a renewable energy source, which are organic matter produced by plants it includes terrestrial and aquatic plants • it includes forest crops and residues, crops grown for their energy content on energy farms and animal manure. • Coal, oil and natural gas takes millions of year for there formation but are considered as renewable source because of plant life renews and add to it self every year.
DIAGRAM OF BIOMASS SOURCES
CATEGORIZED THE BIOMASS • These different type of biomass are divided into different categorizes. There are 2 categorizes • 1. Dry Biomass :Dry biomass consists of tree chips, paper, various other plant matter such as corn, soybean, sorghum, sunflower, oats, barley, wheat and hay. Tress, bagasse, grass, municipal solid waste etc are also part of dry biomass • 2. Wet Biomass: Wet biomass tends to be in water or to stay moist Examples are water plants, animal wastes, Municipal sewerage plant, industrial waste stream plants and biodiesel oil Treated with hydrogasification at high pressure and low temperatures to produce a gas or biofuel oil
BIOMASS CONVERSION • These biomass resources are fall into 3 categories:- • 1. Biomass in its traditional form • 2. Biomass from non-traditional • 3. Ferment the biomass • In Traditional solid biomass is directly burn and get energy • In non-traditional biomass is converted into ethanol and methanol to be used as liquid fuel. • By fermentation biomass is converted into gaseous fuel.
BIOMASS CONVERSION • Conversions can take place may ways • 1. Direct combustion: • 2. Thermochemical conversion • 3. Biochemical Conversion • The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to produce heat and by products is called direct combustion. • The complete combustion of biomass into ash is called incineration. • This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam can be used for various applications like space heating or cooling, power generation, process heating in industries or any other application
BIO-FUELS • The energy stored in dry biomass like wood and straw is most easily released by direct combustion and dry material is also be converted in to liquid and gaseous fuel. Biomass is wet or has a moisture content like- sewage sludge, vegetable matter can be dried and then burnt. Fuel drivers from biomass are easily handled and burnt. Refined biofuels have high calorific values and stored for long time. • CATEGORIES OF BIOFUEL • There are 3 types of fuel:- • 1. Solid it include Wood , Straw, Municipal refuse • 2. Liquid: Vegetable oils, hydro-carbons from euphorbia plants that can be grow in desert. • 3. Gases: Bio gases • Note: Methanol contains 25% ˂ ethanol and 50% ˂ from petrol
2. Thermochemical conversion • The thermo chemical reaction can convert the organic biomass into more valuable and convenient form of products as gaseous and liquid fuels, residue and by-products etc. These processes can be carried out in following ways: • 1. Gasification • 2. Pyrolysis • 3. liquifaction • 3. Biochemical Conversion • In biochemical processes the bacteria and micro organisms are used to transform the raw biomass into useful energy like methane and ethane gas. Following organic treatments are given to the biomass: • 1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion) • 2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
combustion
BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES • There is wide verities of conversion technologies is available for manufacturing premium fuel from biomass • 1. Anaerobic digestion • 2. Fermentation • 3. Chemical reduction • 4. Thermal process • 5. Oil extraction
CATEGORIZED THE PROCESSES • These are further categorizes the processes into 2 types • 1. Wet processes a) Anaerobic digestion. b) Fermentation c) Chemical reduction • 2. Dry processes. a) Pyrolysis b) Liquefaction c) Gasification d) Steam gasification e) Hydrogenation f) Hydrolysis
Anaerobic digestion: • The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation process involves the conversion of decaying wet biomass and animal waste into biogas through decomposition process by the action of anaerobic bacteria. Biogas is produced by the bacterial decomposition of wet sewage sludge, animal dung or green plants in the absence of oxygen but digestion takes much longer time. The natural decay process anaerobic decomposition can be speeded up by using thermally insulation, air tight tank and heating system. Optimum temperature 35˚C for complete decomposition of animal or human residue in 10 days. The residue left after digestion is valuable fertilizer.
BIOGAS • Biogas is a combustible gaseous fuel that is collected from the microbial degradation of organic matter in anaerobic conditions The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen Biogas contains 55-65% methane, 30-40% CO2, and the remainders are impurities like H2S, H2, N2 gases.
Fermentation: •Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro-organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. •Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of sugar solution by natural yeasts. •After 30 hours of fermentation the beer is contain 6-10% alcohol and can be removed by distillation. •The fibrous residue from plants like sugarcane bagasse, paddy straw etc. have been burnt to provide heat. One tone of sugar will produce up to 520 liters of alcohol. •After fermentation the residue from grains and other feed stuffs contains high protein content and is a useful cattle feed supplement.
Chemical reduction: • •Chemical reduction is the least developed of the biomass conversion processes. • •Pressure- cooking the animal waste or plant cellulosic slurry with alkaline catalyst in the presence of carbon monoxide at temperature 250-400 C and the organic matter converted into mixture of oil. The calorific value of product is if pressure is low and temperature is high.
DRY PROCESSES • Pyrolysis :- the energy rich fuels can be produced by roasting dry woody matter like saw dust and wood chips. The material fed into reactor vessel and heated in the absence of air. The temperature is rise the cellulose and lignin is break down to simple substance. The range of temperature lies between 500-1000 c. • Liquefaction:- the liquid are maximized by rapid heating of the feedstock at low temperature. The vapours are condensed from the gas stream and saperated into 2 phases- • 1) Aqueous Phase- contains water soluble organic matter like- acetone, acetic acid • 2) Non aqueous phase- it consists of oils and tars.
Process for biomass conversion
Gasification:- • Pyrolysis of wet biomass produced fuel gas. For maximizing the gas yield is blow small quantity of air in the reactor and to increase the temperature 1000 c. Air blower Gasifier has low calorific value and may be 40%inert nitrogen gas Oxygen fed system has medium calorific value • GASIFIERS • It is equipment which can gasify a variety of biomass such as wood waste, agricultural waste like straw, stalks etc. the gasifier is essentially a chemical reactor where various complex physical and chemical processes take place.
• Hydrogenation:- less severe condition of temperature and pressure 300-400˚C and at 100 atm pressure respectively, carbon monoxide and steam react with cellulose to produce heavy oils. • Hydrolysis:- it is technology which converts cellulose to alcohols through fermentation. Ethyl alcohol can be produced from a variety of sugar by fermentation with yeasts. Molasses is diluted with water to sugar content of about 20%, pH 4.5 and mixed with yeast. Ammonia is used to reduce acidity.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMASS • Fuel characteristics important to the design and analysis of biomass conversion processes. These properties are useful in biomass conversion processes. • These properties are:- • 1. Physical Properties:- Density, angle of repose and moisture content 2. Chemical Properties:- Calorific value and proximate analysis • 3. Thermal Properties:- Elemental analysis and chemical properties
ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS • The biomass can be grown in near by seas and lakes. The lands can be spread for food crops. • •I.C. Engines(internal combustion engine) can be run on biogas produced from biomass. • •Biomass can be used for plastics and pharmaceutical products. • •Use of biomass keeps surroundings clean and healthy without insects and pests
DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS • Biomass contains 50-90% water and it is heavy. Hence transportation if needed is very difficult. • Direct combustion of biomass produces smokes and smells. • Calorific value of biomass if burnt in the raw form is very less. • Biogas plants need lots of care and maintenance for its successful operations. • It is economical if raw biomass such as cow dung is not freely available. • Biomass conversion plants such as biogas are necessary to convert raw biomass into useful energy forms. • Biogas plants occupy larges land areas. • If the biomass is required to be transported over long distances, the cost transportation is very high
REFERENCES • Text book:- non-conventional renewable resources by GD rai Handbook of renewable sources • Chapter- 1 characteristics of biomass by AK jain
Process for biomass conversion

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Process for biomass conversion

  • 1. Harran university College of Engineering Environmental Department Process For Biomass Conversion Presented By : Shadan Rashid Abubaker
  • 2. BIOMASS • Biomass is a renewable energy source, which are organic matter produced by plants it includes terrestrial and aquatic plants • it includes forest crops and residues, crops grown for their energy content on energy farms and animal manure. • Coal, oil and natural gas takes millions of year for there formation but are considered as renewable source because of plant life renews and add to it self every year.
  • 4. CATEGORIZED THE BIOMASS • These different type of biomass are divided into different categorizes. There are 2 categorizes • 1. Dry Biomass :Dry biomass consists of tree chips, paper, various other plant matter such as corn, soybean, sorghum, sunflower, oats, barley, wheat and hay. Tress, bagasse, grass, municipal solid waste etc are also part of dry biomass • 2. Wet Biomass: Wet biomass tends to be in water or to stay moist Examples are water plants, animal wastes, Municipal sewerage plant, industrial waste stream plants and biodiesel oil Treated with hydrogasification at high pressure and low temperatures to produce a gas or biofuel oil
  • 5. BIOMASS CONVERSION • These biomass resources are fall into 3 categories:- • 1. Biomass in its traditional form • 2. Biomass from non-traditional • 3. Ferment the biomass • In Traditional solid biomass is directly burn and get energy • In non-traditional biomass is converted into ethanol and methanol to be used as liquid fuel. • By fermentation biomass is converted into gaseous fuel.
  • 6. BIOMASS CONVERSION • Conversions can take place may ways • 1. Direct combustion: • 2. Thermochemical conversion • 3. Biochemical Conversion • The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to produce heat and by products is called direct combustion. • The complete combustion of biomass into ash is called incineration. • This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam can be used for various applications like space heating or cooling, power generation, process heating in industries or any other application
  • 7. BIO-FUELS • The energy stored in dry biomass like wood and straw is most easily released by direct combustion and dry material is also be converted in to liquid and gaseous fuel. Biomass is wet or has a moisture content like- sewage sludge, vegetable matter can be dried and then burnt. Fuel drivers from biomass are easily handled and burnt. Refined biofuels have high calorific values and stored for long time. • CATEGORIES OF BIOFUEL • There are 3 types of fuel:- • 1. Solid it include Wood , Straw, Municipal refuse • 2. Liquid: Vegetable oils, hydro-carbons from euphorbia plants that can be grow in desert. • 3. Gases: Bio gases • Note: Methanol contains 25% ˂ ethanol and 50% ˂ from petrol
  • 8. 2. Thermochemical conversion • The thermo chemical reaction can convert the organic biomass into more valuable and convenient form of products as gaseous and liquid fuels, residue and by-products etc. These processes can be carried out in following ways: • 1. Gasification • 2. Pyrolysis • 3. liquifaction • 3. Biochemical Conversion • In biochemical processes the bacteria and micro organisms are used to transform the raw biomass into useful energy like methane and ethane gas. Following organic treatments are given to the biomass: • 1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion) • 2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
  • 10. BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES • There is wide verities of conversion technologies is available for manufacturing premium fuel from biomass • 1. Anaerobic digestion • 2. Fermentation • 3. Chemical reduction • 4. Thermal process • 5. Oil extraction
  • 11. CATEGORIZED THE PROCESSES • These are further categorizes the processes into 2 types • 1. Wet processes a) Anaerobic digestion. b) Fermentation c) Chemical reduction • 2. Dry processes. a) Pyrolysis b) Liquefaction c) Gasification d) Steam gasification e) Hydrogenation f) Hydrolysis
  • 12. Anaerobic digestion: • The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation process involves the conversion of decaying wet biomass and animal waste into biogas through decomposition process by the action of anaerobic bacteria. Biogas is produced by the bacterial decomposition of wet sewage sludge, animal dung or green plants in the absence of oxygen but digestion takes much longer time. The natural decay process anaerobic decomposition can be speeded up by using thermally insulation, air tight tank and heating system. Optimum temperature 35˚C for complete decomposition of animal or human residue in 10 days. The residue left after digestion is valuable fertilizer.
  • 13. BIOGAS • Biogas is a combustible gaseous fuel that is collected from the microbial degradation of organic matter in anaerobic conditions The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen Biogas contains 55-65% methane, 30-40% CO2, and the remainders are impurities like H2S, H2, N2 gases.
  • 14. Fermentation: •Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro-organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. •Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of sugar solution by natural yeasts. •After 30 hours of fermentation the beer is contain 6-10% alcohol and can be removed by distillation. •The fibrous residue from plants like sugarcane bagasse, paddy straw etc. have been burnt to provide heat. One tone of sugar will produce up to 520 liters of alcohol. •After fermentation the residue from grains and other feed stuffs contains high protein content and is a useful cattle feed supplement.
  • 15. Chemical reduction: • •Chemical reduction is the least developed of the biomass conversion processes. • •Pressure- cooking the animal waste or plant cellulosic slurry with alkaline catalyst in the presence of carbon monoxide at temperature 250-400 C and the organic matter converted into mixture of oil. The calorific value of product is if pressure is low and temperature is high.
  • 16. DRY PROCESSES • Pyrolysis :- the energy rich fuels can be produced by roasting dry woody matter like saw dust and wood chips. The material fed into reactor vessel and heated in the absence of air. The temperature is rise the cellulose and lignin is break down to simple substance. The range of temperature lies between 500-1000 c. • Liquefaction:- the liquid are maximized by rapid heating of the feedstock at low temperature. The vapours are condensed from the gas stream and saperated into 2 phases- • 1) Aqueous Phase- contains water soluble organic matter like- acetone, acetic acid • 2) Non aqueous phase- it consists of oils and tars.
  • 18. Gasification:- • Pyrolysis of wet biomass produced fuel gas. For maximizing the gas yield is blow small quantity of air in the reactor and to increase the temperature 1000 c. Air blower Gasifier has low calorific value and may be 40%inert nitrogen gas Oxygen fed system has medium calorific value • GASIFIERS • It is equipment which can gasify a variety of biomass such as wood waste, agricultural waste like straw, stalks etc. the gasifier is essentially a chemical reactor where various complex physical and chemical processes take place.
  • 19. • Hydrogenation:- less severe condition of temperature and pressure 300-400˚C and at 100 atm pressure respectively, carbon monoxide and steam react with cellulose to produce heavy oils. • Hydrolysis:- it is technology which converts cellulose to alcohols through fermentation. Ethyl alcohol can be produced from a variety of sugar by fermentation with yeasts. Molasses is diluted with water to sugar content of about 20%, pH 4.5 and mixed with yeast. Ammonia is used to reduce acidity.
  • 20. CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMASS • Fuel characteristics important to the design and analysis of biomass conversion processes. These properties are useful in biomass conversion processes. • These properties are:- • 1. Physical Properties:- Density, angle of repose and moisture content 2. Chemical Properties:- Calorific value and proximate analysis • 3. Thermal Properties:- Elemental analysis and chemical properties
  • 21. ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS • The biomass can be grown in near by seas and lakes. The lands can be spread for food crops. • •I.C. Engines(internal combustion engine) can be run on biogas produced from biomass. • •Biomass can be used for plastics and pharmaceutical products. • •Use of biomass keeps surroundings clean and healthy without insects and pests
  • 22. DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS • Biomass contains 50-90% water and it is heavy. Hence transportation if needed is very difficult. • Direct combustion of biomass produces smokes and smells. • Calorific value of biomass if burnt in the raw form is very less. • Biogas plants need lots of care and maintenance for its successful operations. • It is economical if raw biomass such as cow dung is not freely available. • Biomass conversion plants such as biogas are necessary to convert raw biomass into useful energy forms. • Biogas plants occupy larges land areas. • If the biomass is required to be transported over long distances, the cost transportation is very high
  • 23. REFERENCES • Text book:- non-conventional renewable resources by GD rai Handbook of renewable sources • Chapter- 1 characteristics of biomass by AK jain