Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF POTATO

•Download as DOCX, PDF•
•
H
HARISH J

The document discusses the production technology of potatoes. It covers the botanical description of potatoes, their importance as a food crop, varieties commonly grown in Karnataka, soil and climate requirements, methods of propagation using seed tubers, planting methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting, and processing into products like french fries and chips. The key potato growing regions are China, India, and the state of Karnataka in India, specifically Hassan district.

1 of 8
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF POTATO Botanical description  Common name : Potato  Scientific name: solanum tuberosum  order:Solanales  Family: Solanaceae IMPORTANCE OF POTATO  Potato is fourth major food crop after rice,wheat and maize in the world.  Potato was rich source of starch which produces in short period of time.  The edible part of potato is modified underground stem.  Potato is processed into chips,french fries,canned foods,etc.  Solanin content is 5 mg/100g.  Potato is highly nutritious,easily digestible and wholesome food. Origin: South America Distribution :  In world, china stands first ,India stands second in production.  Area and production  Hassan is stands first in karnataka both in terms of area & production of potato.  Kolar is second largest producer.
varieties are Kufri himalini, kufri surya, kufri himsona,Kufri chipsona- 1,2,3,4,Kufri Jyothi,Kufri surya, Kufri bhadshah,Kufri chandramukh, Kufri chipsona-1,kufri chipsona-2, kufri chipsona-3 Soil and climate  Friable,porous,well drained sandy loam to clay loam soils are well suitable.  The Ph range is 5.5-7.5  A cool season crop so low temperature,low humidity and bright sunny days are required.  Optimum temperature is 25°c for germination of tubers;20°c for vegetative growth;17-19°c for tuber growth.  If temperature >30,tuber formation stops.  Rainfall requirement for the potato is 120-200 cm of annual rainfall. PLANTING SEASON  Potato is planted during the end of june to early july for kharif season.  For rabi, it was planted during early november Propagation of potato  Potato is vegetatively propagated using seed tubers.  Tuber requirement: Irrigated :1500-2000 kg/ha Rainfed :1000-1250kg/ha  Large tubers are cut and make 2 halves. Weight :30-40 gms diameter:3.5-5cm
 Cut tubers are covered with gunny bags for 2-3 days for  suberization,otherwise it wil lead to rotting. Pre sprouting  Potato has tuber dormancy for 8-10 weeks,so the seed tubers are stored.  Potato seed tubers after removing from cold storage should be kept in diffused light for 10-15 days to develop short,thick and green sprouts.  Tubers treated with 1% thiourea+1ppm GA3 for 1 hour breaks dormancy. Method of planting  Ridges and furrow is the most popular method of planting potato.  Spacing :60cm×20cm  Sproted tubers /cut seed pieces are planted in these furrows at 20-25 cm sprout facing upwards.  Furrows are made at 60 cm distance.  Cover the tubers by making ridges of about 15 cm height over the furrows. Manures and fertilizers  15-30 tons of FYM is given at planting time.  Irrigated: 125:100:125 kg/ha NPK ,Rainfed: 75:75:100kg/haNPK  SSP and MOP is given at time of planting. Irrigation  Usually irrigation is not given in Kharif season.  If rains are irregular,1-2 light irrigation are given.
 10-12 irrigations are given at 10 days interval. Interculture  2 weedings are done,1 immediately before earthing up and the 2nd 50-60 days after planting.  Earthing up should be done about 25 days after planting.  Earthing up helps in better tuber development and avoid potato tuber moth.  If tubers are left exposed to sunlight they will start to synthesize anthocyanin and chlrophyll and the chlrophyll checks accumulation of starch in tubers resulting in small tubers with bitter taste due to solanin. Tuber formation  Potato bears tubers at stolon end.  The stolon arises from the lower nodes and starts to form 20-25 days after planting  Usually,tubers start to form in about 30-35 days after planting from the apical and sub apical region of the stolon. Dehaulming  Dehaulming or haulms cutting is practised 10-12 days before harvesting to help the potato skin to mature quickly by removing active haulms once potatoes reach maturity  Very essential for seed potatoes and to store in cold storages. Harvesting
 The time of harvesting potato depends on variety, market price,weather condtions.  Early varieties mature in 80 days,medium varieties 90-100 days and late varieties 100-120 days.  The kharif crop comes to harvest during the end of september to early october and the rabi crop by the end of january to early february.  Sometimes, potatoes harvested early to fetch high market price and harvested at full maturity will have better shelf life.  Potatoes are harvested using hand khurpas ,spade ,country plough and potato diggers. Yield  Early varieties:20-25 tons/ha  Late varieties:30-35 tons/ha  Seed crop :20-25 tons/ha Disadvantages of seed tubers  40% of total production of potato cultivation by tubers.  Bulky nature of tubers is a problem for transportion and it increses seed cost  Inadequate supply of seed tubers at an affordable cost to distant places.  Transmission of viral diseases through tubers.  Storage losses due to rotting of tubers Seed plot technique to grow quality seed tubers was developed by Dr.Pushkarnath.
True potato seed[TPS]  This technique was developed by Dr.S.Ramanujan,First director of CPRI.  TPS is the matured ovule of potato resulting from sexual fertilization.  These seeds are raised in nursery and then transplanted into main field. Advantages  It reqired in small quantity of 100-150 g.  Free from viral diseases.  Storage loss of seed tubers can be avoided.  Low pest and diseases and low cost of production.  HPS 1/13,HPS 11/13 And 24/111 are the hybrids in TPS. Physiological disordersof Potato  Black or hallow heart  Greening  Sprouting in storage  Dormancy Black or hallow heart  central tissues of affected large tubers show dark black discolouration due to sub oxidation[black heart.  In advanced stage,the affected tissues dry and seperate to form cavities [hallow heart].
 Control:Provide proper ventilation in storage and during transportation,store the tubers in cold storage at 2.2°c- 3.3°c Greening  Tubers turn green when exposed to direct sun light.  The green pigment produced is solanin which is poisonous and unfit for consumption.  control:earthing up should be done to avoid the exposure of tubers to direct sunlight Sprouting in storage o Makes the produce unfit for consumption. o Control:spray with maleic hydrazide @3000ppmat 15 days before harvesting .store the potato tubers in cold storage@2-4°c and 90- 95% RH. o Dormancy The dormancy cause delay and erratic crop stand in the field . o It becomes serious problem particularly when 2crops are to be taken in rotation and when tubers produced in hills are used to raise the crop in plains of India just after harvesting. o Control:use chemicals to break dormancy or use varieties having short dormancy period. Diseases
 Early blight of potato  Late blight of potato  Purple top roll Pests  Mosaic  Aphids  Leaf hoppers  Potato tuber moth  Mite infestation  Epilachna beetle Processedproducts  French fries  Potato chips  Smashed potatoes  Baked potatoes  Vodka

More Related Content

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF POTATO

  • 1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF POTATO Botanical description  Common name : Potato  Scientific name: solanum tuberosum  order:Solanales  Family: Solanaceae IMPORTANCE OF POTATO  Potato is fourth major food crop after rice,wheat and maize in the world.  Potato was rich source of starch which produces in short period of time.  The edible part of potato is modified underground stem.  Potato is processed into chips,french fries,canned foods,etc.  Solanin content is 5 mg/100g.  Potato is highly nutritious,easily digestible and wholesome food. Origin: South America Distribution :  In world, china stands first ,India stands second in production.  Area and production  Hassan is stands first in karnataka both in terms of area & production of potato.  Kolar is second largest producer.
  • 2. varieties are Kufri himalini, kufri surya, kufri himsona,Kufri chipsona- 1,2,3,4,Kufri Jyothi,Kufri surya, Kufri bhadshah,Kufri chandramukh, Kufri chipsona-1,kufri chipsona-2, kufri chipsona-3 Soil and climate  Friable,porous,well drained sandy loam to clay loam soils are well suitable.  The Ph range is 5.5-7.5  A cool season crop so low temperature,low humidity and bright sunny days are required.  Optimum temperature is 25°c for germination of tubers;20°c for vegetative growth;17-19°c for tuber growth.  If temperature >30,tuber formation stops.  Rainfall requirement for the potato is 120-200 cm of annual rainfall. PLANTING SEASON  Potato is planted during the end of june to early july for kharif season.  For rabi, it was planted during early november Propagation of potato  Potato is vegetatively propagated using seed tubers.  Tuber requirement: Irrigated :1500-2000 kg/ha Rainfed :1000-1250kg/ha  Large tubers are cut and make 2 halves. Weight :30-40 gms diameter:3.5-5cm
  • 3.  Cut tubers are covered with gunny bags for 2-3 days for  suberization,otherwise it wil lead to rotting. Pre sprouting  Potato has tuber dormancy for 8-10 weeks,so the seed tubers are stored.  Potato seed tubers after removing from cold storage should be kept in diffused light for 10-15 days to develop short,thick and green sprouts.  Tubers treated with 1% thiourea+1ppm GA3 for 1 hour breaks dormancy. Method of planting  Ridges and furrow is the most popular method of planting potato.  Spacing :60cm×20cm  Sproted tubers /cut seed pieces are planted in these furrows at 20-25 cm sprout facing upwards.  Furrows are made at 60 cm distance.  Cover the tubers by making ridges of about 15 cm height over the furrows. Manures and fertilizers  15-30 tons of FYM is given at planting time.  Irrigated: 125:100:125 kg/ha NPK ,Rainfed: 75:75:100kg/haNPK  SSP and MOP is given at time of planting. Irrigation  Usually irrigation is not given in Kharif season.  If rains are irregular,1-2 light irrigation are given.
  • 4.  10-12 irrigations are given at 10 days interval. Interculture  2 weedings are done,1 immediately before earthing up and the 2nd 50-60 days after planting.  Earthing up should be done about 25 days after planting.  Earthing up helps in better tuber development and avoid potato tuber moth.  If tubers are left exposed to sunlight they will start to synthesize anthocyanin and chlrophyll and the chlrophyll checks accumulation of starch in tubers resulting in small tubers with bitter taste due to solanin. Tuber formation  Potato bears tubers at stolon end.  The stolon arises from the lower nodes and starts to form 20-25 days after planting  Usually,tubers start to form in about 30-35 days after planting from the apical and sub apical region of the stolon. Dehaulming  Dehaulming or haulms cutting is practised 10-12 days before harvesting to help the potato skin to mature quickly by removing active haulms once potatoes reach maturity  Very essential for seed potatoes and to store in cold storages. Harvesting
  • 5.  The time of harvesting potato depends on variety, market price,weather condtions.  Early varieties mature in 80 days,medium varieties 90-100 days and late varieties 100-120 days.  The kharif crop comes to harvest during the end of september to early october and the rabi crop by the end of january to early february.  Sometimes, potatoes harvested early to fetch high market price and harvested at full maturity will have better shelf life.  Potatoes are harvested using hand khurpas ,spade ,country plough and potato diggers. Yield  Early varieties:20-25 tons/ha  Late varieties:30-35 tons/ha  Seed crop :20-25 tons/ha Disadvantages of seed tubers  40% of total production of potato cultivation by tubers.  Bulky nature of tubers is a problem for transportion and it increses seed cost  Inadequate supply of seed tubers at an affordable cost to distant places.  Transmission of viral diseases through tubers.  Storage losses due to rotting of tubers Seed plot technique to grow quality seed tubers was developed by Dr.Pushkarnath.
  • 6. True potato seed[TPS]  This technique was developed by Dr.S.Ramanujan,First director of CPRI.  TPS is the matured ovule of potato resulting from sexual fertilization.  These seeds are raised in nursery and then transplanted into main field. Advantages  It reqired in small quantity of 100-150 g.  Free from viral diseases.  Storage loss of seed tubers can be avoided.  Low pest and diseases and low cost of production.  HPS 1/13,HPS 11/13 And 24/111 are the hybrids in TPS. Physiological disordersof Potato  Black or hallow heart  Greening  Sprouting in storage  Dormancy Black or hallow heart  central tissues of affected large tubers show dark black discolouration due to sub oxidation[black heart.  In advanced stage,the affected tissues dry and seperate to form cavities [hallow heart].
  • 7.  Control:Provide proper ventilation in storage and during transportation,store the tubers in cold storage at 2.2°c- 3.3°c Greening  Tubers turn green when exposed to direct sun light.  The green pigment produced is solanin which is poisonous and unfit for consumption.  control:earthing up should be done to avoid the exposure of tubers to direct sunlight Sprouting in storage o Makes the produce unfit for consumption. o Control:spray with maleic hydrazide @3000ppmat 15 days before harvesting .store the potato tubers in cold storage@2-4°c and 90- 95% RH. o Dormancy The dormancy cause delay and erratic crop stand in the field . o It becomes serious problem particularly when 2crops are to be taken in rotation and when tubers produced in hills are used to raise the crop in plains of India just after harvesting. o Control:use chemicals to break dormancy or use varieties having short dormancy period. Diseases
  • 8.  Early blight of potato  Late blight of potato  Purple top roll Pests  Mosaic  Aphids  Leaf hoppers  Potato tuber moth  Mite infestation  Epilachna beetle Processedproducts  French fries  Potato chips  Smashed potatoes  Baked potatoes  Vodka