Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Psychological testing

•Download as PPTX, PDF•
•

It is about the psychological testing history, how it emerged and how it effected; hiring, firing and for upraisal

1 of 38
Psychological testing
All fields of human endeavor use measurement in some form, and field has its own set of measuring tools and measuring units.
What is a test? a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something, especially before it is taken into widespread use.
What is a psychological test? Psychological tests are written, visual, or verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of children and adults.
The widespread use of psychological testing is largely a phenomenon of the twentieth century. But the historian mentio
In 2200 B.C, when Chines Emperor had his officials examined every third year to determine their fitness for office.
Such testing was modified and refined over the centuries until writte exams were introduced in the Han dynasty (202 B.C-AD200). Five t were tested:  Civil Law  Military Affairs  Agriculture  Revenue  Geography
The Chines examination system took its final form about 1370, whe proficiency in the Confucian classics was emphasized. In the prelim examination, candidates were required to spend a day and night in small isolated booth, comprising essay on assigned topics and writi poem. The 1 to 7 percent who passed moved up to the district examinations, which required three separate sessions of three days three nights
The district examinations were obviously grueling and rigorous, but was not the final level. The 1 to 10 percent who passed were allowe privilege of going to Peking for the final round of examination. Perha 3 percent of this final group passed nation program, the similarities between their traditions and current testing practices are, in the mai superficial. Not only were their testing practices unnecessarily gruel the Chines also failed to validate their selection procedures. Noneth it does appear that the examination program incorporated relevant selection criteria.
Most historians trace the gaining of psychological testing to the experimental investigation of individual differences that flourished in Germany and Great Britai the late 1800s.
Psychological testing owes as much to early psychiatry as it does to laboratories of experimental psychology. In fact, the examination of mentally ill around the middle of the nineteenth century resulted in th development of numerous early tests.
These early tests featured the absence of standardization and were consequently relegated to oblivion. They were nonetheless influent determining the course of psychological testing, so it is important to mention a few typical developments from this era.
In 1885, the German physician Hubert von Grashey developed the antecedent of memory drum as a means of testing brain-injured pat his subjects were shown words, symbols, or pictures through a slot sheet of paper that was through the moving slot.
Shortly thereafter, the German psychiatrist Conrad Rieger develope an excessively ambitious test battery for brain damage. His battery over 100 hours to administer and soon fell out of favor. In summary , early psychiatry contributed to the mental test movem by showing that standardized procedures could help reveal the natu and extent of symptoms in the mentally ill and brain-injured patients Most of the early tests developed by psychiatrists faded into oblivion a few procedures were standardized and perpetuate themselves in modern variations.
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy, was the first person to ever call himself a Psychologist. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig. This marked psychology as an independent field of study.
Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory in 1920 in Leipzig, Germ It is less well recognized that he was measuring mental processes years before, as early as 1862, when he experimented with his thought meter. This device was calibrated pendulum with needles sticking off from each side. The pendulum wou swing back and forth, striking bells with the needles. The observer’s task was to t note of the position of the pendulum when the bells sounded. Of course, Wundt c adjust the needles before-hand and thereby know the precise position of the pend when each bell was struck. Wundt thought that the difference between the observ pendulum position and the actual position would provide a means of deterring the swiftness of thought of the observer.
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) pioneered the new experimental psychology in 19 century Great Britain. Galton was obsessed with measurement, and his intellectu career seems to have been dominated by a belief that virtually anything was mea His attempts to measure intellect by means of reaction time and sensory discrimin tasks are well known. Yet, to appreciate his wide-ranging interests, the reader sho apprised that Galton also devised techniques for measuring beauty, personality, the boringness of lectures, and the efficiency of prayer, to name but a few of the endeavors that his biographer has catalogued in elaborate detail.
James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) studied the new experimental psychology w both Wundt and Galton before setting at Columbia University where, for twenty – years, he was the undisputed dean of American psychology. With Wundt, he did series of painstakingly elaborate RT studies, measuring with great precision the fractions of a second presumable required for different mental reactions. He also noted, almost in passing, that he and another colleague had small but consistent differences in RT. Cattell proposed to Wundt that such individual differences oug studied systematically.
Among Cattell’s students, it was probably Clark Wissler(1901) who had the greatest influence on the early history of psychological testing. Wissler obtained both mental test scores and academic grades from more that 300 students at Columbia University and Barnard College. His goal was to demonstrate that the test results could predict academic performance. With our early twenty-first century perspective on research and testing, it seems amazing that the early experimentalists waited so long to do such basic validation research. Wissler’s research showed virtually no with dynamometer strength, .02 with color naming, and -,02 with reaction time. The highest correlation (.16) was statistically significant because of the large sample size. However, so humble a correlation carries with it very little predictive utility.
As most every student of psychology knows, Alfred Binet(1857-1911) invented the first modern intelligence test in 1905. What is less well known, but equally importa those who seek an understanding of his contributions to modern psychology, is th Binet was a prolific researcher and author long before he turned his attentions to intelligence testing . Binet began his career in medicine, but was forced to drop out because of a comp emotional breakdown. He switched to psychology, where he with the neurologist J. m. Charcot(1825-1893) at the famous Salpetriere Hospital. In 1891 , Binet went to work at the Sorbonne as an unpaid assistant and began a of studies and publications that were define his new ‘ individual psychology’ and ultimately to culminate in his intelligence tests.
In 1904, the Minister of Public Instruction in Paris appointed a commission to dec upon the educational measures that should be undertaken with those children wh could not profit from regular instruction. The commission concluded that medical educational examinations should be used to identify those children who could no by the ordinary methods. Furthermore, it was determined that these children sho be removed from their regular classes and given special instruction suitable to th more limited intellectual prowess. This was the beginning of the special educatio classroom.
It was evident that a means of selecting children for such special placement was needed, and Binet and his colleague Simon were ca upon to develop a practical tool for just this purpose. Thus arose th first formal scale for assessing the intelligence of children.
Psychological testing
The Binet-Simon scales helped solve a practical social quandary, na how to identify children who needed special schooling. With this successful application of a mental test , psychologists realized that t inventions could have pragmatic significance for many different seg of society. Almost immediately, psychologist in the United States ad a utilitarian focus. Intelligence testing was embraced by many as a r and objective response to perceived social problems such as the identification of immigrants with mental retardation and the quick, accurate classification of Army recruits.
In 1906, Henry H. Goddard was hired by the Vineland Training Scho New Jersey to do research on the classification and education of “feebleminded” children. He soon released that a diagnostic instrum would be required and was therefore pleased to read of the 1908 Binet-Simon scale. He quickly set about translating the scale, makin minor changes so that it would be applicable to American children.
The earliest of the performance measures was the Seguin form board, an upright stand with depressions into which ten blocks of varying shapes could be fitted. This had been used by Sequin as a training device for individuals with mental retardation, but was subsequently developed as a test by Goddard, and then standardized by R.H. Sylvester. This identical board is still used, with the subject blindfolded, in the Halstead- Reitan neuropsychological test battery.
Given the American penchant for efficiency , it was only natural that researchers w seek group mental tests to supplement the relatively time-consuming individual intelligence tests imported from France. Among the first to develop group tests wa Pyle(1913) who published schoolchildren norms for a battery consisting of such well-worn measures as memory span, digit-symbol substitution, and oral word association (quickly writing down words in response to a stimulus word).
The slow pace of developments in group testing picked up dramatically as the Un States entered World War 1 in 1917, It was then that Robert M. Yerkes, a well kno psychology professor at Harvard, convinced the U.S. government and the Army th of its 1.75 million recruits should be given intelligence tests for purposes of classification and assignment . Immediately upon being commissioned into the Ar colonel, Yerkes assembled a Committee on the Examination of Recruits, which m the Vineland school in New Jersey to develop the new group tests for the assess of Army recruits.
Two group tests emerged from this collaboration: the Army Alpha and the Army Beta, It wo be difficult to overestimate the influence of the Alpha and Beta upon subsequent intelligenc The format and content of these tests inspired developments in group and individual testin decades to come.
Psychological testing
Psychological testing
Aptitude tests measure more specific and delimited abilities that intelligence tests Traditionally, intelligence tests assess a more global construct such as trust, a sin aptitude test will measure just one ability domain , and a multiple aptitude test bat will provide scores in several distinctive ability areas.
The development of aptitude tests lagged behind that of intelligence tests for two reasons, one statistical, the other social. The statistical problem was that a new technique, factor analysis, was often needed to discern which aptitude s were pr and therefore distinct from each other.
Modern personality testing began when Woodworth attempted to develop an instrument for detecting Army recruits who were susceptible to psychoneurosis. Virtually all the modern personality inventories, schedules, and questionnaires owe a debt to Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet. The personal Data Sheet consisted of 116 questions that the subjected was to answer by underlining Yes or No.
The projective approach originated with the word association metho pioneered by Francis Galton in the late 1800s. Galton gave himself seconds to come with as many association as possible to a stimulus word, and then categorized this associations as parrot like, image-mediated, or histrionic representations. This later category convinced him that mental operations “sunk wholly below the level o consciousness” were at play. Some historians have even speculated Freud’s application of free association as a therapeutic tool in psychoanalysis sprang from Galton’s paper published in Brain in 18
In 1919-1920, Yoakum developed a pool of 1,000 items relating to interests from childhood through early maturity. While clinicians were developing measures for analyzing personality and unconscious conflicts, other psycholog were devising measures for guidance a counseling of the masses of more norm persons.
Psychological testing
Thank You shirazi

More Related Content

Psychological testing

  • 2. All fields of human endeavor use measurement in some form, and field has its own set of measuring tools and measuring units.
  • 3. What is a test? a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something, especially before it is taken into widespread use.
  • 4. What is a psychological test? Psychological tests are written, visual, or verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of children and adults.
  • 5. The widespread use of psychological testing is largely a phenomenon of the twentieth century. But the historian mentio
  • 6. In 2200 B.C, when Chines Emperor had his officials examined every third year to determine their fitness for office.
  • 7. Such testing was modified and refined over the centuries until writte exams were introduced in the Han dynasty (202 B.C-AD200). Five t were tested:  Civil Law  Military Affairs  Agriculture  Revenue  Geography
  • 8. The Chines examination system took its final form about 1370, whe proficiency in the Confucian classics was emphasized. In the prelim examination, candidates were required to spend a day and night in small isolated booth, comprising essay on assigned topics and writi poem. The 1 to 7 percent who passed moved up to the district examinations, which required three separate sessions of three days three nights
  • 9. The district examinations were obviously grueling and rigorous, but was not the final level. The 1 to 10 percent who passed were allowe privilege of going to Peking for the final round of examination. Perha 3 percent of this final group passed nation program, the similarities between their traditions and current testing practices are, in the mai superficial. Not only were their testing practices unnecessarily gruel the Chines also failed to validate their selection procedures. Noneth it does appear that the examination program incorporated relevant selection criteria.
  • 10. Most historians trace the gaining of psychological testing to the experimental investigation of individual differences that flourished in Germany and Great Britai the late 1800s.
  • 11. Psychological testing owes as much to early psychiatry as it does to laboratories of experimental psychology. In fact, the examination of mentally ill around the middle of the nineteenth century resulted in th development of numerous early tests.
  • 12. These early tests featured the absence of standardization and were consequently relegated to oblivion. They were nonetheless influent determining the course of psychological testing, so it is important to mention a few typical developments from this era.
  • 13. In 1885, the German physician Hubert von Grashey developed the antecedent of memory drum as a means of testing brain-injured pat his subjects were shown words, symbols, or pictures through a slot sheet of paper that was through the moving slot.
  • 14. Shortly thereafter, the German psychiatrist Conrad Rieger develope an excessively ambitious test battery for brain damage. His battery over 100 hours to administer and soon fell out of favor. In summary , early psychiatry contributed to the mental test movem by showing that standardized procedures could help reveal the natu and extent of symptoms in the mentally ill and brain-injured patients Most of the early tests developed by psychiatrists faded into oblivion a few procedures were standardized and perpetuate themselves in modern variations.
  • 15. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy, was the first person to ever call himself a Psychologist. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig. This marked psychology as an independent field of study.
  • 16. Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory in 1920 in Leipzig, Germ It is less well recognized that he was measuring mental processes years before, as early as 1862, when he experimented with his thought meter. This device was calibrated pendulum with needles sticking off from each side. The pendulum wou swing back and forth, striking bells with the needles. The observer’s task was to t note of the position of the pendulum when the bells sounded. Of course, Wundt c adjust the needles before-hand and thereby know the precise position of the pend when each bell was struck. Wundt thought that the difference between the observ pendulum position and the actual position would provide a means of deterring the swiftness of thought of the observer.
  • 17. Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) pioneered the new experimental psychology in 19 century Great Britain. Galton was obsessed with measurement, and his intellectu career seems to have been dominated by a belief that virtually anything was mea His attempts to measure intellect by means of reaction time and sensory discrimin tasks are well known. Yet, to appreciate his wide-ranging interests, the reader sho apprised that Galton also devised techniques for measuring beauty, personality, the boringness of lectures, and the efficiency of prayer, to name but a few of the endeavors that his biographer has catalogued in elaborate detail.
  • 18. James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) studied the new experimental psychology w both Wundt and Galton before setting at Columbia University where, for twenty – years, he was the undisputed dean of American psychology. With Wundt, he did series of painstakingly elaborate RT studies, measuring with great precision the fractions of a second presumable required for different mental reactions. He also noted, almost in passing, that he and another colleague had small but consistent differences in RT. Cattell proposed to Wundt that such individual differences oug studied systematically.
  • 19. Among Cattell’s students, it was probably Clark Wissler(1901) who had the greatest influence on the early history of psychological testing. Wissler obtained both mental test scores and academic grades from more that 300 students at Columbia University and Barnard College. His goal was to demonstrate that the test results could predict academic performance. With our early twenty-first century perspective on research and testing, it seems amazing that the early experimentalists waited so long to do such basic validation research. Wissler’s research showed virtually no with dynamometer strength, .02 with color naming, and -,02 with reaction time. The highest correlation (.16) was statistically significant because of the large sample size. However, so humble a correlation carries with it very little predictive utility.
  • 20. As most every student of psychology knows, Alfred Binet(1857-1911) invented the first modern intelligence test in 1905. What is less well known, but equally importa those who seek an understanding of his contributions to modern psychology, is th Binet was a prolific researcher and author long before he turned his attentions to intelligence testing . Binet began his career in medicine, but was forced to drop out because of a comp emotional breakdown. He switched to psychology, where he with the neurologist J. m. Charcot(1825-1893) at the famous Salpetriere Hospital. In 1891 , Binet went to work at the Sorbonne as an unpaid assistant and began a of studies and publications that were define his new ‘ individual psychology’ and ultimately to culminate in his intelligence tests.
  • 21. In 1904, the Minister of Public Instruction in Paris appointed a commission to dec upon the educational measures that should be undertaken with those children wh could not profit from regular instruction. The commission concluded that medical educational examinations should be used to identify those children who could no by the ordinary methods. Furthermore, it was determined that these children sho be removed from their regular classes and given special instruction suitable to th more limited intellectual prowess. This was the beginning of the special educatio classroom.
  • 22. It was evident that a means of selecting children for such special placement was needed, and Binet and his colleague Simon were ca upon to develop a practical tool for just this purpose. Thus arose th first formal scale for assessing the intelligence of children.
  • 24. The Binet-Simon scales helped solve a practical social quandary, na how to identify children who needed special schooling. With this successful application of a mental test , psychologists realized that t inventions could have pragmatic significance for many different seg of society. Almost immediately, psychologist in the United States ad a utilitarian focus. Intelligence testing was embraced by many as a r and objective response to perceived social problems such as the identification of immigrants with mental retardation and the quick, accurate classification of Army recruits.
  • 25. In 1906, Henry H. Goddard was hired by the Vineland Training Scho New Jersey to do research on the classification and education of “feebleminded” children. He soon released that a diagnostic instrum would be required and was therefore pleased to read of the 1908 Binet-Simon scale. He quickly set about translating the scale, makin minor changes so that it would be applicable to American children.
  • 26. The earliest of the performance measures was the Seguin form board, an upright stand with depressions into which ten blocks of varying shapes could be fitted. This had been used by Sequin as a training device for individuals with mental retardation, but was subsequently developed as a test by Goddard, and then standardized by R.H. Sylvester. This identical board is still used, with the subject blindfolded, in the Halstead- Reitan neuropsychological test battery.
  • 27. Given the American penchant for efficiency , it was only natural that researchers w seek group mental tests to supplement the relatively time-consuming individual intelligence tests imported from France. Among the first to develop group tests wa Pyle(1913) who published schoolchildren norms for a battery consisting of such well-worn measures as memory span, digit-symbol substitution, and oral word association (quickly writing down words in response to a stimulus word).
  • 28. The slow pace of developments in group testing picked up dramatically as the Un States entered World War 1 in 1917, It was then that Robert M. Yerkes, a well kno psychology professor at Harvard, convinced the U.S. government and the Army th of its 1.75 million recruits should be given intelligence tests for purposes of classification and assignment . Immediately upon being commissioned into the Ar colonel, Yerkes assembled a Committee on the Examination of Recruits, which m the Vineland school in New Jersey to develop the new group tests for the assess of Army recruits.
  • 29. Two group tests emerged from this collaboration: the Army Alpha and the Army Beta, It wo be difficult to overestimate the influence of the Alpha and Beta upon subsequent intelligenc The format and content of these tests inspired developments in group and individual testin decades to come.
  • 32. Aptitude tests measure more specific and delimited abilities that intelligence tests Traditionally, intelligence tests assess a more global construct such as trust, a sin aptitude test will measure just one ability domain , and a multiple aptitude test bat will provide scores in several distinctive ability areas.
  • 33. The development of aptitude tests lagged behind that of intelligence tests for two reasons, one statistical, the other social. The statistical problem was that a new technique, factor analysis, was often needed to discern which aptitude s were pr and therefore distinct from each other.
  • 34. Modern personality testing began when Woodworth attempted to develop an instrument for detecting Army recruits who were susceptible to psychoneurosis. Virtually all the modern personality inventories, schedules, and questionnaires owe a debt to Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet. The personal Data Sheet consisted of 116 questions that the subjected was to answer by underlining Yes or No.
  • 35. The projective approach originated with the word association metho pioneered by Francis Galton in the late 1800s. Galton gave himself seconds to come with as many association as possible to a stimulus word, and then categorized this associations as parrot like, image-mediated, or histrionic representations. This later category convinced him that mental operations “sunk wholly below the level o consciousness” were at play. Some historians have even speculated Freud’s application of free association as a therapeutic tool in psychoanalysis sprang from Galton’s paper published in Brain in 18
  • 36. In 1919-1920, Yoakum developed a pool of 1,000 items relating to interests from childhood through early maturity. While clinicians were developing measures for analyzing personality and unconscious conflicts, other psycholog were devising measures for guidance a counseling of the masses of more norm persons.