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Urban food markets in Africa: Incentivizing food safety – Project implementation update

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ILRI
ILRI

Presentation by Kebede Amenu, Coen van Wagenberg, Claudia Ganser, James Noah Ssemanda, Arie Havelaar, Kristine Roesel, Biruk Alemu Gemeda, Lina Mego, Donya Madjdian, Theo Knight-Jones at a stakeholder update workshop on Ethiopia food safety research projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 May 2021.

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Better lives through livestock Urban food markets in Africa: Incentivizing food safety – Project implementation update Kebede Amenu, Coen van Wagenberg, Claudia Ganser, James Noah Ssemanda, Arie Havelaar, Kristine Roesel, Biruk Alemu Gemeda, Lina Mego, Donya Madjdian, Theo Knight-Jones and the project team Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation – UK Government Ethiopia food safety research projects Stakeholder update workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 May 2021
Project purpose To help to sustainably reduce the burden of foodborne disease in Ethiopia (and Burkina Faso) Assess if consumer demand for safer food can be generated and used to drive improvements in the safety of foods sold in food markets Combined with building capacity of food chain actors and regulators Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. Salmonella spp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli
Pull approach (demand for safe food) Push approach (supply of safe food) Reduced burden FBD, professionalizing informal sector, appropriate governance ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Consumers recognize & demand safer food VC actors respond to demand & incentives Inform, monitor & legitimize VC actors (Primary Outcome 2) Build capacity & motivation of regulators (Primary Outcome 1) Consumer campaign for empowered consumers (Primary Outcome 3) Gather baseline information for detailed intervention planning and advocacy Key innovation Pull-push approach
Project Working packages • WP1: Estimating burden and cost of foodborne illness • WP2: Understanding poultry meat and vegetable value chains • WP3: QMRA and cost-effectiveness analysis of candidate interventions • WP4: Build capacity and motivation of regulators to manage food safety • WP5: Empower value chain actors to manage food safety • WP6: Design and implement a consumer campaign • WP7: Impact assessment
WP1: Burden of disease • Estimate burden of foodborne disease for Ethiopia and Burkina Faso – Permission to use Ethiopia data used for Global burden of FBD FERG updated to 2017 • Pull-Push and TARTARE pathogen burden results out soon 5
WP1: Attribution • Disease attribution to food groups, food types and food products • e.g. Suggest abut half Ethiopia NTS burden from chicken and eggs 6
WP1 Cost-of-Illness Salmonella, Campylobacter and ETEC • Costs of illness for a patient collected – patient records & interviews • Combined with burden of disease to derive Cost-of-Illness • Results expected in 2021 7
WP2: Understanding poultry meat and vegetable value chains 1.SystematicLiteratureReview-FBDHazardsandburden (1990-2019) • Gapsinfoodsafetyforthemajorfoodvaluechains • Highlevelsofcontaminationwithbacterialandparasites • PrevalenceofNTSinchickenmeatandcarcasses:8.3%-15.4% various samples • Campylobacter:16.7%and26.7% • E.coli:20.0-52.4%indifferentvegetablessamples • Salmonellainvegetables:4.8-30.0% 2.FoodsafetyinterventionsinAfricareview –ongoing
Food safety value chain assessment producers, traders, consumers • Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews • DespiteFBDbeingmostlymicrobialsourceconsumersconcernedabout chemicalcontamination • Rawvegetablesinsaladariskypractice • Chickenslaughteredandeateninthehome–homehygieneimportant • Highincomegroups • Makefairlygoodfoodchoicesandknowledgeable • Eatchickenweekly • Low-incomegroups • Littlechoiceinwhattheyeat–cheap,lowquality • Eatchickenonceeverythreemonths
Some of the food safety problems • Dirty wash water • Muddy environment • Flies • Veg often damaged and dirty • … 10
Quantitative Knowledge Attitudes Practices survey • Survey of 151 tomato retailers Harar and Dire Dawa • Quantify marketing and hygienic practices and views on food safety – early results • 40% reported insufficient quantity of water, 15% poor water quality • 40% lacked access to adequate toilets, with 30% not having soap for handwashing • 15% regularly washed tomatoes with dirty water • 13% unaware of the importance of water quality and cleanliness for food safety 11
Quantitative Knowledge Attitudes Practices surveys • Quarter reported that damaged produce and food waste was a problem – About 10% of tomatoes for sale had some damage, 5% moderate to severely damaged • Food loss plus microbial growth greatly increase if tomatoes are damaged • Most retailers changed their washing and hygiene practices in response to COVID (62%) – But only 37% for vendors selling on the street • Retailers showed variable interest in implementing simple food safety interventions 12
Upcoming WP2 activities - Food survey of pathogen (chicken carcass in home and tomatoes at market) and pesticide prevalence (tomatoes, veg) - Chicken and vegetable home consumption, food safety practices survey
WP3 – Quantitative Risk Assessment Tomatoes • Assess tomato, flows, quality and food loss along the value chain • Used as backbone for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) model • To estimate contamination, risk and used to assess interventions 14
WP3: Poultry QMRA and CE 1. QMRA: 2. Cost effectiveness of food safety interventions Salmonella spp. Campylobacter spp. Outputs - Probability of getting sick - Number of sick people per year - List of interventions to reduce food safety risks Outputs - List of feasible and affordable interventions to reduce food safety risks 15
Upcoming 16
WP6 Consumer communications campaign • Campaign to generate consumer awareness of the importance of buying safe foods • Based on project findings and local and national stakeholder consultation • Agencies bid to run the campaign (variety of media, platforms considered) • Ethiopian campaign will promote the purchase of quality vegetables, specifically clean, undamaged, intact tomatoes, especially if used in salads • Will also promote hygiene within the household particularly for home slaughter and preparation of chicken • Will consumer demand drive improved safety of foods in markets? 17
WP4 Regulator training in food safety ILRI developing part-time online course with RVC, London – Will look for Gov nominations for participants soon 18
WP4 Regulator training in food safety Module 1: Introduction [6 weeks] (initially run as a one week intro course) Global food safety overview [1 week] Food safety and sustainable development goals (SDGs) and other development considerations [1 week] Global, regional and national food safety systems (including formal and informal systems) [1 week] Food safety hazards and risks [2 week] Food safety indices – e.g. Africa Food Safety index, DALYs, Cost of illness [1 week] Module 2: Risk assessment [6 weeks] Introduction to risk analysis; Risk assess; risk communication; risk management; history, development, utility [1 week] Risk assessment frameworks-Codex, OIE, Quantitative microbial risk assessment; fault trees [1 week] Qualitative risk assessment – focus on learning how to conduct one [2 week] Quantitative, semi-quantitative risk assessment- focus on principles and interpreting [1 week] Participatory risk assessment in practice, rapid risk appraisals – [1 weeks] Module 3: Food safety management [6 weeks] Assurance programmes; GHP, GMP, GAP [1 week] HACCP and industry programmes; modified HACCP for informal sector and small and medium enterprises [1 week] Food safety system performance [1 week] Traceability and recall [1 week] Food safety laws [1 week] Surveillance [1 week] ILRI developing part-time online course with RVC, London – Will look for Gov nominations for participants soon 19
WP5 Value chain actor support • Retailer support (Ethiopia tomato) • Basic food safety training • Provide simple intervention • Equipment for cleaning, keeping produce clean • Sanitiser wash for foods or water purifier, filter • Better packaging for reducing damage to tomatoes • Other options? • Also food safety training of local regulators 20
• RQ: What is the combined impact of regulator trainings, VC actors support (push), and a consumer campaign (pull) in changing knowledge, attitudes & practices towards controlling food safety risks for chicken meat and/or tomatoes • Planned data collection: September 2021 – March 2022 • Study design: mixed-methods combining focus group discussions with regulators, an RCT with VC actors and consumer surveys (quasi-experimental), combined with photovoice WP7: Impact evaluation studies (KAP) 21
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Thank you! Funders: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK aid from the UK Government and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health Ethiopia Consortium: ILRI, Addis Ababa University, Haramaya University, Wageningen , University of Florida, WorldVeg
THANK YOU

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Urban food markets in Africa: Incentivizing food safety – Project implementation update

  • 1. Better lives through livestock Urban food markets in Africa: Incentivizing food safety – Project implementation update Kebede Amenu, Coen van Wagenberg, Claudia Ganser, James Noah Ssemanda, Arie Havelaar, Kristine Roesel, Biruk Alemu Gemeda, Lina Mego, Donya Madjdian, Theo Knight-Jones and the project team Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation – UK Government Ethiopia food safety research projects Stakeholder update workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 May 2021
  • 2. Project purpose To help to sustainably reduce the burden of foodborne disease in Ethiopia (and Burkina Faso) Assess if consumer demand for safer food can be generated and used to drive improvements in the safety of foods sold in food markets Combined with building capacity of food chain actors and regulators Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. Salmonella spp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli
  • 3. Pull approach (demand for safe food) Push approach (supply of safe food) Reduced burden FBD, professionalizing informal sector, appropriate governance ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Consumers recognize & demand safer food VC actors respond to demand & incentives Inform, monitor & legitimize VC actors (Primary Outcome 2) Build capacity & motivation of regulators (Primary Outcome 1) Consumer campaign for empowered consumers (Primary Outcome 3) Gather baseline information for detailed intervention planning and advocacy Key innovation Pull-push approach
  • 4. Project Working packages • WP1: Estimating burden and cost of foodborne illness • WP2: Understanding poultry meat and vegetable value chains • WP3: QMRA and cost-effectiveness analysis of candidate interventions • WP4: Build capacity and motivation of regulators to manage food safety • WP5: Empower value chain actors to manage food safety • WP6: Design and implement a consumer campaign • WP7: Impact assessment
  • 5. WP1: Burden of disease • Estimate burden of foodborne disease for Ethiopia and Burkina Faso – Permission to use Ethiopia data used for Global burden of FBD FERG updated to 2017 • Pull-Push and TARTARE pathogen burden results out soon 5
  • 6. WP1: Attribution • Disease attribution to food groups, food types and food products • e.g. Suggest abut half Ethiopia NTS burden from chicken and eggs 6
  • 7. WP1 Cost-of-Illness Salmonella, Campylobacter and ETEC • Costs of illness for a patient collected – patient records & interviews • Combined with burden of disease to derive Cost-of-Illness • Results expected in 2021 7
  • 8. WP2: Understanding poultry meat and vegetable value chains 1.SystematicLiteratureReview-FBDHazardsandburden (1990-2019) • Gapsinfoodsafetyforthemajorfoodvaluechains • Highlevelsofcontaminationwithbacterialandparasites • PrevalenceofNTSinchickenmeatandcarcasses:8.3%-15.4% various samples • Campylobacter:16.7%and26.7% • E.coli:20.0-52.4%indifferentvegetablessamples • Salmonellainvegetables:4.8-30.0% 2.FoodsafetyinterventionsinAfricareview –ongoing
  • 9. Food safety value chain assessment producers, traders, consumers • Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews • DespiteFBDbeingmostlymicrobialsourceconsumersconcernedabout chemicalcontamination • Rawvegetablesinsaladariskypractice • Chickenslaughteredandeateninthehome–homehygieneimportant • Highincomegroups • Makefairlygoodfoodchoicesandknowledgeable • Eatchickenweekly • Low-incomegroups • Littlechoiceinwhattheyeat–cheap,lowquality • Eatchickenonceeverythreemonths
  • 10. Some of the food safety problems • Dirty wash water • Muddy environment • Flies • Veg often damaged and dirty • … 10
  • 11. Quantitative Knowledge Attitudes Practices survey • Survey of 151 tomato retailers Harar and Dire Dawa • Quantify marketing and hygienic practices and views on food safety – early results • 40% reported insufficient quantity of water, 15% poor water quality • 40% lacked access to adequate toilets, with 30% not having soap for handwashing • 15% regularly washed tomatoes with dirty water • 13% unaware of the importance of water quality and cleanliness for food safety 11
  • 12. Quantitative Knowledge Attitudes Practices surveys • Quarter reported that damaged produce and food waste was a problem – About 10% of tomatoes for sale had some damage, 5% moderate to severely damaged • Food loss plus microbial growth greatly increase if tomatoes are damaged • Most retailers changed their washing and hygiene practices in response to COVID (62%) – But only 37% for vendors selling on the street • Retailers showed variable interest in implementing simple food safety interventions 12
  • 13. Upcoming WP2 activities - Food survey of pathogen (chicken carcass in home and tomatoes at market) and pesticide prevalence (tomatoes, veg) - Chicken and vegetable home consumption, food safety practices survey
  • 14. WP3 – Quantitative Risk Assessment Tomatoes • Assess tomato, flows, quality and food loss along the value chain • Used as backbone for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) model • To estimate contamination, risk and used to assess interventions 14
  • 15. WP3: Poultry QMRA and CE 1. QMRA: 2. Cost effectiveness of food safety interventions Salmonella spp. Campylobacter spp. Outputs - Probability of getting sick - Number of sick people per year - List of interventions to reduce food safety risks Outputs - List of feasible and affordable interventions to reduce food safety risks 15
  • 17. WP6 Consumer communications campaign • Campaign to generate consumer awareness of the importance of buying safe foods • Based on project findings and local and national stakeholder consultation • Agencies bid to run the campaign (variety of media, platforms considered) • Ethiopian campaign will promote the purchase of quality vegetables, specifically clean, undamaged, intact tomatoes, especially if used in salads • Will also promote hygiene within the household particularly for home slaughter and preparation of chicken • Will consumer demand drive improved safety of foods in markets? 17
  • 18. WP4 Regulator training in food safety ILRI developing part-time online course with RVC, London – Will look for Gov nominations for participants soon 18
  • 19. WP4 Regulator training in food safety Module 1: Introduction [6 weeks] (initially run as a one week intro course) Global food safety overview [1 week] Food safety and sustainable development goals (SDGs) and other development considerations [1 week] Global, regional and national food safety systems (including formal and informal systems) [1 week] Food safety hazards and risks [2 week] Food safety indices – e.g. Africa Food Safety index, DALYs, Cost of illness [1 week] Module 2: Risk assessment [6 weeks] Introduction to risk analysis; Risk assess; risk communication; risk management; history, development, utility [1 week] Risk assessment frameworks-Codex, OIE, Quantitative microbial risk assessment; fault trees [1 week] Qualitative risk assessment – focus on learning how to conduct one [2 week] Quantitative, semi-quantitative risk assessment- focus on principles and interpreting [1 week] Participatory risk assessment in practice, rapid risk appraisals – [1 weeks] Module 3: Food safety management [6 weeks] Assurance programmes; GHP, GMP, GAP [1 week] HACCP and industry programmes; modified HACCP for informal sector and small and medium enterprises [1 week] Food safety system performance [1 week] Traceability and recall [1 week] Food safety laws [1 week] Surveillance [1 week] ILRI developing part-time online course with RVC, London – Will look for Gov nominations for participants soon 19
  • 20. WP5 Value chain actor support • Retailer support (Ethiopia tomato) • Basic food safety training • Provide simple intervention • Equipment for cleaning, keeping produce clean • Sanitiser wash for foods or water purifier, filter • Better packaging for reducing damage to tomatoes • Other options? • Also food safety training of local regulators 20
  • 21. • RQ: What is the combined impact of regulator trainings, VC actors support (push), and a consumer campaign (pull) in changing knowledge, attitudes & practices towards controlling food safety risks for chicken meat and/or tomatoes • Planned data collection: September 2021 – March 2022 • Study design: mixed-methods combining focus group discussions with regulators, an RCT with VC actors and consumer surveys (quasi-experimental), combined with photovoice WP7: Impact evaluation studies (KAP) 21
  • 22. 22
  • 23. Thank you! Funders: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK aid from the UK Government and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health Ethiopia Consortium: ILRI, Addis Ababa University, Haramaya University, Wageningen , University of Florida, WorldVeg

Editor's Notes

  1. Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (WHO FERG)
  2. The QMRA study is covering the entire supply chain but with a focus at the consumer stage.
  3. Probably do not have time for this