Renaissance Chapter 12 Summary

Renaissance Chapter 12 Summary
HUMN 1101
Group Leader Shakela Andrews Hayat Ali
Group 1
Chapter 11 and 12
CRN 20654/Online
Chapter Eleven and Twelve The term "Renaissance" comes from the Renaissance. Several Italian
intellectuals of the late fourteenth and the early fifteenth centuries used the term rinascità ('rebirth )
to describe their own age as one in which learning, literature, and the arts were reborn after a long,
dark Middle Ages. The approach here is that the Renaissance began in Italy about 1350 and in the
rest of Europe after 1450 and that it lasted until about 1620. It was a historical era with distinctive
themes in learning, politics, literature, art, religion, social life, and music. In the view of the
humanists, the painter Giotto (d. 1337) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was executed by Sluter and his workshop in 1395–1403 for the Carthusian monastery of
Chartreuse de Champmol built as a burial site by the Burgundian Duke Philip the Bold just outside
the Burgundian capital of Dijon, now in France. And Brunelleschi was the father of Renaissance
architecture and the most prominent architect in Italy, during his lifetime. The other thinning the
Battle of San Romano is a set of three paintings by the Florentine painter Paolo Uccello depicting
events that took place at the Battle of San Romano between Florentine and Sienese forces in 1432.
They are significant as revealing the development of linear perspective in early Italian Renaissance
painting, and are unusual as a major secular
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Humanism In Early Renaissance Art
In the 15th century at the start of the Renaissance, painters mostly incorporated classicism and
physical realism. Early Renaissance artists such a Botticelli, Giotto, and Masaccio developed and
refined such techniques. Most works during this time continued to depict Christian stories from the
bible, however, characters and narratives from classical mythology were introduced in order to
illustrate their humanistic beliefs. The standard of humanism attached more importance to man and
less importance to God. It gave Christianity a human face and religious figures were portrayed as
real life people. Early Renaissance art strove to achieve greater realism in its works; faces became
more life–like, bodies were painted in more realistic postures ... Show more content on
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In this painting, Botticelli uses linear perspective to draw viewers into the dominant positioning of
Venus. Venus is the Roman goddess of love who protects and cares for the institution of marriage.
Her presence is a reflection of the humanist interest in the classical world which was popular in
Florence at the time. Venus holds a prominent position in the painting as the parted trees that form a
halo may indicate. She is surrounded by the myrtle plant which represents sexual desire, marriage,
and childbearing. The positioning of Venus indicates that the goddess of love favors the behaviors of
the characters on the left side of the painting over the right. Above Venus is her son Cupid, the god
of desire and affection. His presence alongside Venus may indicate a religious undertone going
along with the "virgin with child" theme. Cupid's bow seems to be aimed at the central figure of the
three graces who is fixated on Mercury; the man at the far left of the painting. The three graces to
the left of Venus represent chastity, beauty, and love. The pearls on their head represent purity. They
are also said to be a visual representation of the human body from three sides simultaneously.
Botticelli painted the three graces wearing jewels in the color of the Medici family as a tribute to his
customers. On the far left is Mercury, the Roman god

Renaissance Music Compared To The Modern Era
Another comparison that can be made to the modern era and Renaissance Europe is the field of
music. Music has always been a part of the history and served as a form of entertainment for a long
time. In early Renaissance Europe, wealthy merchants were able to educate their family in the arts
and music. Women from rich families were also involved in music. Music in early renaissance was
created in a way to sooth the listener's ears. Music with vocals was predominant and composers
documented music for certain instruments. Events that led to changes from 1400 to 1600
(Arkenberg, 2002) led to the major shift in the styles making music, ways of distributing music, neo
musical genres and the creation of instrument used in making music. The early Renaissance

The High Renaissance
The High Renaissance was more impactful than the Early Renaissance. While the Early Renaissance
provided the foundational skills required for Renaissance art and thinking, the High Renaissance
allowed for artists and their talent to expand and influence other regions. To the average individual,
the Late Renaissance remains the most prominent due to the creative and technical prowess of
famous artists, and the development of Europe's literary and philosophical culture. The High
Renaissance is the main period in which people recall upon hearing of the Renaissance –– famous
Renaissance artists and works were created during this time. Many of the defining characteristics of
Renaissance art, such as perspective and realism, were refined in their technical forms during the
High Renaissance. They were mastered by artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo in
Rome under papal commissions, due to Florence's relevancy declining. The earlier Renaissance
contained mostly rediscoveries of the works created in Antiquity, and the growing stylistic
distinctions between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Early Renaissance had only ended due to to the death of Lorenzo de Medici, one of the most
influential patrons of the time. Additionally, Girolamo Savonarola, a Dominican friar, influenced
most of Florence to denounce the Medici family and reject all vanities; this included many non–
religious works of art. The hostility towards artists and their crafts caused most artists to travel to
other city–states, thus spreading the mastery of Renaissance art. Overall, the Renaissance can be
split into two sections: the Early Renaissance, and the Late, or the High Renaissance. The Late
Renaissance is a more refined version of the Early Renaissance; in artistic terms, the Late
Renaissance was the mastery of technical skills founded in the earlier ages, while also an age of
literary and philosophical

The Early Renaissance Er A Period Of Inventions,...
The early renaissance was a period of inventions, revolutions and daring 'outside–the–box' thinking.
This period saw an evolution in the world of men, there was a change in how one perceived himself,
which influenced ones ideology, resulting in one expanding his mind beyond the capabilities of what
an average man during that particular period. This led to a period of fine, intricate and astoundingly
produced works, which are now renowned in history. Therefore, the early renaissance era, is in my
view possibly one of the most significant and important era, in term of the advancement of how we
as individuals perceived ourselves, and how we can influence and play a part in our society and
make a meaningful contribution. That is the reason why I chose this topic, it has always been a
period that fascinate me. My curiosity for this era lies within finding out what influenced the likes of
Brunelleschi, Leonardo and Michelangelo among other to produce these wonderful pieces of works,
that has not only withstood the sands of time to become iconic, but also become a source of
inspiration, even to this day.
In the birth of 15th century Italy was divided into separate states, ruled by different system,
monarchy and lords, bringing Italy, including Florence into unstable political governance. That in
the wake of all this, brought along a man who became conscious and aware that everything was
within his reach, thus bringing forth the birth the early renaissance. "In the Middle Ages both

Gozzoli's Feast Of Herod And The Beheading Of The Early...
For this project, I plan to focus on Gozzoli's Feast of Herod and the Beheading of John the Baptist. I
specifically want to look at the depiction of Salome and her dancing before Herod. Although there
are three scenes included in the work, Salome's dance is the compositional focus. Scholars have
looked at similar works by Gozzoli's contemporaries but have not given his depiction the same
treatment. I plan to use their theories and approaches on it and see if there are similar meanings that
can be drawn from this work.
Long, Jane C. "Dangerous Women: Observations on the Feast of Herod in Florentine Art of the
Early Renaissance." Renaissance Quarterly 66, no. 4 (2013): 1153–205 Long uses her article to look
at early Florentine Renaissance artists and their depictions of Salome and Herodias as dangerous
women. She chose four examples from Giotto, Lorenzetti, Pisano, and Donatello and analyzed how
they chose to approach the scene. She is especially interested in which woman they blame for the
martyrdom of St. John the Baptist based on the choices they made in their work. Because these
images share many similarities with Gozzoli's depiction of the same scene, it is easy to apply Long's
theories of composition and imagery indicating guilt to the focus of my project.
Dunkelman, Martha Levine. "The innocent Salome." Gazette Des Beaux Arts no. 1563 (April 1999):
173–180. This article by Dunkelman differs from other scholarship on depictions of Salome because
it focuses on the

How Did Humanism Contribute To The Renaissance
The Renaissance era was a time of "coming out of the dark", implying that it was a time of
reestablishment. The Humanism theory contributed to the Renaissance period considerably for the
rebirth of education, science, art, literature, music, and a better life for people in general. The theory
of Humanism in the Renaissance period is a concept that arose in the 14th century, Humanism was
established in response to Utilitarian Approach. Utilitarian Approach is a theory known to be one of
the most influential theories before Humanism, classical utilitarianism's two most influential
contributors are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. The basis of the theory is to question
whether actions are morally right or wrong depending on their effects and ... Show more content on
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Halos became less evident within artworks created under the influence of Humanism and halos
eventually disappeared. This theory became a blend of art and science, attention to detail increased
and greater realism developed, the improvement of linear perspective and the maturing realism of
human faces and bodies also became apparent in artworks created. The increase of honorable action
reflected the growing understanding that man, not fate or God controlled human destiny was a key
reason as to why historic paintings, involving pictures with uplifting messages, became the highest
form of painting. This particular artwork is a perfect example of a Renaissance artwork before
Humanism had influenced artist and their works. Majority of the elements included in this artwork
contrast to the key principles of Humanism influences. In the centre, the body of Christ is being
lowered by Nicodemus, Joseph of Arimathea and St. John the Evangelist, distinguished by glories.
The group is joined by Mary Magdalena, symbolizing human remorse and regret by kissing the feet
of

Causes Of The Black Death In The Early Renaissance
The Early Arrival of Death and Disease
In Renaissance times Europe was beginning to flourish culturally and economically; until a deadly
disease called the black death swept away millions of Europeś people. The black death started as
early as 1340 in China and eventually made its way to Europe by the 1350s. Also known as the
plague, the black death originated in fleas which then lived in black rats. A person could take on the
plague in which of two ways, bubonic or pneumonic plague. The black death was an extremely
violent disease that killed off more than one–fourth of populations within the 1340s–18th century,
and resulted in a change in medical practices, literature, and religious views.
The black death shocked Europe during the Renaissance by killing most of Europe's populations.
AnnenbergLearner.org says, "During the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance (1350–1450) the
bubonic plague, also called the ¨Black Death¨ devastated one half of the population of Europe,"
("The Plague Begins"). A person could get infected by the plague through the air, the bite of a
rat/flea, or through coming in contact with an infected person. The reason why the plague spread so
quickly was because of traveling. If infected people who were boarded on ships came to trade in
Europe, the air became infected and highly contagious. Soon after breathing the polluted air, people
began experiencing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plague brutally killed millions of victims for many decades, but eventually helped develop more
advanced medical practices and literature in the long run. The black death is such an important
historical event because it provoked doctors to improve their practices. Without the plague we might
not be as advanced with our medical technology today. When the plague declined during the middle
of the 18th century, people had a better understanding for why things happen the way they

Art During The Renaissance
The Renaissance, also known to many as the "rebirth" had an extreme impact on art and architecture
and many historians believe this period is studded with artists and architects. Through the 15th
century cultural and scientific advances were made through art and architecture. Starting in the 14th
century, the Renaissance was a time when scholars, sculptors and painters rediscovered the great
works of ancient Greece and Rome. They also quickly developed new skills in sculpture and more
realistic and ambitious ways to paint.
The rediscovery of classical civilization in the early Renaissance encouraged people to take interest
in themselves as individual and in the world around them. The main Subjects of medieval art had
been religious although artist adopted a much greater range of subject matter but the picture still
formed religious meanings. During the Renaissance, Florence is known as the centre of early Italian
Renaissance art, launching the careers of many famous artist in 15th century Italy. The Renaissance
is a studded period of brilliance in visual arts. Much of the art produced during the early
Renaissance was commissioned by the wealthy merchant families of Florence. This also meant that
the merchants would receive painting from the artists. These paintings were very important parts of
their home as it was a symbol of wealth. As artists become more skilled, they gained in both
confidence and technical ability, producing some of the finest works of art the world

Impact Of The Renaissance On Western Civilization
The Renaissance had the most significant effect on Early Modern Western Civilization because of
how it changed religion, politics, and technology. Many technological advancements were made
during the Renaissance, and many social changes occurred in the areas of politics and religion.
These advancements and changes greatly affected Early Modern Western Civilization. Before the
start of the Renaissance, the Catholic Church influenced every aspect of society. The Renaissance
and it's ideals changed this. The Humanist movement opposed the Catholic Church's involvement in
the lives of the citizens. Humanists advocated for personal independence and individual expression,
an idea that directly opposed the Catholic Church's ideals. The Church believed that citizens should
dedicate their lives to the service of God and by extension, the Church. The introduction of the idea
that the Church does not control every aspect of society was revolutionary to Early Modern Western
Civilization because it allowed people to pursue things that they had not been previously able to
pursue because of the limitations the Catholic Church placed upon them. Although only the wealthy
were able to dedicate all of their time to these pursuits, there were still significant advancements in
art, literature, and science, all of which impacted Early Modern Western Civilization. During the
Renaissance, the Humanist movement promoted the idea that politics should not have an attachment
to religion. Machiavelli,

The Middle Ages : The Beginning Of The Renaissance And...
Middle Ages o The Middle Ages, also known as the Medieval Period, lasted from the 5th century to
the 15th. The Middle Ages began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the
Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is divided into three different groups:
early, high and late middle ages. In the Early Middle Ages, around the 5th century, emperors were
often controlled by military. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled
the politics that was left empty by the Roman government. A rise of Islam also came about in the
Early Middle Ages. Migrations and invasion of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted the trade
networks the surrounded the Mediterranean. Goods from long–range trade was replaced with local
products, which was a trend throughout old Rome. During the High Middle Ages, there was a huge
expansion of the population. The estimated population went from 35 to 80 million. While the high
Middle Ages were good, the first few years if the Late Middle Ages were marked by famines,
including the Great Famine of 1315–17.
Italian Renaissance o The Italian Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement
in Italy, beginning in the 14th century and ending in the 17th. Northern Italy and upper Central Italy
were divide into a number of warring city–states. The beginning of the Renaissance saw nearly
constant warfare on land and sea. The Italian Renaissance had a great affect, yet as a cultural
movement,

Linear Art During The Early Southern Renaissance
Three dimensional art was accomplished during the early southern renaissance by the use of the
technique linear perspective. Linear perspective is type of perspective in which the relative size,
shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a vanishing
point on the horizon. An artist with the name of Masaccio created a new movement in Florentine
painting with his fresco, or a painting done in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, Trinity.
The artwork gave an illusion of a stone funerary monument and altar table set in a framed niche on
the wall. The use of the vanishing point located at the eye level of the viewers of the church allowed
for the viewers to see the art as if they were looking

Art in the Middle Ages and The Renaissance and Its Effect...
The Medieval period also referred to as the Middle Ages was the period of time between the demise
of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance era; this was the period from the 5th century to the 17th
century in Europe. During this time, society conformed to the feudal system which was based on the
hierarchy approach which upper class had control over the lower class. Included in this class
structure were kings, lords, neighboring kings, peasants and church leaders.
In the Middle Ages, art evolves as humans continue addressing the traditional and the new,
including Biblical subjects, Christian dogma, and Classical mythology (Introduction to the History
of Medieval Art. n.d.). Most of the art produced during this time was heavily focused on ... Show
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The Renaissance is best known for its art as this was the age of geniuses as Leonardo da Vinci,
Petrarch, Dante, and Michelangelo (Medieval and Modern History. ,1905 ). Art of the Renaissance
era utilized more realistic representations than art from the Middle Ages. For example, the human
body was painted in a realistic manner, often with backdrops of nature. There was lesser emphasis
placed on religious art and vanished were the images that had people positioned freely and in came
proportioned groupings. Also, the progression of science helped artists recognize the idea of
perspective, where items that were drawn smaller essentially looked as if they were at a distance and
by using light and shadowing they were able to obtain a more factual resemblance of reality.
Artist of that time, such as Leonardo da Vinci focused more on the detail of anatomy, showing more
of the human form with less or no clothing. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first artists of the
renaissance period to utilized science in his artwork and learned the physical proportions of the
human body. He utilized what he learned to create what he described to be the perfect human figure
which he demonstrated in his art work. Two of his most popular pieces of art were the Last Supper
and the Mono Lisa.
Artwork of the medieval period was present across several countries, and transitioned a great deal
for more than

Bicci Di Lorenzo's The Annunciation: Early Renaissance
"The Annunciation"
Religion has typically been used in history as the narrative for many pieces of artwork. The Early
Renaissance was renowned for the religious themes the artists would use in their work. This period
is also recognized for its focus on humanism, which refers to the cultural and educational
reformation. Humanism draws many of its themes and styles from the ancient Greeks and Romans.
The Renaissance spread throughout Europe and continued to focus on the rediscovery of these
predecessors. One of these paintings is Bicci di Lorenzo's, "The Annunciation," which was painted
during the Early Italian Renaissance. "The Annunciation" is a Biblical story when the Archangel
Gabriel visited Mary and announced to her that she would bear the Son of God. This painting's
formal elements have similar characteristics of the Early Renaissance Italian Paintings and some
influences from the Early Renaissance Flemish paintings and Gothic paintings. This painting is also
similar to other artwork such as, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, if we look closely at Bicci di Lorenzo's painting, we can see a white dove in the light
rays. In the Bible, the white dove has traditionally been used as a symbol of the Holy Spirit, which is
one part of the Holy Trinity, "The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit." Another important symbol
in Bicci di Lorenzo's "The Annunciation," are the lilies that Gabriel is holding. The lilies symbolize
purity and truth. Purity refers to Mary because she is a virgin and truth refers to the truth of the word
of God. Lilies and doves are typically used as symbols when artists depict this narrative. For
example, Robert Campin in the "Merode Altarpiece" places lilies on the table to symbolizing her
purity. Another symbol is the Bible near Mary in Bicci di Lorenzo's painting. Fra Angelico refrains
from using symbolism in his painting by not including lilies, doves, and Mary near a

Early Italian Renaissance Art Essay
The artistic theme in which an artist depicts the Virgin Mary with Jesus Christ as a child is known as
the 'Madonna and Child'. This depiction has its roots in Early Christian art due to the iconic roles
that Christ and Mary play in the Christian religion (Dunkerton 37). The 'Madonna and Child' has
had a place in many of the early periods and traditions of art. Religious themes were able to
command such a strong presence in the history of art due to their role as devotional aides in
churches and other religious buildings (Dunkerton 27). Religious art was well maintained by
religious orders and churches, and many patrons throughout early history were tied to the Catholic
Church. In the 1400s, religious artwork continued to play a prominent ... Show more content on
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The four saints that surround her are Saint Bernardino, Saint Mark, Saint Louis of Toulouse, and
Saint Jerome (National Gallery of Ireland: Essential Guide). The depiction of these particular saints
allows one to grasp an understanding of who might have commissioned the work. Patrons played a
significant role in the outcome of a particular piece, and often had certain things included or
excluded based on preference. In this case, the fact that two of the saints are of the Franciscan order
suggests that it may have been painted for this particular religious order (National Gallery of
Ireland: Essential Guide). Furthermore, the presence of the saints around the Virgin Mary in a
relatively informal manner is known as sacra conversazione, which was a relatively popular image
in the 15th century (Brenner, Robyn, and Debra 7). Machiavelli utilized tempera, a medium for
painting that was common up until the 1500s when it was replaced by oil paint (Dunkerton 192).
Wood was used as the surface for painting and this was also a common feature of the time
(Dunkerton 152). In general, the piece exhibits features that were common during the renaissance,
but also possesses many medieval or gothic characteristics. For example, the depiction of Mary as
unnaturally large in relation to the other saints, deviates from naturalism, but signifies her
importance in regard to those

Women In The Early Renaissance
Were Women Given the Chance to Represent Themselves in the Early Renaissance?
Kaylynn Sims
The Renaissance was a large resurgence and what one could consider 'reboot' of culture. During the
Renaissance, the amount of art and culture flourished. At the center of it all, was Florence. To some,
Florence was the birthplace for the Renaissance. Flourishing markets, painters, architects, poets, and
especially humanists, began their origins in the city and around it. As with most places and time
periods in history, the Renaissance was full of economic discrepancies that caused the creation of
class and the difference in political power. Or in other words: Those with the most money had the
most power. To follow suit with most of history, women had ... Show more content on
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Other representations of art, like sculpture and painting were quite popular as well. Rarely were
women the artists of such works, but male artists would often paint the women that they were
surrounded by and usually for the occasion of their weddings in the noble class (Kaborycha, 94 and
95). Depictions of the non–elite and servant women were rare, but can be found in Renaissance art.
For example, a non–elite, but non–servant woman is depicted in a Piero della Francesca painting,
titled Madonna del Parto. She is shown as extremely pregnant, and ready to give birth to her child,
because of the facial expression that is depicted on her face. The woman looks very uncomfortable
and tired. This painting is representative of the role that women primarily took in the Renaissance.
Women were the heir producers. More often than not, it was hoped that the child women were
having was a boy, so that it could pass on the family name (Discussion, February 10). And if the
women were to give birth to a girl, families continued to have children until there was at least one
boy. This left some women pregnant for the majority of their lives. Francesca's painting supports the
ideal that Alberti proposed in Family and Fortune. Most women had children and tended to those
children as well as their domestic

The Myth Of Venice: How Cultural Strongholds In Early...
"The Myth of Venice": How Cultural Strongholds in Early Modern Europe led to the makings of a
Tourism Magnet
A center for trade and an impressive seaside empire, Venice was a force to be reckoned
with in the early modern era. Venice was a veritable feast for the senses. It was an unusual
mixture of religions, social classes. Cultural aspects of Renaissance Venice such as the arts and
architecture that came from the period are what drew travelers to the region. Other influences
were the unique structure of the republic as well as the power and authority that it reflected.
Focusing on the Grand Tour among the British and others, there were further social and
economic elements that dictated travel customs in the 17th and 18th century. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
James Boswell in contrast
to the first two narratives will provide a discussion on ideas that were more controversial and
enlightened.
Secondary sources will reinforce the ideas and themes that these travel narratives
provide. Historians and other scholars have offered their perspective, observations and analysis
through these works. Rosemary Sweet and Lisa Colleta offer an effective commentary that
discusses the origins and specificities of the Grand Tour in their respective monographs, Cities
and the Grand Tour: The British in Italy, c. 1690–1820 and The Legacy of the Grand Tour: New
Essays on Travel, Literature, and Culture. While Sweet and Colleta provide a good general

foundation for understanding the Grand Tour, Chloe Chard expounds on travel writing during the
period in Pleasure and Guilt on the Grand Tour: Travel Writing and Imaginative Geography,
1600–1830. Furthermore, Peter Humfrey, Peter Burke and Edward Muir deliver an

Early Italian Renaissance Art: Florentine vs. Sienese Art
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a transformation occurred in Italy with respect to
society, economics, politics, and religion. One of the major factors that led to such a change was the
shift from a farming culture to a culture of industry dominated by merchants. This led to an urban
economy, the expansion of cities, and the alteration of government to accommodate the growing
population. In addition, Christian sects such as the Franciscans and the Dominicans began to form,
advocating new religious philosophies involving bringing faith to the masses. This combination of
reform in the economy and in organized religion brought about an increase in the production of art.
The creation of artworks became an esteemed industry, and ... Show more content on
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In terms of subject matter, both works are visual depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. In
each painting, Christ is the central figure, surrounded by two groups of figures. On the left, a group
of women that includes the Virgin Mary mourns over the dead body of Christ, while on the right is a
group of soldiers and other lamenters. Both works feature a rocky landscape on which the figures
are positioned. Encircling Christ are several angels whose gestures of lamentation echo those of the
figures below. Highlighting the severity of each scene is the blood that pours from Jesus' wounds.
The blood from his feet drips onto human bones that are embedded in the rocky terrain below. The
skull serves as a "memento mori," or a reminder of death, an idea that has been repeated in several
other depictions of Christ's crucifixion.
Because Duccio's work is a triptych, beautifully articulated figures have been added to the wings of
the piece and above Christ himself. On the left wing, illustrated as a bishop, is Saint Nicholas, a
religious figure known for secret gift–giving and working miracles. On the right is Saint Gregory
(also Pope Gregory I), a monastic pope known as the "Doctor of the Church." Above the crucifixion
scene is a representation of the risen Christ, flanked by two angels. This could serve as a reminder
that eternal life exists after

Essay on The Early Renaissance
The Early Renaissance
Today, what is considered to be the modern times began with the Early Renaissance at the start of
the 15th century. As time has progressed, things have modified within societies to mold with the
new ways of thinking for that time. Between the years of the 1400's and the 1800's this world has
undergone many changes. Focusing on Europe, the major forces of change were in politics,
economics, and religion. In modern European history political effort were supplied by the state.
Early in the 15th century political warfare was the theme of everyday life. It was not until the Peace
of Lodi in 1454 that a balance of power was established and ended the hundred years war. Early in
the 16th century there is a rise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Banking was over run by the Germans. Trade in the East came to an end with the fall of
Constantinople. By the end of the 16th century, economics had shifted from the Mediterranean to
the Atlantic with the Spanish discovery of the New World. With this trade shift the worldwide
economy was in the makings. In the 17th century mercantilism is very prominent. Things such as
state–granted monopolies, regulated exports and imports, tariffs, custom duties, quotas, slavery,
colonial taxes, and plantation system were in full effect. By the 18th century, a supply and demand
economy had produced. Through mercantilism, state regulations lowered the living standards of
workers. The every day lives that were led in modern Europe where primarily surrounded by
religious ideas. In the times of the 15th century, religion in Europe revolved around the religious
beliefs of the Papal Court. Though there were many religious battles over the Church, few doubted
the Church, following its every demand. By the 16th century, many began to challenge that of the
Papal State. People felt that the beliefs and efforts of the Church had traveled way off track, and was
in need of some repair. Martin Luther began the radical attempt to fix what had gone wrong within
the Papal State by posting his Ninety–five Theses upon the door of the Wittenberg University. The
outcome of Luther's efforts supplied Europe with beginnings

To What Extent Is the Term Renaissance a Valid Concept for...
1. To what extent is the term Renaissance a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern
European history?
During the 14th to 17th century, a new golden age emerged. This age was characterized the
Renaissance. Led by northern Italian cities, the Renaissance was fundamentally by economic
growth, as Europeans sought to achieve higher standards of intellect. The Renaissance marked the
beginning of Modern history. It subsequently revived their socio cultural achievements, developing
ideas of individualism, humanism, and secularism for a distinct period in modern European history.
Individualism helped validated uncommon personalities and unique groups of Europeans. It also
helped cultivate people's capabilities. Well–respected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, it was unsurprising to find that Pope Sixtus IV built a library that still remains as one of the
richest repositories holding ancient, medieval documents. This movement of humanism was largely
praise because the viewed humanity through a Christian lens as Renaissance humanists strongly
believed that men and woman were made in the image and likeness of God. For example, Pico
Mirandola represented man as one in possession of great dignity in his essay, 'On the Dignity of
Man'. Further, Renaissance humanism caused individuals to become increasingly self–conscious
about their current lifestyles and their realization of human potential. Humanism heavily influenced
much of the Renaissance culture, causing people to depend upon intellect its role in humanity
breakthroughs. Due to the progressive decline in spiritual interests during the period of the
Renaissance, Secularism infiltrated various aspects of culture, civilization, and perception.
Secularism praised materialism and the enjoyment of life, rather than the medieval principle of
toiling hard for a life after death. This thought of Secularism emerged partly because of the
humanism plea to praise human beings, their achievements, their interests, and their capabilities.
Specifically, economic growth in Italian cities detracted the time and space needed for developing
spirituality. Instead, busy bankers and pre–occupied merchants calculated strategies to generate
collect more money. Wealth

Early Renaissance And The Renaissance
Early Renaissance to High Renaissance
The Renaissance is the period that immediately follows the Middle Ages in Europe ancient Rome
and Greece. Growing prosperity and reduction in political stability accompanied by new
technologies, the printing press, astronomy and the exploration and discovery of new continents was
supplemented by a blossoming of philosophy, literature, and art. Painting style, decorative arts, and
sculpture arose in Italy in the 14th century, reached its peak in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
These were the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo and others. Renaissance
expressed classical Greco–Roman traditions and captured the experience of the individuals and the
mystery and beauty of the natural world.
The origin of the Renaissance
The origins can be dated back in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. During this period (between
1280 and1400), the Italian scholars and artists perceived themselves as regeneration to the
achievements and ideals of Roman culture. Some writers like Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) and
Petrarch (1304–1374) remembered ancient Greece and Rome and pursued to revive the languages,
intellectual and value traditions of these cultures after the long period of inactivity that had
proceeded the fall of the Roman Empire in the 6th century.
Giotto, the Florentine painter, (1267–1337), is the famous artist of the Renaissance who made vast
advances in the style of expressing the human body realistically. His

Early Renaissance Brunelleschi
During the first half of the Early Renaissance Brunelleschi's architecture incorporated classical
influences. In Brunelleschi's building, he incorporated a longitudinal/ basilica plan and also created
a flat ceiling to give it a more human scale. The building includes classical references like coffers
and arcade, while also including arcaded columns, which form the side aisles and shallow side
chapels. The building was also mathematically designed in a geometric form. The building of San
Lorenzo was a starting point, which later evolved when other architects like Alberti came along.
During the second half of the Early Renaissance Alberti's architecture also incorporated a lot of
classical influences, but Alberti also brought a long a few

Agnolo Bronzino Research Paper
The Mannerist artistic style of Agnolo Bronzino during the late Renaissance paved the way for later
Baroque artwork in various ways. The Renaissance was a time of societal, scientific, and artistic
advancement throughout all of Europe. The concepts of humanism and realism emerged from this
historical period. A great portion of art created during this era was religious, reflecting the idea that
humanity was divine. Discoveries during this period also set the fundamentals for modern–day
science and technology. Advances in the early, high, and late Renaissance impacted the culture and
the history of Europe for centuries. The concepts of the late Renaissance, however, differed
considerably from those of the early and high Renaissance in various ... Show more content on
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Throughout the Renaissance, religion played a significant role in the culture and society of
European civilization. Throughout the sixteenth century, the Christian church experienced turmoil as
a religious branch known as Protestantism separated from Catholicism. The movement, called the
Reformation, sparked great interest in religious artwork throughout Europe. Agnolo Bronzino
achieved great recognition in his day for his religious frescoes at the Chapel of Eleanora di Toledo in
the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, in addition to his allegorical masterpieces and portraits. The
frescoes, completed between the years 1539 and 1565, had been painted on the vast walls and
ceiling of the chapel. Several of these masterpieces include depictions of significant saints including
St. Michael the Archangel, St. John the Evangelist, St. Francis, and St. Jerome the Penitent. Also
painted inside the Chapel are several allegories of the cardinal virtues (justice, prudence,
temperance, and fortitude), and the frescoes depict the "Annunciation" and the "Deposition", which
"is a concentration of all of the ideas with which Bronzino experimented in the wall and ceiling
frescoes of the Chapel" (McCorquodale, 72). The grand frescoes at the chapel awed millions of
Europeans, and impacted religious art for centuries to

Leonardo Da Vinci Essay
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Tuscany, during a time called the Renaissance. His
creations of art and advancements in science not only surpassed those of his time, but have
contributed to the fundamentals of modern day technology and are arguably the greatest in history.
Many of da Vinci's paintings remain today as proof of his pioneered techniques, brilliance, and
talent. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language defines "renaissance man" as "
[a] man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the
sciences." This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious. Many people in the
Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries were skillful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Italian inventors and artists realized that this was "... a new age, free from the darkness and
ignorance ... characterized [by] the preceding era"("Renaissance" Encarta). There were three distinct
periods of the Renaissance, each identified by the works of different individuals. In order to
comprehend the extraordinary greatness of Leonardo da Vinci, it is also important to become
familiar with the achievements of his predecessors and colleagues. The early Renaissance
introduced a new style of painting. Masaccio, born in 1401, was the first great painter of the Italian
Renaissance, and his use of perspective and natural lighting portrayed an important step in the
development of modern painting: "In his life, he made several important innovations in the art of
painting. His treatment of space and light influenced generations of Italian artists, earning him the
title 'Founder of the Renaissance'" (Who and When? 24).
According to John R. Hale, Bencivieni di Pepo was an Italian painter and mosaic craftsman from
Florence. He was one of the most important artists of his time, breaking with the formalism of
Byzantine art, then predominant in Italy, and introducing a more lifelike treatment of traditional
subjects. His style preceded the realistic Florentine school of the early Renaissance founded by
Giotto, and he is believed to have been Giotto's teacher. Among

Sir Thomas More 's Utopia And Niccolo Machiavelli 's The...
Sir Thomas More's Utopia and Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince reflect the ideals of the
Renaissance. Their reflections of the Renaissance are similar; however, their representations of the
Renaissance also have distinct differences. The Renaissance or "rebirth" was a cultural movement
that accompanied the passage of Europe from the Middle Ages to modern times. Niccolo
Machiavelli was an Italian civic humanist, historian, diplomat, philosopher, politician, and writer
during the Renaissance. He applied the values of the Renaissance to his political treatise, The
Prince. Sir Thomas was an English lawyer, philosopher, statesman, and humanist during the
Renaissance. He employed the ideals of the Renaissance to his Latin dialogue, Utopia. Both The
Prince and Utopia reflect the ideals of the Renaissance through their promotion of education,
humanism, and reform. There are, nevertheless, differences in how The Prince and Utopia reflect the
Renaissance. Both Sir Thomas More's Utopia and Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince reflect the
ideals of the Renaissance; however, they diverge in their reflections through their views towards
realism, idealism, morality, religion, and rhetoric which demonstrates that the Renaissance was a
diverse cultural movement in early modern Europe. A variety of events from the eleventh century to
the fourteenth century ignited the Renaissance. The Crusades prompted the Renaissance through the
weakening of the feudal nobility and the laity's

Paintings: The Early Vs. The High Renaissance
The Early vs. the High Renaissance – I've decided to go with Piero Della – Francesca Battista
Sforza and Frederico Da Montefeltro vs. Raphael Agnelo Doni and Maddalena Strozzi. Paintings.
Despite their many differences, there are also some similarities between the portraits made by these
two artists. Discussing pg. 620 (20–31) Piero Della Francesca Battista Sforza and his wife and
Frederico Da Montefeltro, an Italian artist during the Early Renaissance, Fifteenth Century in Uffizi,
Florence. The artist showed the small panels that resembles Flemish painting in their detail
luminosity, their record of surface and texture, and their vast landscapes. as mentioned on page
(620) the reason why they are turned side ways is due to male in the portrait

Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Tuscany, during a time called the Renaissance. His
creations of art and advancements in science not only surpassed those of his time, but have
contributed to the fundamentals of modern day technology and are arguably the greatest in history.
Many of da Vinci's paintings remain today as proof of his pioneered techniques, brilliance, and
talent. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language defines "renaissance man" as "
[a] man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the
sciences." This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious. Many people in the
Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries were skillful artists and scientists, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The influence of the Italian Renaissance affected northern Europe at the beginning of the Fifteenth
Century, called the Northern Renaissance. This renewal of cultural activity was marked by an acute
interest in human beings and by the use of natural detail in paintings. An interest in ancient art and a
knowledge of linear perspective did not develop in the north until the Sixteenth Century; and even
then, not all artists used the discoveries that were made in Italy.
Another statement from James Snyder is that one of the most important of Fifteenth Century
Netherlandish painters was Jan van Eyck, who painted the remarkable Ghent Altarpiece. It contains
hundreds of figures, as well as a variety of vegetation so carefully rendered that more than thirty
plant species can be identified. Other outstanding artists of the period were Rogier van der Weyden,
who focused on emotional drama in his religious paintings; Hans Memling, who created delicate,
graceful figures against ethereal backgrounds; and Hugo van der Goes, who painted a superb
altarpiece with a wealth of precise details for the Italian Portinari family. Characteristic of all these
artists was the use of symbols, or iconography (57).
Three other artists from this period, as described by the book Who and When? The Renaissance:
Artists and Writers, are Pieter Brueghel, Albrecht Durer, and Hieronymus Bosch. Brueghal is
famous for his lively, colorful, and humorous paintings of ordinary people going about their

Euan Cameron, The Power Of The Word: Renaissance And...
Euan Cameron, "The Power of the Word: Renaissance: and Reformation," (eds.) Euan Cameron,
Early Modern Europe, An Oxford History (Oxford, 2001).
In " The Power of the Word: Renaissance and Reformation,"Euan Cameron, a Henry Luce III
Professor of Reformation Church History at Union Theological Seminary focuses on early modern
Europe. Cameron argues that Renaissance scholars claimed to have looked to antiquity for their
inspiration; however, by looking to only antiquity for value, scholars and critics have
overemphasized the importance of antiquity while overlooking the importance of their own efforts
in the formation of modern Europe. The Renaissance and Reformation are significant to European
history as they helped shape modern Europe. Cameron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Renaissance scholars discoveries helped form early modern Europe. Cameron argues that the
Renaissance produced significant achievements. One of the biggest contributions of the Renaissance
was the advancements in writing styles and typography. These advancements allowed discoveries to
be conveyed in a clear manner. Renaissance scholars used the findings of classical scholars to form
their own research or improve upon the theories of classical scholars. The Reformation dramatically
transformed Christian practices. Cameron contends that the Reformation was the impetus behind
people beginning to disregard religious superstitions. The transformation of Catholicism during the
Reformation was crucial to the formation of modern Christianity. The Renaissance and Reformation
did find inspiration in the past; however, their departure from some of the theories of antiquity
triggered the advancements of the Renaissance and

The Early Renaissance Art in Florence
The early Renaissance art in Florence focused on an elaborate, Gothic style of painting; very formal
and traditional, yet there was always something that seemed to be lacking. Perspective and depth
were two very important qualities in painting, yet up until the time of young Masaccio, (born
Tommaso Guidi), paintings were beautiful, but seemed to just be art that hung on the wall. In
Masaccio's work, "rather than recede in space, the figures seem to come forward" (Cole 120). He
may not have known it at the time, but his style of painting would influence many painters well after
his death; Donatello, Michelangelo, and so on. Masaccio may have only painted for a total of 8
years, but during those 8 years he revolutionized not only the ... Show more content on
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It has undergone many repairs, and has been to many places, so it can sometimes be hard to really
see past all of the new and really see what Masaccio created. Yet, really looking past what has been
changed, a viewer can really see Masaccio's talent: "Masaccio's perspective design of the vault was
created within the surface geometry. The foreshortened pattern of coffers could be calculated using
simple geometry" (Polzer 1). Masaccio was not just an artist, but also used basic math and geometry
skills to really create that realism in his works. This shows that he was also very intellectual as well
as creative, and became part of another era of painting that used skills such as geometry, and not just
creativity, in creating art. The Holy Trinity truly creates the illusion of Christ being crucified right in
that archway, and that the viewers could just walk right in and become a part of the painting. As
James Ackerman says, "the magnificent vault arching over the austere figures in Masaccio's fresco
[is] an utterly convincing illusion of architectural form extending into space" (Achkerman 171). In
this piece, Masaccio's use of vanishing points and linear perspective draw the spectator's eye to the
center of the painting, right below the

Humanism During The Renaissance
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was cultural, and required the mind in the early modern period.Renaissance
humanists tried to sought out in Europe's secluded libraries the Latin literary, historical, and
rhetorical texts of Antiquity, while the Fall of Constantinople. To make decisions and be able to have
knowledge of things.As neo–Platonism revived during the Renaissance Humanists did not reject
Christianity. Neo–platonism is a philosophical system from the 3rd century A.D. If Neo–platonism
was never brought in during the Renaissance that time period would have been very different in, in
many different ways. In the origins many say that ideas that characterized the Renaissance had their
origin in late 13th century Florence, Italy. As there was many artists Money and Art went in hand.
But there was also many struggling artists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plague was carried by fleas on ships returning from the ports of Asia.The population Decline of
the Plague caused Economic consequences and hardships on families. Also people were very scared
to eat food as they were scared of getting the plague. This caused much economic decline in the
cities as the cities had no sanitation to them.Twentyfive million people died in only a five year
period.This made People move to the country to try and get away from the plague. In a way
Humanism was not a Philosophy but a method of learning for people. Humanism is primarily a
person who just basically enjoys life and does not really care about GOD and only have one certain
view on something.Humanists especially scholars shaped mental landscape through the Early
Modern Period.Which had caused many different events to happen within that Renaissance
time.Humanists believed that it was very important to transcend to afterlife with a perfect mind and
body.As this caused for people to think Humanism as a spiritual

The Rise Of The Renaissance Essay
The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy around the 1500's to about the 1700's. Florence, Italy was
the mecca of this rebirth because at the time Florence was extremely wealthy and the people of the
city had political freedom and those new ideals of the Renaissance were not being condemned in
Florence as they were other cities. This was a time where the arts and the logic of one's own mind
was valued rather than criticized, the antiquated medieval ideals no longer matched the needs of
those who were living during the early Renaissance. Eventually, a term for this way of thinking
arose and was called Humanism, and what humanism is, is an ideology where humans can lead
themselves to create a prosperous life and instead of leaning on supernatural forces for answers.
Humanists believe that humans have enough logic to create conclusions themselves. This brand–
new way of thinking caused a lot of controversy because it did question God's ability and the
church's power, but the ideas behind it are still heavily used today, even in the 21st century.
Humanism in the early Renaissance is important because it called for thinking with reason, it
allowed an appreciation for human body and mind, inspired authors and caused a shift in power.
When the Renaissance began in Florence, there were a lot people who were wanting to separate
from this medieval way of thinking that was not allowing any type of growth of the inner–self, and
since medieval ideals were heavily based on

European Middle Ages: Dark Ages Or Early Renaissance?
Many people cannot agree on whether the European Middle Ages were "Dark Ages" or an "Early
Renaissance". A Dark Age is a time during which a civilization undergoes a decline, while a
Renaissance is a new period of growth or activity. Even though there is an equal amount of evidence
for both the Dark Ages and the Early Renaissance, some pieces were more effective than others. The
European Middle Ages was an Early Renaissance because citizens started to begin new lives as
different roles, the feudal system was slowly being forgotten, and the Magna Carta was published.
In the European Middle Ages, citizens began fill their lives with commerce and industry rather than
military headquarters and administrative centers. The more citizens that worked

Architecture Of The Renaissance Period
The Renaissance period was a time filled with new ideas and developments that changed European
society. Many cultural and scientific advances were made during this period, especially in
architecture and medicine. As Arthur Ericsson states the period was "studded by the names of
architects" such as Filippo Brunelleschi and Donato Bramante, whose "creations are recorded as
great historical events." The Renaissance period is also well known for the new scientific
discoveries made through the examination of the human body. The European society changed
greatly during the Renaissance period due to the many cultural and scientific advances made
particularly in architecture and medicine.
The architecture of the Renaissance period replaced the medieval gothic style with a style
representing the rebirth of classical civilization. One of the famous architects in the early
Renaissance was Filippo Brunelleschi. Through looking at the old Roman and Greek architecture, he
was able to bring back the old traditional buildings and arches, but in a more effective and
proportional way. In the early Renaissance, the Florentines fathers created a competition for the
ideal dome design. Many architects came from all around Europe to showcase their designs.
Brunelleschi had won for his amazing yet risky plan. He designed the dome with two concentric
shells. The inner shell facing the inside of the cathedral, and the outer shell would be a large dome.
He bound the walls with tension rings of

The Philosophy Of Humanism During The Early Renaissance
A significant increase in secular art began in the early Renaissance because of an enormous gain of
wealth by Florence in the early 15th century. The philosophy of humanism began, combining the
values of both spirituality and the worth of the human mind and experience. The republics people
valued the individualism in humanism, believing their society and its values to represent liberty and
freedom. (Harris &Zucker, n.d., para.6). As a result, wealth combined with an interest in portraying
individual power, piety, and human experience created a thriving artistic market whose patronage
was no longer confined to the exclusive domain of the church. Rather, wealthy private families and
government officials began to hire artists with increasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Beginning with the Renaissance, the dignity of individuals and importance of nature was explored in
artistic design and specifics that strove for the deception of reality, inspired by human curiosity and
scientific interest. Artists as the periods went on got to the the level of theorists and intellectuals,
their skills becoming a relation to their minds as opposed to their previous treatment in the middle
Ages as craftsmen.
For example, the subjects of sculpture and paintings often reflected "a growing interest in private
meditation and prayer'(Harris &Zucker, n.d., para 2), and the desire of important patrons to create
powerful visual displays of wealth and imagery that cast themselves in a dignified light lead to
growing numbers of artists being commissioned for portraits. During the 15th century, for instance,
the Italian Renaissance resulted in wealthy, cultured Florentine families becoming frequent art
patrons, desiring beautiful and tasteful art for their homes. "The Triumph of 0amillus", painted by
Biagio d'Antonio 1470–1475 was likely purchased as a panel to show in a domestic environment.
The painting depicts a scene from the Roman author Livy's writings of a triumphal parade for
0amillus after he and his troops saved Rome from invading Gauls (National Gallery of Art, n.d.,
para 2)
For instance, the items paintings and of

High Renaissance Changes
Art in general is undergoing several changes with artists beginning to think about spatial illusions
and human form. Despite this, the changes seem subtle and understated. This discussion seeks to
highlight the changes that are happening in art and how artists are creating space in the work they
do.
For the purposes of this discussion, I select the first image that talks about the difference between
the High Renaissance and the Early Renaissance and how artists are shaping the High Renaissance
from the original early Renaissance. There are a number of ways in which artists of the High
Renaissance are doing differently from the artists of before. From the selected image, tow artists of
the current Renaissance are highlighted; Leonardo and Michelangelo.

Early Renaissance Vs. Renaissance Architecture
Early Renaissance architecture began in the early years from 1400–1500. During this era, classicism
played a huge role in architectural ideas as well as religious, secularization, and humanist
influences. This differed architecture from that time period to later mannerist architecture.
Mannerism derived from late renaissance architecture and continued through the early Baroque era
in the years 1520–1600. The influences that changed the views on early architecture were the Sack
of Rome, the Copernican model of the universe, and the Protestant Reformation. The view in
architecture during these two time periods were quite different yet contained similarities due to the
emerging work that was inspired from early renaissance and into later mannerism.
"The spirit of their revolutionary painting, sculpture, and architecture arose from the new
Renaissance worldview of humanism (and its accompanying condition of secularization), which
celebrated rationality and individuality and mankind's ability to make an act upon empirical
observations of the physical world. Humanist scholars and artists recovered Classical Greek and
Roman texts,including Vitruvius's De architectura, and aspired to create a modern world rivaling
that of the ancients." (pg. 287)
Early Renaissance means rebirth, in this case rebirth of Greek and Roman culture. The traditional
views of the Renaissance emerged as a result of the fall of Constantinople in 1453. If the fall of
Constantinople would not have occurred,

Renaissance Movements In The Early Renaissance And The...
The time between the early Renaissance periods and the modern times in art was a very dynamic
substance because it was shaped by the people and societal norms that ruled it. Some things stayed
the same and some things changed at a moment's notice based on the cause. Unlike the previous era,
not all of these movements occurred in Italy. The late renaissance was a period of declining Catholic
control, the Baroque period spreading to France and other parts of Europe where it festered, and
then brand–new ideas and revolutions on many sides started occurring that would lead in to the 19th
century. Religion began to lose its grasp on the people and new leaders began to experiment with
things thought to be heretic for so many centuries. Even though the over–arching theme was
political, throughout this time period it could be divided into three sub layers, courtly aesthetic,
pursuit of knowledge and propaganda, that truly controlled the reins of the era. The notion of having
paintings created that reflected the wealth of the patron did not end in Italy. Instead of popes and
noble religious figures asking for the artists to portray them closer to God or show off their power, it
was the kings and the rich in other parts of Europe that continued this tradition. It was common for
rich wealthy people to have painters paint random events that they thought were meaningful and
portray themselves in a way that only the educated could understand. For example, Jan van Eyck's,
Giovanni

Theme Of Death In Dante's Inferno
Death, Demons, and Hell: The Early Renaissance Addresses Sin and the Afterlife Throughout Italian
Renaissance history, religion served as a structure and basis for moral behavior as well as a belief
system to understand how and why the world worked the way it did. Religious institutions were
powerful structures that kept order over the people: inextricably intertwined with the functioning of
the government and public attitude. Last Judgment scenes in religious art served the role of keeping
good behavior in Italian society, as well explaining the phenomenon of death. Throughout time and
historical events, the imagery reflected the attitude held by powerful members of society and the
church. These scenes were heavily shaped by the writing of Dante's Inferno, which provided a
literary description for how hell would be structured and served as a major influence for artists. The
development of style for Last Judgment scenes is particularly visible before and after Dante's
writing as well as before and after the Black Plague, demonstrating the ... Show more content on
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This fresco depicts one of the most gruesome and explicit hell scenes in Tuscany. The center of the
fresco contains an animalistic devil figure with human limbs coming out of its mouth. To its sides
are seven different compartments holding the seven capital sins being punished. The
compartmentalization seems related to Dante's Inferno, but the fresco lacks the nine different rings
organized in a concentric way. More particular vices critical to Dante's poems, such as the
blasphemers and the fraudulent, are not included in the Pisan Hell. Dante, therefore cannot be cited
as the soul influence for this depiction, but is still relevant for comparison. The style demonstrates
the movement towards more violent and graphic hell scenes that are organized by punishment,
rather than merely

Renaissance Chapter 12 Summary

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Renaissance Chapter 12 Summary