Chapter 10 of Science of class 1th, Very nice animated and the best powerpoint for the children, it made by me; Abhishek Bhartee, not downloaded from any other website.
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Respiration in organisms
2. β’ All living things respire. Respiration is a process that includes
breathing. The movement of air in and out of the body and vice-
versa is known as breathing.
For example, animals such as earthworms breathe through their
skin; fishes use gills for breathing and plants exchange gases
through tiny pores called stomata, which are present mainly on the
surface of leaves.
3. How is the energy stored in food released to be used by the body?
You know that during the process of breathing, we take in air. Oxygen is
taken in, while carbon dioxide is released out of the body during breathing.
Oxygen is then circulated to all cells of the body. Food (glucose) is broken
down in the cells with the help of oxygen.
The process in which food is broken down in the cells to release energy is
known as cellular respiration.
Two types of respiration take place in the cells. One occurs in the
presence of oxygen, while the other occurs in the absence of it. The
process of breakdown of food (glucose) in the presence of oxygen is known
as aerobic respiration. It takes place in all organisms and leads to the
production of carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
Food is also broken down in the absence of oxygen. This process is known
as anaerobic respiration. It occurs in organisms such as yeast. This
process leads to the production of alcohol and carbon dioxide.
4. Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
It occurs in the presence of O2. It occurs in the absence of O2.
It involves the exchange of gases
between an organism and outside
environment.
Exchange of gases is absent.
It occurs in the cytoplasm and
mitochondria.
It occurs only in the cytoplasm.
It always releases CO2 and H2O. End products may vary.
It yields 36 ATP. It yields 2 ATP.
Example: Cells in our body Example: Yeast and muscle cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the universal unit of energy used in all
living cells.It is the very basic molecule which meets our energy needs
and is formed in the later steps of glucose oxidation.
5. Yeast performs the process of anaerobic respiration, which leads to the
production of alcohol by incomplete breakdown of sugar. It is for this reason
that yeast is used in the production of wine and beer.
The anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast is
called fermentation.
Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with
1,500 species currently described(estimated to be 1% of all fungal
species). Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms
may become multicellar through the formation of strings of connected
budding cells known as pseudohyphae, or false hyphae, as seen in
most molds. Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species, typically
measuring 3β4 micrometer in diameter, although some yeasts can reach
over 40 micrometer. Most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many
do so by an asymmetric division process called budding.
Beer being
fermented by
brewer's yeast
6. The number of times a person inhales and exhales, or breathes in one
minute is known as the breathing rate.
7. The process of breathing involves taking in oxygen-rich air and giving out
carbon dioxide-rich air. This entire process occurs because of the actions
of various organs of the respiratory system.
We all know that we take in air through our nostrils, and when we breathe
in, air passes through our nostrils into the nasal cavity.
Air then reaches the lungs, which are located in the chest cavity. The
actual mechanism of breathing involves the movement of the rib cage and
the diaphragm, which are located around and at the base of the chest
cavity respectively.
8. The breathing involves two processes: Inhalation and exhalation.
During inhalation, the diaphragm moves down and the ribs move
upwards and outwards, thereby increasing the space in the chest cavity.
This leads to the movement of air inside the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm moves to its former position and the
ribs move downwards and inwards, thereby reducing the size of the
chest cavity. This leads to the movement of air out of the lungs.
9. Respiration in Amoeba
Amoeba respires by the process of diffusion through its body surface.
Respiration in land animals
Organisms such as elephants, lions, cows, frogs, and birds have lungs like
that in human beings. How do organisms such as cockroaches and
earthworms breathe? Do they have breathing organs like that in humans
or do they have other structures for breathing?
A cockroach has small openings on the
lateral sides of its body. These openings
are called spiracles. Oxygen-rich air
enters its body through the spiracles. The
spiracles are connected to a network of
tubes called tracheae, which are present
all over its body. The oxygen then enters
the tracheae from where it diffuses into
the cells of the body. However, the
movement of carbon dioxide follows the
reverse path wherein the carbon dioxide
in the cells of the body first enters the
tracheae and then leaves the body through
the spiracles. Blood of cockroach known
as haemolymph is involved in exchange
of gases between cells.
10. In earthworms, respiration occurs through the surface of their skin. The
skin of an earthworm is moist and slimy. Gases directly diffuse into its
tissues through the skin.
11. Do you think plants also respire like other organisms? How do plants take in
oxygen?
Just like all other living organisms, plants too respire. They respire through the tiny
pores on the surface of their leaves called stomata. Oxygen enters the plant, while
carbon dioxide leaves the plant through these pores.
The roots of plants also respire.
They do so by taking in oxygen from the air spaces present in soil by the process of
diffusion. Oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide moves out with the help of diffusion
only. This type of gaseous exchange takes place in the younger roots only, and not in
the older roots. In the older roots, the exchange of gases occurs by lenticels. The
lenticels are thin walled loosely arranged cells with intercellular spaces present for
gaseous exchange.
12. The part of oxygen that is produced by the plant in photosynthesis is
utilized by the plant for breathing and rest of the oxygen is given out by
plants through stomata which we use for breathing.