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RETAINING WALLS

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S
Sagar Kaptan

This document provides information about retaining walls for a civil engineering student's class on reinforced concrete structures. It defines different types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. It discusses factors that affect earth pressure on retaining walls like soil type, height of wall, and slope of backfill. Methods for analyzing stability, overturning, sliding, and pressure distribution are presented. Design considerations like proportions, depth of foundation, and structural behavior are also covered.

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GOVERMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHARUCH  NAME – KAPTAN SAGAR R  ENROLLMENT NO. – 130140106021  SEM – 7 (CIVIL)  SUB. – DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE  TOPIC – RETAINING WALLS
2 Gravity retaining wall GL1 GL2 Retaining walls are usually built to hold back soil mass. However, retaining walls can also be constructed for aesthetic landscaping purposes. RETAINING WALL BACK SOIL
3 Batter Drainage Hole Toe CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL WITH SHEAR KEY
CLASSIFICATION OF RETAINING WALLS • Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete • Cantilever retaining wall-RCC (Inverted T and L) • Counter fort retaining wall-RCC • Buttress wall-RCC 4
CLASSIFICATION OF RETAINING WALLS 5 Counter fort Gravity RW T-Shaped RW L-Shaped RW BackfillBackfill Counterfort RW Buttress Backfill Buttress RW Tile drain Weep hole
EARTH PRESSURE (P)  Earth pressure is the pressure exerted by the retaining material on the retaining wall. This pressure tends to deflect the wall outward.  Types of earth pressure :  Active earth pressure or earth pressure (Pa) and  Passive earth pressure (Pp).  Active earth pressure tends to deflect the wall away from the backfill. 6 Pa GL Variation of Earth pressure
FACTORS AFFECTING EARTH PRESSURE  Earth pressure depends on type of backfill, the height of wall and the soil conditions Soil conditions: The different soil conditions are • Dry leveled back fill • Moist leveled backfill • Submerged leveled backfill • Leveled backfill with uniform surcharge • Backfill with sloping surface 7
ANALYSIS FOR DRY BACK FILLS 8 Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah Total pressure at any height from top, pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2 Bending moment at any height M=pax h/3= [kah3]/6  Total pressure, Pa= [kaH2]/2 Total Bending moment at bottom, M = [kaH3]/6 Pa H h kaH M GL GL H= stem height
Where, ka = Coefficient of active earth pressure = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2 = 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure  = Angle of internal friction or angle of repose  =Unit weigh or density of backfill If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3. Thus ka is 9 times kp 9
 pa= ka H at the bottom and is parallel to inclined surface of backfill  ka=  Where =Angle of surcharge  Total pressure at bottom =Pa= ka H2/2 10              22 22 coscoscos coscoscos cos BACKFILL WITH SLOPING SURFACE GL
11 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF RW  Following conditions must be satisfied for stability of wall (IS:456-2000). • It should not overturn • It should not slide • It should not subside, i.e Max. pressure at the toe should not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil under working condition
12 CHECK AGAINST OVERTURNING Factor of safety against overturning = MR / MO  1.55 (=1.4/0.9) Where, MR =Stabilising moment or restoring moment MO =overturning moment As per IS:456-2000, MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch. IL 0.9 MR  1.4 MO, ch IL
13 CHECK AGAINST SLIDING Friction  W SLIDING OF WALL  FOS against sliding = Resisting force to sliding/ Horizontal force causing sliding = W/Pa  1.55 (=1.4/0.9)  As per IS:456:2000 1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa
14 MAXIMUM PRESSURE AT THE TOE Pressure below the Retaining Wall T x1 x2 W1 W2 W3 W4 b/2 b/6e x b H/3 Pa W H h Pmax Pmin. R
LET THE RESULTANT R DUE TO W AND PA LIE AT A DISTANCE X FROM THE TOE. X = M/W, M = SUM OF ALL MOMENTS ABOUT TOE. ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD = E = (B/2-X)  B/6 MINIMUM PRESSURE AT HEEL = >ZERO. FOR ZERO PRESSURE, E=B/6, RESULTANT SHOULD CUT THE BASE WITHIN THE MIDDLE THIRD. MAXIMUM PRESSURE AT TOE =  SBC OF SOIL.        b e b W 6 1Pmin        b e b W 6 1Pmax
16 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION  Rankine’s formula:  Df = = 2 sin1 sin1            SBC 2 ak γ SBC Df
17 PRELIMINARY PROPORTIONING (T SHAPED WALL)  Stem: Top width 200 mm to 400 mm  Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H, 0.6H to 0.75H for surcharged wall  Base slab thickness= H/10 to H/14  Toe projection= (1/3-1/4) Base width H 200 b= 0.4H to 0.6H tp= (1/3-1/4)b H/10 – H/14
18 BEHAVIOUR OR STRUCTURAL ACTION AND DESIGN OF STEM, HEEL AND TOE SLABS ARE SAME AS THAT OF ANY CANTILEVER SLAB. BEHAVIOUR OR STRUCTURAL ACTION
RETAINING WALLS

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RETAINING WALLS

  • 1. GOVERMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHARUCH  NAME – KAPTAN SAGAR R  ENROLLMENT NO. – 130140106021  SEM – 7 (CIVIL)  SUB. – DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE  TOPIC – RETAINING WALLS
  • 2. 2 Gravity retaining wall GL1 GL2 Retaining walls are usually built to hold back soil mass. However, retaining walls can also be constructed for aesthetic landscaping purposes. RETAINING WALL BACK SOIL
  • 4. CLASSIFICATION OF RETAINING WALLS • Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete • Cantilever retaining wall-RCC (Inverted T and L) • Counter fort retaining wall-RCC • Buttress wall-RCC 4
  • 5. CLASSIFICATION OF RETAINING WALLS 5 Counter fort Gravity RW T-Shaped RW L-Shaped RW BackfillBackfill Counterfort RW Buttress Backfill Buttress RW Tile drain Weep hole
  • 6. EARTH PRESSURE (P)  Earth pressure is the pressure exerted by the retaining material on the retaining wall. This pressure tends to deflect the wall outward.  Types of earth pressure :  Active earth pressure or earth pressure (Pa) and  Passive earth pressure (Pp).  Active earth pressure tends to deflect the wall away from the backfill. 6 Pa GL Variation of Earth pressure
  • 7. FACTORS AFFECTING EARTH PRESSURE  Earth pressure depends on type of backfill, the height of wall and the soil conditions Soil conditions: The different soil conditions are • Dry leveled back fill • Moist leveled backfill • Submerged leveled backfill • Leveled backfill with uniform surcharge • Backfill with sloping surface 7
  • 8. ANALYSIS FOR DRY BACK FILLS 8 Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah Total pressure at any height from top, pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2 Bending moment at any height M=pax h/3= [kah3]/6  Total pressure, Pa= [kaH2]/2 Total Bending moment at bottom, M = [kaH3]/6 Pa H h kaH M GL GL H= stem height
  • 9. Where, ka = Coefficient of active earth pressure = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2 = 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure  = Angle of internal friction or angle of repose  =Unit weigh or density of backfill If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3. Thus ka is 9 times kp 9
  • 10.  pa= ka H at the bottom and is parallel to inclined surface of backfill  ka=  Where =Angle of surcharge  Total pressure at bottom =Pa= ka H2/2 10              22 22 coscoscos coscoscos cos BACKFILL WITH SLOPING SURFACE GL
  • 11. 11 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF RW  Following conditions must be satisfied for stability of wall (IS:456-2000). • It should not overturn • It should not slide • It should not subside, i.e Max. pressure at the toe should not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil under working condition
  • 12. 12 CHECK AGAINST OVERTURNING Factor of safety against overturning = MR / MO  1.55 (=1.4/0.9) Where, MR =Stabilising moment or restoring moment MO =overturning moment As per IS:456-2000, MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch. IL 0.9 MR  1.4 MO, ch IL
  • 13. 13 CHECK AGAINST SLIDING Friction  W SLIDING OF WALL  FOS against sliding = Resisting force to sliding/ Horizontal force causing sliding = W/Pa  1.55 (=1.4/0.9)  As per IS:456:2000 1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa
  • 14. 14 MAXIMUM PRESSURE AT THE TOE Pressure below the Retaining Wall T x1 x2 W1 W2 W3 W4 b/2 b/6e x b H/3 Pa W H h Pmax Pmin. R
  • 15. LET THE RESULTANT R DUE TO W AND PA LIE AT A DISTANCE X FROM THE TOE. X = M/W, M = SUM OF ALL MOMENTS ABOUT TOE. ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD = E = (B/2-X)  B/6 MINIMUM PRESSURE AT HEEL = >ZERO. FOR ZERO PRESSURE, E=B/6, RESULTANT SHOULD CUT THE BASE WITHIN THE MIDDLE THIRD. MAXIMUM PRESSURE AT TOE =  SBC OF SOIL.        b e b W 6 1Pmin        b e b W 6 1Pmax
  • 16. 16 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION  Rankine’s formula:  Df = = 2 sin1 sin1            SBC 2 ak γ SBC Df
  • 17. 17 PRELIMINARY PROPORTIONING (T SHAPED WALL)  Stem: Top width 200 mm to 400 mm  Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H, 0.6H to 0.75H for surcharged wall  Base slab thickness= H/10 to H/14  Toe projection= (1/3-1/4) Base width H 200 b= 0.4H to 0.6H tp= (1/3-1/4)b H/10 – H/14
  • 18. 18 BEHAVIOUR OR STRUCTURAL ACTION AND DESIGN OF STEM, HEEL AND TOE SLABS ARE SAME AS THAT OF ANY CANTILEVER SLAB. BEHAVIOUR OR STRUCTURAL ACTION