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Rice Water management

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Rahul Sharma
Rahul Sharma

Rice requires ample water to grow and is most widely cultivated in areas with high rainfall or irrigation. The average total water requirement for rice is 1100-1250 mm, with the critical stages being active tillering, panicle initiation, booting, heading, and flowering when water stress can severely impact yields. Water can be managed through continuous shallow submergence, intermittent submergence during critical stages, or saturation without submergence to reduce water needs while maintaining high yields.

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Rice Water management
 Breif Intro: Rice(Oryza sativa)  Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to data of FAOSTAT 2012.  Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years.[6] The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3.3–5.9 ft) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm (20–39 in) long and 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) broad.  Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.
Water Requirement:  Crop water requirement is the water required by the plants for its survival, growth, development and to produce economic parts. This requirement is applied either naturally by precipitation or artificially by irrigation. Average Water requirement – 1100 mm Average Water requirement (SRI) – 700 mm The daily consumptive use of rice varies from 6-10 mm and total water is ranges from 1100 to 1250 mm depending upon the agro climatic situation, duration of variety and characteristics of the soils. 
 Stage-wise water requirement for paddy Stages of growth Water requirement (mm) Precentage of total water requirement Nursery 40 3.22 Main field preparation 200 16.12 Planting to panicle initiation 458 37.0 Panicle initiation to flowering 417 33.66 Flowering to maturity 125 10.00
Rice Water management
Water Management for Different Ecosystem  System of Rice Intensification (SRI)  Irrigation only to moist the soil in the early period of 10 days  Restoring irrigation to a maximum depth of 2.5cm after development of hairline cracks in the soil until panicle initiation  Increasing irrigation depth to 5.0 cm after PI one day after disappearance of ponded water.  Transplanted lowland rice  Puddling and leveling minimizes the water requirement  Plough with tractor drawn cage wheel to reduce percolation losses and to save water requirement up to 20%.  Maintain 2.5 cm water over the puddle and allow the green manure to decompose for a minimum of 7 days in the case of less fibrous plants like sun hemp and 15 days for more fibrous green manure plants like Kolinchi (Tephrosia purpurea).  At the time of transplanting, a shallow depth of 2 cm of water is adequate since high depth of water will lead to deep planting resulting in reduction of tillering.  Maintain 2 cm of water up to seven days of transplanting.  After the establishment stage, cyclic submergence of water is the best practice for rice crop. This cyclic 5 cm submergence has to be continued throughout the crop period.  Moisture stress due to inadequate water at rooting and tillering stage causes poor root growth leading to reduction in tillering, poor stand and low yield.
 Wet Seeded Puddled Lowland Rice  During first one week just wet the soil by thin film of water.  Depth of irrigation may be increased to 2.5cm progressively along the crop age.  Provide adequate drainage facilities to drain excess water or strictly follow irrigation schedule of one day after disappearance of ponded water. Last irrigation may be 15 days ahead of harvest.  Dry Seeded Un-Puddled Rice  As that of irrigated rice, canal water is used for irrigation  For drill sown rice care should be taken to drain out excess rain water during first 10-15 DAS and the water level in the field should not be more than 2.5cm height during tillering stage.  In drill sown rice carry out hodta operation (Planking) in standing water at 40 DAS, and impound sufficient rain water through the crop growth period.  Semi-dry rice The crop is irrigated from 30-35 days onwards, utilizing water impounded in the tanks.  Irrigation may be to a depth of 2.5 -5.0cm only. Follow the schedule of one day after disappearance of ponded water in order to save water and to bring additional area under this type of rice cultivation
Precautions for irrigation (common) • The field plot can be 25 to 50 cents depending on the source of irrigation. • Field to field irrigation should be avoided. • Small bund may be formed parallel to the main bund of the field at a distance of 30 to 45cm within the field to avoid leakages of water through main bund crevices. • To minimize percolation loss, the depth of stagnated water should be 5cm or less. • In water logged condition, form open drains, about 60cm in depth and 45cm width across the field. • Care should be taken not to allow development of cracks. • In double cropped wetland of command area, raise groundnut / pulse in the place of Kuruvai rice if water is a constraint
Critical Stages of Irrigation  The stage at which the water stress causes severe yield reduction is also known as critical stage of water requirement. It is also known as moisture sensitive period. Critical stages of water requirement in rice are Active tillering  Panicle initiation  Booting  Heading and  Flowering.  During theses stages, the irrigation interval should not exceed the stipulated time so as to cause the depletion of moisture below the saturation level.
Water Management Methods  Continuous Submergence  Continuous land submergence for rice is, usually, practiced due to the associated major advantages of increase in availability of nutrients and less weed management problems.  Shallow submergence of water up to 5 cm depth throughout the crop period is optimum for high yield  Intermittent Submergence Continuous land submergence requires huge quantity of water for rice production, so to minimize the irrigation requirement, the approach of intermittent submergence has been practiced. Under high humidity and low evaporative demand, the practice of intermittent submergence i.e submergence during the critical stages of crop and maintenance of saturation or drying up to hair cracking stage during the rest of the crop stages.  Intermittent period varied from one to nine days depending on rainfall pattern, depth of water table and soil texture.  This practice saves about 30% water
Percolation losses in rice fields  Percolation losses are a function of the local soil and topographic conditions. Therefore, at any time the amount of rainfall or irrigation water entering the soil becomes greater than its water holding capacity, losses by downward movement of free water (vertical percolation) will occur. Percolation is often defined as the movement of water through saturated soils due to gravity, hydrostatic pressure or both. Thus where the soil is heavy and the water table is close to the soil surface, percolation losses are low, about 1 – 2 mm/day. On the other hand, where the soil is light and the water table is deep, percolation losses may be high, about 8 – 15 mm/day, or more. About 50 to 60% of applied water to rice is lost by deep percolation. The percolation losses can be reduced by adopting following agronomic practices:  1. Growing rice on clayey soils  2. Scrupulous land levelling  3. Thorough puddling  4. Shallow depth of submergence  5. Sub-soil compaction  6. Application of clay, silt, bentonite etc Research has shown that a percolation rate of 5mm/day was favourable for supply of dissolved oxygen, the removal of harmful substances and the maintenance of root activity.
Submergence versus saturation  In most areas rice fields are submerged continuously throughout the crop-growing period, though not always essential. Studies have indicated that soil saturation is sufficient for kharif rice, while submergence not exceeding 5 cm seems to be essential and adequate for rabi rice. Advantages of continuous submergence ♦ Less weed problem ♦ Fixation of nitrogen by Blue green algae ♦ Increased availability of nutrients such as P, Fe, Mn, Zn and silicon ♦ Regulation of soil temperature ♦ Reduction in labour cost Disadvantages of continuous submergence ♦ Deep percolation losses of irrigation water ♦ Surface runoff losses of irrigation water ♦ Leaching of nutrients particularly nitrogen
Average water requirements  Total water requirement includes water needed to raise seedlings, preparation of land and to grow rice crop from transplanting to harvest, the amount is determined by many factors including soil type, topography, proximity to drains, depth of water table, area of contiguous rice fields, maintenance of bunds, fertility of both top and sub soil, field duration of the crop, land preparation method, and most of all the evaporative demand of the atmosphere during growing season. The daily evapotranspiration of rice varies from 4 – 5 mm /day during wet season and 7 – 8 mm/day during the dry season. The total water requirement was estimated to be 1240 mm under Andhra Pradesh agro-climatic conditions.
Rice Water management

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Rice Water management

  • 2.  Breif Intro: Rice(Oryza sativa)  Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to data of FAOSTAT 2012.  Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years.[6] The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3.3–5.9 ft) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm (20–39 in) long and 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) broad.  Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.
  • 3. Water Requirement:  Crop water requirement is the water required by the plants for its survival, growth, development and to produce economic parts. This requirement is applied either naturally by precipitation or artificially by irrigation. Average Water requirement – 1100 mm Average Water requirement (SRI) – 700 mm The daily consumptive use of rice varies from 6-10 mm and total water is ranges from 1100 to 1250 mm depending upon the agro climatic situation, duration of variety and characteristics of the soils. 
  • 4.  Stage-wise water requirement for paddy Stages of growth Water requirement (mm) Precentage of total water requirement Nursery 40 3.22 Main field preparation 200 16.12 Planting to panicle initiation 458 37.0 Panicle initiation to flowering 417 33.66 Flowering to maturity 125 10.00
  • 6. Water Management for Different Ecosystem  System of Rice Intensification (SRI)  Irrigation only to moist the soil in the early period of 10 days  Restoring irrigation to a maximum depth of 2.5cm after development of hairline cracks in the soil until panicle initiation  Increasing irrigation depth to 5.0 cm after PI one day after disappearance of ponded water.  Transplanted lowland rice  Puddling and leveling minimizes the water requirement  Plough with tractor drawn cage wheel to reduce percolation losses and to save water requirement up to 20%.  Maintain 2.5 cm water over the puddle and allow the green manure to decompose for a minimum of 7 days in the case of less fibrous plants like sun hemp and 15 days for more fibrous green manure plants like Kolinchi (Tephrosia purpurea).  At the time of transplanting, a shallow depth of 2 cm of water is adequate since high depth of water will lead to deep planting resulting in reduction of tillering.  Maintain 2 cm of water up to seven days of transplanting.  After the establishment stage, cyclic submergence of water is the best practice for rice crop. This cyclic 5 cm submergence has to be continued throughout the crop period.  Moisture stress due to inadequate water at rooting and tillering stage causes poor root growth leading to reduction in tillering, poor stand and low yield.
  • 7.  Wet Seeded Puddled Lowland Rice  During first one week just wet the soil by thin film of water.  Depth of irrigation may be increased to 2.5cm progressively along the crop age.  Provide adequate drainage facilities to drain excess water or strictly follow irrigation schedule of one day after disappearance of ponded water. Last irrigation may be 15 days ahead of harvest.  Dry Seeded Un-Puddled Rice  As that of irrigated rice, canal water is used for irrigation  For drill sown rice care should be taken to drain out excess rain water during first 10-15 DAS and the water level in the field should not be more than 2.5cm height during tillering stage.  In drill sown rice carry out hodta operation (Planking) in standing water at 40 DAS, and impound sufficient rain water through the crop growth period.  Semi-dry rice The crop is irrigated from 30-35 days onwards, utilizing water impounded in the tanks.  Irrigation may be to a depth of 2.5 -5.0cm only. Follow the schedule of one day after disappearance of ponded water in order to save water and to bring additional area under this type of rice cultivation
  • 8. Precautions for irrigation (common) • The field plot can be 25 to 50 cents depending on the source of irrigation. • Field to field irrigation should be avoided. • Small bund may be formed parallel to the main bund of the field at a distance of 30 to 45cm within the field to avoid leakages of water through main bund crevices. • To minimize percolation loss, the depth of stagnated water should be 5cm or less. • In water logged condition, form open drains, about 60cm in depth and 45cm width across the field. • Care should be taken not to allow development of cracks. • In double cropped wetland of command area, raise groundnut / pulse in the place of Kuruvai rice if water is a constraint
  • 9. Critical Stages of Irrigation  The stage at which the water stress causes severe yield reduction is also known as critical stage of water requirement. It is also known as moisture sensitive period. Critical stages of water requirement in rice are Active tillering  Panicle initiation  Booting  Heading and  Flowering.  During theses stages, the irrigation interval should not exceed the stipulated time so as to cause the depletion of moisture below the saturation level.
  • 10. Water Management Methods  Continuous Submergence  Continuous land submergence for rice is, usually, practiced due to the associated major advantages of increase in availability of nutrients and less weed management problems.  Shallow submergence of water up to 5 cm depth throughout the crop period is optimum for high yield  Intermittent Submergence Continuous land submergence requires huge quantity of water for rice production, so to minimize the irrigation requirement, the approach of intermittent submergence has been practiced. Under high humidity and low evaporative demand, the practice of intermittent submergence i.e submergence during the critical stages of crop and maintenance of saturation or drying up to hair cracking stage during the rest of the crop stages.  Intermittent period varied from one to nine days depending on rainfall pattern, depth of water table and soil texture.  This practice saves about 30% water
  • 11. Percolation losses in rice fields  Percolation losses are a function of the local soil and topographic conditions. Therefore, at any time the amount of rainfall or irrigation water entering the soil becomes greater than its water holding capacity, losses by downward movement of free water (vertical percolation) will occur. Percolation is often defined as the movement of water through saturated soils due to gravity, hydrostatic pressure or both. Thus where the soil is heavy and the water table is close to the soil surface, percolation losses are low, about 1 – 2 mm/day. On the other hand, where the soil is light and the water table is deep, percolation losses may be high, about 8 – 15 mm/day, or more. About 50 to 60% of applied water to rice is lost by deep percolation. The percolation losses can be reduced by adopting following agronomic practices:  1. Growing rice on clayey soils  2. Scrupulous land levelling  3. Thorough puddling  4. Shallow depth of submergence  5. Sub-soil compaction  6. Application of clay, silt, bentonite etc Research has shown that a percolation rate of 5mm/day was favourable for supply of dissolved oxygen, the removal of harmful substances and the maintenance of root activity.
  • 12. Submergence versus saturation  In most areas rice fields are submerged continuously throughout the crop-growing period, though not always essential. Studies have indicated that soil saturation is sufficient for kharif rice, while submergence not exceeding 5 cm seems to be essential and adequate for rabi rice. Advantages of continuous submergence ♦ Less weed problem ♦ Fixation of nitrogen by Blue green algae ♦ Increased availability of nutrients such as P, Fe, Mn, Zn and silicon ♦ Regulation of soil temperature ♦ Reduction in labour cost Disadvantages of continuous submergence ♦ Deep percolation losses of irrigation water ♦ Surface runoff losses of irrigation water ♦ Leaching of nutrients particularly nitrogen
  • 13. Average water requirements  Total water requirement includes water needed to raise seedlings, preparation of land and to grow rice crop from transplanting to harvest, the amount is determined by many factors including soil type, topography, proximity to drains, depth of water table, area of contiguous rice fields, maintenance of bunds, fertility of both top and sub soil, field duration of the crop, land preparation method, and most of all the evaporative demand of the atmosphere during growing season. The daily evapotranspiration of rice varies from 4 – 5 mm /day during wet season and 7 – 8 mm/day during the dry season. The total water requirement was estimated to be 1240 mm under Andhra Pradesh agro-climatic conditions.