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Teo Kean Hui
Teo Kean Hui

This document discusses different approaches to the relationship between design and research in architecture. It defines key terms like "design research", "research informing design", "research by design", "research through design", and "design as research". It explores how each approach combines elements of practice, research, and design. The document concludes that "research informing design" and "research by design" both involve studying philosophy and history during the design process, while "research through design" and "design as research" create new knowledge that emerges from or concludes the design process.

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RESEARCH METHODS (RES70103) Assessment 1: Case Study: Design and Research GOH YONG QUAN – 0807P69276 TEO KEAN HUI - 0310165 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia
RESEARCH AND DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE Design and research are two key notions that form the pedagogy to acquisition of knowledge within the architecture discipline. All good design is informed by some kind of research. Hence, terminologies such as „Design Research‟, „Research informing Design‟, „Research by Design‟, „Research through Design‟ and „Design as Research‟ will be discussed in this literature review. It will be founded on journals and articles composed by researchers and specialists of applicable fields, concentrating on themes identified with outline, which will give better bits of knowledge and comprehension towards the connection amongst research and architectural design. Research is characterized as a systematic investigation that sets up novel certainties, takes care of new or existing issues, demonstrates new thoughts or develops new hypotheses. It is to search for information particularly in sciences and innovative field. Design deal with act of planning and communicating a course of action to others, usually through the creative exploration of an area of interest (Faste, 2012). Besides that, Frayling (1993) claimed that research always involves going over old territory while design are concerned with the new. Design research combines to have well-understood areas of practice, research and design, resulting in seemingly meaningful merger roughly equivalent to the investigation of knowledge through purposeful design. Frayling (1993) has mentioned in his paper, the concept of „design as research‟ is either applied research where the resulting knowledge is used for a particular application or action research, where the action is calculated to generate and validate new knowledge or understanding or even fundamental research. Similarity has been clarified by Faste (2012) when design is viewed as a kind of research, it could be the study of materials, technologies, design methodologies, design theories as well as the manufacturing processes. It could also involve education, historical or critical approaches. Besides that, the creation of new knowledge throughout the research may be a new idea, way of working or a conceptually visionary experimentation. The phrase „research by design‟ is widely used in the design field. However, it has not yet been defined (Friedman, 2008). On the other hand, The European Association of Architect Educations (2000) tries to define „research by design‟ as any kind of inquiry in which design is a substantial part of the research process. EAAE (2000) recognized with the Dutch practice at The Faculty of Architecture in Delft that „research by design‟ is similar to „research through design‟. The idea has been utilized as a part of various ways in which design and research are for the most part interconnected creating new understanding or information about the world through the act of designing (Hauberg, 2011). Furthermore, „research by design‟ develops critical inquiry through design work that may incorporate acknowledged activities, recommendations, conceivable substances and options. It produces forms of output and
discourse proper to disciplinary practice, verbal and non-verbal that make it discussable, accessible and useful to peers and others (Hauberg, 2011). Through „research by design‟, concordance is sought between the methods of research and a form-giving, experimental design practice. „Research through design‟ is meant to investigate on existed research model, then experiment and the outcome would be a new design creation. It is also a combination of process and research climax. „Research through design‟ is also widely used by designers as it enables to envision the conceivable result in future. Frayling (1993) proposed „research through design‟ as one of the three forms of relationship between research and design in his paper. „Research through design‟ is not a new approach; the term itself is two decades old (Frayling, 1993). Moreover, Findeli (2004) mentioned that „research through design‟ as the “closest to the actual design practice, recasting the design aspect of creation as research.” Designers or researchers who use „research through design‟ actually create new products, experimenting with new materials and processes. Findeli (2004) and Frayling (1993) has common view towards „research through design‟, which is new outcome as the ultimate aim by studying existed source with conduct of experiment. It can be in all forms as long as it‟s relevant and similar processes result in creation of experienced artefacts. (Zimmerman, Forlizi & Evenson, 2007, p. 493) mentioned that “No agree upon research model existed for, designers to make research contributions other than the development and evaluation of new design methods”. This research method often being discussed and debated over the time as some of the sources are from „everywhere‟ which yet to get agree upon by professionals. Thus, it is always difficult for researcher to fully identify the current state of the approach through the ramification of publication. Faste (2012) in “Demystifying Design Research” mentioned „research through design‟ enables the enhanced performance of future design action through knowledge disseminated through broader means than that of traditional research. The most beneficial result of „research through design‟ would be for future investigation opens to greater probability. „Research informing design‟ is to investigate on legitimate research material and transfer it into design. The process would be the research and outcome as „research oriented design‟. Research into design is the most straightforward (Frayling, 1993). The most common research source is historical research, aesthetic research and research into variety of theoretical perspectives. Variety theoretical source could be in social, economic, political, ethical and cultural. It is straightforward as there are countless models and archives to study about. Design practitioners take part in research to seek inspiration, evaluating existing solutions and approaches to similar problems, identifying user needs, testing the usability of concepts, finding and experimenting with different materials, predicting the marketability of an idea and deliver them into the design (Faste, 2012).
In conclusion, there are two different types of relationship amongst research and design. „Research informing design‟ and „research by design‟ both have similarities. The main tasks of these terminologies are to study philosophy and history while designing. Besides that, there are also a few aspects which could influence or inform the design process, such as precedent studies, studying architectural theories and also collecting empirical data. On the other hand, the similarities between „research through design‟ and „design as research‟ are creating new knowledge. The knowledge could be formed from part of the design process or at the end of design process. A designer has gone through explorations and experiments during the design process in order to generate relevant design method. It also involves study models, simulated models and diagrammatic exploration. Thus typical research tends to have the goal of narrowing its focus towards specific solutions to well-defined problems; design research often results in a broadening understanding of the problem domain and many alternative potential solutions. REFERENCES Faste, T., & Faste, H. (2012). Demystifying "Design Research": Design is not Research, Research is Design. Frayling, C. (1993). Research in Art and Design. Royal College Of Art Research Papers, 1(1). Friedman, K. (2008). Research into, by and for design. Journal Of Visual Arts Practice, 7(2). Godin, D., & Zahedi, M. (2014). Aspects of Research through Design: A Literature Review. Hauberg, J. (2011). Research by Design – a research strategy. Architecture & Education Journal. Jonas, W. (2006). Research Through Design Through Research - A problem statement and a conceptual sketch. Design Research Society - International Conference In Lisbon.

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  • 1. RESEARCH METHODS (RES70103) Assessment 1: Case Study: Design and Research GOH YONG QUAN – 0807P69276 TEO KEAN HUI - 0310165 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia
  • 2. RESEARCH AND DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE Design and research are two key notions that form the pedagogy to acquisition of knowledge within the architecture discipline. All good design is informed by some kind of research. Hence, terminologies such as „Design Research‟, „Research informing Design‟, „Research by Design‟, „Research through Design‟ and „Design as Research‟ will be discussed in this literature review. It will be founded on journals and articles composed by researchers and specialists of applicable fields, concentrating on themes identified with outline, which will give better bits of knowledge and comprehension towards the connection amongst research and architectural design. Research is characterized as a systematic investigation that sets up novel certainties, takes care of new or existing issues, demonstrates new thoughts or develops new hypotheses. It is to search for information particularly in sciences and innovative field. Design deal with act of planning and communicating a course of action to others, usually through the creative exploration of an area of interest (Faste, 2012). Besides that, Frayling (1993) claimed that research always involves going over old territory while design are concerned with the new. Design research combines to have well-understood areas of practice, research and design, resulting in seemingly meaningful merger roughly equivalent to the investigation of knowledge through purposeful design. Frayling (1993) has mentioned in his paper, the concept of „design as research‟ is either applied research where the resulting knowledge is used for a particular application or action research, where the action is calculated to generate and validate new knowledge or understanding or even fundamental research. Similarity has been clarified by Faste (2012) when design is viewed as a kind of research, it could be the study of materials, technologies, design methodologies, design theories as well as the manufacturing processes. It could also involve education, historical or critical approaches. Besides that, the creation of new knowledge throughout the research may be a new idea, way of working or a conceptually visionary experimentation. The phrase „research by design‟ is widely used in the design field. However, it has not yet been defined (Friedman, 2008). On the other hand, The European Association of Architect Educations (2000) tries to define „research by design‟ as any kind of inquiry in which design is a substantial part of the research process. EAAE (2000) recognized with the Dutch practice at The Faculty of Architecture in Delft that „research by design‟ is similar to „research through design‟. The idea has been utilized as a part of various ways in which design and research are for the most part interconnected creating new understanding or information about the world through the act of designing (Hauberg, 2011). Furthermore, „research by design‟ develops critical inquiry through design work that may incorporate acknowledged activities, recommendations, conceivable substances and options. It produces forms of output and
  • 3. discourse proper to disciplinary practice, verbal and non-verbal that make it discussable, accessible and useful to peers and others (Hauberg, 2011). Through „research by design‟, concordance is sought between the methods of research and a form-giving, experimental design practice. „Research through design‟ is meant to investigate on existed research model, then experiment and the outcome would be a new design creation. It is also a combination of process and research climax. „Research through design‟ is also widely used by designers as it enables to envision the conceivable result in future. Frayling (1993) proposed „research through design‟ as one of the three forms of relationship between research and design in his paper. „Research through design‟ is not a new approach; the term itself is two decades old (Frayling, 1993). Moreover, Findeli (2004) mentioned that „research through design‟ as the “closest to the actual design practice, recasting the design aspect of creation as research.” Designers or researchers who use „research through design‟ actually create new products, experimenting with new materials and processes. Findeli (2004) and Frayling (1993) has common view towards „research through design‟, which is new outcome as the ultimate aim by studying existed source with conduct of experiment. It can be in all forms as long as it‟s relevant and similar processes result in creation of experienced artefacts. (Zimmerman, Forlizi & Evenson, 2007, p. 493) mentioned that “No agree upon research model existed for, designers to make research contributions other than the development and evaluation of new design methods”. This research method often being discussed and debated over the time as some of the sources are from „everywhere‟ which yet to get agree upon by professionals. Thus, it is always difficult for researcher to fully identify the current state of the approach through the ramification of publication. Faste (2012) in “Demystifying Design Research” mentioned „research through design‟ enables the enhanced performance of future design action through knowledge disseminated through broader means than that of traditional research. The most beneficial result of „research through design‟ would be for future investigation opens to greater probability. „Research informing design‟ is to investigate on legitimate research material and transfer it into design. The process would be the research and outcome as „research oriented design‟. Research into design is the most straightforward (Frayling, 1993). The most common research source is historical research, aesthetic research and research into variety of theoretical perspectives. Variety theoretical source could be in social, economic, political, ethical and cultural. It is straightforward as there are countless models and archives to study about. Design practitioners take part in research to seek inspiration, evaluating existing solutions and approaches to similar problems, identifying user needs, testing the usability of concepts, finding and experimenting with different materials, predicting the marketability of an idea and deliver them into the design (Faste, 2012).
  • 4. In conclusion, there are two different types of relationship amongst research and design. „Research informing design‟ and „research by design‟ both have similarities. The main tasks of these terminologies are to study philosophy and history while designing. Besides that, there are also a few aspects which could influence or inform the design process, such as precedent studies, studying architectural theories and also collecting empirical data. On the other hand, the similarities between „research through design‟ and „design as research‟ are creating new knowledge. The knowledge could be formed from part of the design process or at the end of design process. A designer has gone through explorations and experiments during the design process in order to generate relevant design method. It also involves study models, simulated models and diagrammatic exploration. Thus typical research tends to have the goal of narrowing its focus towards specific solutions to well-defined problems; design research often results in a broadening understanding of the problem domain and many alternative potential solutions. REFERENCES Faste, T., & Faste, H. (2012). Demystifying "Design Research": Design is not Research, Research is Design. Frayling, C. (1993). Research in Art and Design. Royal College Of Art Research Papers, 1(1). Friedman, K. (2008). Research into, by and for design. Journal Of Visual Arts Practice, 7(2). Godin, D., & Zahedi, M. (2014). Aspects of Research through Design: A Literature Review. Hauberg, J. (2011). Research by Design – a research strategy. Architecture & Education Journal. Jonas, W. (2006). Research Through Design Through Research - A problem statement and a conceptual sketch. Design Research Society - International Conference In Lisbon.