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sanskarinternationalschool-170624193937.pdf

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The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe between the late 18th and mid-19th centuries. It covers several key points: 1) The French Revolution of 1789 was a major catalyst, establishing concepts like the nation, citizenship, and symbols like the tricolour flag. 2) Napoleon standardized laws and administration across much of Europe but faced opposition. Nationalist sentiments grew across the continent. 3) Most of Europe was divided into different ethnic groups that spoke various languages. Nationalist movements aimed to unite these groups into nation states. 4) Several nationalist movements succeeded in the 19th century, most notably the unification of Germany and Italy, which had previously been divided territories.

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SANSKAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL HISTORY HOLIDAY HOMEWORK ON THE TOPIC
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE • The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French revolution in1789. • The ideas of la patrie the (fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. • A new French flag the tricolour as chosen to replace the former royal standard. • The estate general was elected by the citizens and renamed as the national assembly of France. • New hymns composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commenvorated in the name of nation. • A centralised system of administration was made. • Uniform system of weights and measures were practiced. • International customs and dues were abolished. • Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
THE NAPOLENIC CODE OF 1804 • He did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property. • He simplified the administrative division. • Abolished the feudal system and shade the peasants free from monorial dues. • Guild restrictions were removed • Transport and communication system were improved • The peasants, businessman they enjoyed freedom in many aspects. THE LIMITATIONS/SHORTCOMINGS OF 1804 CODE • The administrator were not coping up with the system. • Increase taxation and also control over the censorship. • Forced conscriptions of people to French armies.
EUROPE: A PATCHWORK OF DIFFERENT REGIONS AND DIALECTS • Most of the parts of europe was ruled by the kingdoms, cantors, and dutchies. • For example- the Habsburg empire –ruled over Austria, Hungary, Tyrol, Sudetenland, bohemia, etc. • Mostly the people in different territories spoke different dialects. • The aristocrats :- German language. • Lombardy and Venetia :-Italian speaking. • Hungary :-Magyar language. • Galicia :-polish language.
THE ARISTOCRACY • The aristocrats were the rich and wealthier people. • They own estates in the countryside. • They spoke French in higher class social gathering. • They set up marriage contacts within their social status. THE MIDDLE CLASS • They were the working class population. • The industrialist, businessman, professionals like teachers, lawyers, etc. are the middle class category. THE PEASANTS • The peasants were the small famers. • They were known as serfs and were assigned to cultivate the vast land holdings of the aristocrats/landlord.
THE LIBERALISM/IDEOLOGY OF LIBERAL NATIONALIST. • The term liberalism is derived from the Latin word liber meaning free. • Freedom for individual and equality before law. • Government of consent. • End of autocracy and clerical privileges. • Constitution and representation government through parliament. • Freedom of press.
LIBERALISM IN SOCIAL SPHERE • Freedom of market, movement of goods and capital. • Uniform system of weights, custom duties and measurement. So, with the initiative of Prussia a uniform custom union was made, that is called ‘zoleverein’. • The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. • The custom union again opened the network of railways for the movement of goods. THE CONSERVATIVES • The conservatives wanted establishment of traditional institutions i.e., monarchy, the church and social hierarchy. • They believed, a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy and abolition of serfdom and feudalism could strengthen monarchy. • They imposed censorship laws to control over freedom of speech in newspapers. • They criticized and curbed all the activities of the liberal nationalist against monarchy.
VIENNA CONGRESS (1815) The Vienna congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor duke Metternich. The bourbon dynasty which was deposed during the French revolution was restored to power. A series of states were created on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. But the German confederation of 39 states made by napoleon was left untouched. The intention was to restore monarchy and conservative order in europe.
GUISEPPE MAZZINI • Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. • He was born in genoa in 1807, founded two secret societies, ‘the young Italy’ in Marseilles, and ‘the young europe’ in Berne. • He also was a member of secret society at carboneeri. • At the age of 24, he was sent to exile in1831 for attempting a revolutionary in Liguria. • He said, “god has made the nation to be the natural units of mankind so, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of various kingdoms”. • Mettenich described mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of conservatives.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830- 1848 • The July revolution in France after the 1815, the liberal nationalist again installed a constitutional monarchy with louis Phillipe at is head. • Greek war of independence:- Greek was a part of ottoman empire so, the nationalist of Greece also wanted a freedom. So, with the support of many people Ex:-lord Byron organized funds to fight he war and finally in 832, with the treaty of Constantinople Greek was independent. • Hunger and hardship • (i)Increased population • (ii)Unemployment prevailed • (iii)Overcrowded spaces • (iv)advanced industrialization in England created hardships for the small producers. • (v)Bad harvest • (vi)Rise in food prices • (vii)widespread pauperism (extreme poverty) so, the people came out of the streets and protested.
REVOLT OF WEAVERS IN SILESIA • The people’s occupation in Silesia was mostly of ‘weaving’. • They got the raw materials from the contractors for making the finished goods. • But on return they were getting less wages and therefore they protested. • On 4th june,1845, a crowd of weavers, attacked on the residence of the contractors, broke the window panes and plundered the clothes. • In fear, the contractor fled away but after 24 hours again returned with a regiment of army and killed 11 of the weavers.
• The middle class professionals like shopkeepers, lawyers, businessmen demanded an all German national assembly. • So the assembled themselves in the Frankford parliament on 18th may 1848, with 831 representatives. • They drafted a constitution for German nation subject to a parliament. • When hey offered the crown to fredrich William IV under the above terms , he denied and joined with others monarchs to reject it. • So, the parliament was eroded.
ISSUE OF POLITICAL RIGHTS TO WOMEN The granting or issuing of political rights to women was a continues process . Women had participated actively in different movements. They formed their own political clubs founded magazines, participated n meetings and demonstratives. When the Frankfort parliament was convened, the women were admitted only as observers.
ROMANTICISM A cultural movement to install a nationalistic sentient among the people, through art, poetry music, dance and language. PAINTING (i) Fredric sorreau, a French artist prepared a painting which he called democratic and social republic. (ii) He portrays the statues of liberty as a symbol of freedom or independence. (iii) He showed the destruction of monarchy and a ‘utopian vision’. MUSIC AND DANCE (i) The German philosopher Johan Gott fried claimed German culture was to be discovered among the common people (dasvolk). (ii) So, he popularized poetry, folk songs among the peoples to create a nationalist sentiments. (iii) Karol kurpinski, celebrated the national struggles through music concerts ad operas. (iv) Folkdance forms like ‘polonaise’ and mazurka‘ became a symbol of nationalist sentiments. LANGUAGE (i) With the Russian occupation of Poland, language was banned, instead Russian language was imposed everywhere. (ii) But many people pf Poland like the clergies used the polish as a weapon of national resistance. (iii) Polish language was used for church/social gathering or religious instructions as a result a large no. of people were sent to jail of sabers as a punishment.
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY Germany was also a patchwork of different empires, kingdoms and dynasties. THE ROLE OF OTTOVON PRISMENK He was the chief minister of Prussian army and the efficient bureaucracy He fought a 3 wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France and had a victory. FINAL UNIFICATION After the Prussian victory, in 1876 king Kaiser William as appointed as the new German empire, subjected to parliament.
UNIFICATION OF ITALY • Like Germany, Italy was also scattered over different dynasties states out of which, only Sardinia piedmont was ruled by the Italian princely states. • The north was ruled by:- the Hapsburg empire of Austria • Then south was ruled :- the bourbon kings of Spain • The center :- by pope/romans. 1.Role of Guiseppe Mazzini :- • He put out coherent program for the participation. • He founded the secret societies like ‘young Italy’ and ‘young europe’ and planned out various strategies to unify Italy.
2.Role of Cavour :- • Cavour was neither a democrat nor a revolutionary but made a great contribution to the unification of Italy. • Being an influential; member of educated Italy, he spoke French better then Italian. • So he was able to set u a diplomatic alliance with France he was succeed in defeating the Austrian forces. 3.Role of garibaldi • Garibaldi also joined this movement with Cavour. • With the support of the local peasants of Italy, he succeed driving away the Spanish rulers from Italy. • 4.final verification • In 1861, victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of unified Italy • The common peasants of Italy thought ‘Italia’ as the wife of victor Emmanuel
UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN. 1.Incorporation of Scotland • (i) English nation considered to be an important nation in navy, trade and commerce. • So, they wanted to annex Scotland with the British isles. • With the ‘act of union ‘ (1767), signed between England and Scotland , there was the formation of ‘United kingdom of Britain’. • After that the British dominated the Scottish people in every aspect. • The Scottish language and culture was banned and English language and culture was promoted. 2.Incorporation of Ireland • Ireland was deeply divided into two communities the protestants and the Catholics. • The English helped the protestants to establish dominance aver the Catholics. • So, the revolt of Catholics led by wolf jone was suppressed by the protestants with the help of Britain. • Thus, Ireland was finally incorporated with great Britain. • A new British nation was formed. The symbols of new Britain(great Britain) • Was the national; flag (union jack)and the national anthem (god save our noble king)was created.
VISUALIZING THE NATION The nations are then portrayed through a abstract idea of a female figure, this is known as the ‘Allegory of nation’. The Allegory of France • The allegory of France is Christened Marianne. • Her characteristics were drawn from the idea of ‘liberty’ and ‘republic’. • She is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap and a cockade, holding a French tricolor. The Allegory of Germany • The allegory of Germany is Germania’. • She is shown wearing an armor, holding an imperial sword. • She is portrayed having a long flowing reddish hair wearing a crow of oak leaves as “oak” stands for heroism.
TENSION IN BALKAN • Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of modern day of Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, etc. • A large of Balkan was under the control of ottoman empire. • The spread of romanticism of ottoman empire, made this reason very explosive. • The various Slavic nationalities and that led to an event of tension. • The rivalry between the big powers of UK, Russia, Germany, to have a hold over Balkans made this area an explosive one.
GUIDED BY:- MRS.SEEMA SAHU. PREPARED BY:- MD SAQLAIN. CLASS:-10. SEC:- ‘B’. THANK YOU……….

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sanskarinternationalschool-170624193937.pdf

  • 2. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
  • 3. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE • The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French revolution in1789. • The ideas of la patrie the (fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. • A new French flag the tricolour as chosen to replace the former royal standard. • The estate general was elected by the citizens and renamed as the national assembly of France. • New hymns composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commenvorated in the name of nation. • A centralised system of administration was made. • Uniform system of weights and measures were practiced. • International customs and dues were abolished. • Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
  • 4. THE NAPOLENIC CODE OF 1804 • He did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property. • He simplified the administrative division. • Abolished the feudal system and shade the peasants free from monorial dues. • Guild restrictions were removed • Transport and communication system were improved • The peasants, businessman they enjoyed freedom in many aspects. THE LIMITATIONS/SHORTCOMINGS OF 1804 CODE • The administrator were not coping up with the system. • Increase taxation and also control over the censorship. • Forced conscriptions of people to French armies.
  • 5. EUROPE: A PATCHWORK OF DIFFERENT REGIONS AND DIALECTS • Most of the parts of europe was ruled by the kingdoms, cantors, and dutchies. • For example- the Habsburg empire –ruled over Austria, Hungary, Tyrol, Sudetenland, bohemia, etc. • Mostly the people in different territories spoke different dialects. • The aristocrats :- German language. • Lombardy and Venetia :-Italian speaking. • Hungary :-Magyar language. • Galicia :-polish language.
  • 6. THE ARISTOCRACY • The aristocrats were the rich and wealthier people. • They own estates in the countryside. • They spoke French in higher class social gathering. • They set up marriage contacts within their social status. THE MIDDLE CLASS • They were the working class population. • The industrialist, businessman, professionals like teachers, lawyers, etc. are the middle class category. THE PEASANTS • The peasants were the small famers. • They were known as serfs and were assigned to cultivate the vast land holdings of the aristocrats/landlord.
  • 7. THE LIBERALISM/IDEOLOGY OF LIBERAL NATIONALIST. • The term liberalism is derived from the Latin word liber meaning free. • Freedom for individual and equality before law. • Government of consent. • End of autocracy and clerical privileges. • Constitution and representation government through parliament. • Freedom of press.
  • 8. LIBERALISM IN SOCIAL SPHERE • Freedom of market, movement of goods and capital. • Uniform system of weights, custom duties and measurement. So, with the initiative of Prussia a uniform custom union was made, that is called ‘zoleverein’. • The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. • The custom union again opened the network of railways for the movement of goods. THE CONSERVATIVES • The conservatives wanted establishment of traditional institutions i.e., monarchy, the church and social hierarchy. • They believed, a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy and abolition of serfdom and feudalism could strengthen monarchy. • They imposed censorship laws to control over freedom of speech in newspapers. • They criticized and curbed all the activities of the liberal nationalist against monarchy.
  • 9. VIENNA CONGRESS (1815) The Vienna congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor duke Metternich. The bourbon dynasty which was deposed during the French revolution was restored to power. A series of states were created on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. But the German confederation of 39 states made by napoleon was left untouched. The intention was to restore monarchy and conservative order in europe.
  • 10. GUISEPPE MAZZINI • Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. • He was born in genoa in 1807, founded two secret societies, ‘the young Italy’ in Marseilles, and ‘the young europe’ in Berne. • He also was a member of secret society at carboneeri. • At the age of 24, he was sent to exile in1831 for attempting a revolutionary in Liguria. • He said, “god has made the nation to be the natural units of mankind so, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of various kingdoms”. • Mettenich described mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of conservatives.
  • 11. THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830- 1848 • The July revolution in France after the 1815, the liberal nationalist again installed a constitutional monarchy with louis Phillipe at is head. • Greek war of independence:- Greek was a part of ottoman empire so, the nationalist of Greece also wanted a freedom. So, with the support of many people Ex:-lord Byron organized funds to fight he war and finally in 832, with the treaty of Constantinople Greek was independent. • Hunger and hardship • (i)Increased population • (ii)Unemployment prevailed • (iii)Overcrowded spaces • (iv)advanced industrialization in England created hardships for the small producers. • (v)Bad harvest • (vi)Rise in food prices • (vii)widespread pauperism (extreme poverty) so, the people came out of the streets and protested.
  • 12. REVOLT OF WEAVERS IN SILESIA • The people’s occupation in Silesia was mostly of ‘weaving’. • They got the raw materials from the contractors for making the finished goods. • But on return they were getting less wages and therefore they protested. • On 4th june,1845, a crowd of weavers, attacked on the residence of the contractors, broke the window panes and plundered the clothes. • In fear, the contractor fled away but after 24 hours again returned with a regiment of army and killed 11 of the weavers.
  • 13. • The middle class professionals like shopkeepers, lawyers, businessmen demanded an all German national assembly. • So the assembled themselves in the Frankford parliament on 18th may 1848, with 831 representatives. • They drafted a constitution for German nation subject to a parliament. • When hey offered the crown to fredrich William IV under the above terms , he denied and joined with others monarchs to reject it. • So, the parliament was eroded.
  • 14. ISSUE OF POLITICAL RIGHTS TO WOMEN The granting or issuing of political rights to women was a continues process . Women had participated actively in different movements. They formed their own political clubs founded magazines, participated n meetings and demonstratives. When the Frankfort parliament was convened, the women were admitted only as observers.
  • 15. ROMANTICISM A cultural movement to install a nationalistic sentient among the people, through art, poetry music, dance and language. PAINTING (i) Fredric sorreau, a French artist prepared a painting which he called democratic and social republic. (ii) He portrays the statues of liberty as a symbol of freedom or independence. (iii) He showed the destruction of monarchy and a ‘utopian vision’. MUSIC AND DANCE (i) The German philosopher Johan Gott fried claimed German culture was to be discovered among the common people (dasvolk). (ii) So, he popularized poetry, folk songs among the peoples to create a nationalist sentiments. (iii) Karol kurpinski, celebrated the national struggles through music concerts ad operas. (iv) Folkdance forms like ‘polonaise’ and mazurka‘ became a symbol of nationalist sentiments. LANGUAGE (i) With the Russian occupation of Poland, language was banned, instead Russian language was imposed everywhere. (ii) But many people pf Poland like the clergies used the polish as a weapon of national resistance. (iii) Polish language was used for church/social gathering or religious instructions as a result a large no. of people were sent to jail of sabers as a punishment.
  • 16. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY Germany was also a patchwork of different empires, kingdoms and dynasties. THE ROLE OF OTTOVON PRISMENK He was the chief minister of Prussian army and the efficient bureaucracy He fought a 3 wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France and had a victory. FINAL UNIFICATION After the Prussian victory, in 1876 king Kaiser William as appointed as the new German empire, subjected to parliament.
  • 17. UNIFICATION OF ITALY • Like Germany, Italy was also scattered over different dynasties states out of which, only Sardinia piedmont was ruled by the Italian princely states. • The north was ruled by:- the Hapsburg empire of Austria • Then south was ruled :- the bourbon kings of Spain • The center :- by pope/romans. 1.Role of Guiseppe Mazzini :- • He put out coherent program for the participation. • He founded the secret societies like ‘young Italy’ and ‘young europe’ and planned out various strategies to unify Italy.
  • 18. 2.Role of Cavour :- • Cavour was neither a democrat nor a revolutionary but made a great contribution to the unification of Italy. • Being an influential; member of educated Italy, he spoke French better then Italian. • So he was able to set u a diplomatic alliance with France he was succeed in defeating the Austrian forces. 3.Role of garibaldi • Garibaldi also joined this movement with Cavour. • With the support of the local peasants of Italy, he succeed driving away the Spanish rulers from Italy. • 4.final verification • In 1861, victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of unified Italy • The common peasants of Italy thought ‘Italia’ as the wife of victor Emmanuel
  • 19. UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN. 1.Incorporation of Scotland • (i) English nation considered to be an important nation in navy, trade and commerce. • So, they wanted to annex Scotland with the British isles. • With the ‘act of union ‘ (1767), signed between England and Scotland , there was the formation of ‘United kingdom of Britain’. • After that the British dominated the Scottish people in every aspect. • The Scottish language and culture was banned and English language and culture was promoted. 2.Incorporation of Ireland • Ireland was deeply divided into two communities the protestants and the Catholics. • The English helped the protestants to establish dominance aver the Catholics. • So, the revolt of Catholics led by wolf jone was suppressed by the protestants with the help of Britain. • Thus, Ireland was finally incorporated with great Britain. • A new British nation was formed. The symbols of new Britain(great Britain) • Was the national; flag (union jack)and the national anthem (god save our noble king)was created.
  • 20. VISUALIZING THE NATION The nations are then portrayed through a abstract idea of a female figure, this is known as the ‘Allegory of nation’. The Allegory of France • The allegory of France is Christened Marianne. • Her characteristics were drawn from the idea of ‘liberty’ and ‘republic’. • She is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap and a cockade, holding a French tricolor. The Allegory of Germany • The allegory of Germany is Germania’. • She is shown wearing an armor, holding an imperial sword. • She is portrayed having a long flowing reddish hair wearing a crow of oak leaves as “oak” stands for heroism.
  • 21. TENSION IN BALKAN • Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of modern day of Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, etc. • A large of Balkan was under the control of ottoman empire. • The spread of romanticism of ottoman empire, made this reason very explosive. • The various Slavic nationalities and that led to an event of tension. • The rivalry between the big powers of UK, Russia, Germany, to have a hold over Balkans made this area an explosive one.
  • 22. GUIDED BY:- MRS.SEEMA SAHU. PREPARED BY:- MD SAQLAIN. CLASS:-10. SEC:- ‘B’. THANK YOU……….