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Scented Rose.pptx

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Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.

Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield

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Dr. M. Kumaresan Assistant professor Dept. of Horticulture Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield Lecture No.:2
SCENTED ROSE  Rose – Rosa spp  Chromosome Number n =7  Family – Rosaceae  National flower of USA, England, Bulgaria and UK
 Queen of flowers  Predominantly grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab  Rose oil production is done in Bulgaria, Turkey, France and Morocco  Symbol of love, adoration, innocence  Miniature roses (or) button roses are mostly grown for loose flowers, indoor display and pot culture  Major districts for loose flower production: Krishnagiri, Dindigul and Madurai
Loose flower roses are primarily produced for worship, garland and veni making Flowers can be dried and preserved and used in many dry flower arrangements Some value added products like rose vinegar, rose jam, rose wine, rose jelly, rose water and gulkand can be also prepared from rose flowers. Damask rose and Edouard rose are good source for the extraction of rose water, and rose oil (Otto of rose). Rose oil is commercially used for the preparation of cosmetics, perfumes and flavors which are exported.
Rosa species contains about 120 species and more than 30,000 cultivars (Rehder, 1947) Important Scented Rose spp. Damask Rose – Rosa damascena Bourbon Rose - Rosa bourboniana Cabbage Rose - Rosa centifolia French Rose - Rosa gallica Alba Rose - Rosa alba Musk Rose - Rosa moschata Rugosa Rose - Rosa rugosa
DAMASK ROSE Rosa damascena • Rosa gallica x Rosa phoenicia • Light to moderate pink • Propagated by hardwood and semi hardwood cutting • The flower petals are double and also edible • Sweet scented • Commercially harvested for rose oil either "rose Otto" or "rose absolute“ • Petals has 0.03-0.04% of rose oil.
BOURBON ROSE Rosa bourboniana • Rosa chinensis x Rosa damascena • Edward Rose • It is a vigorous shrub with erect shoots • Flowers are large, double with silky petals • Very scented • White to Deep rosy red • Cultivated mainly on southern states and M.P • Gulkand and rose water
FRENCH ROSE Rosa gallica • Rosa gallica is a deciduous shrub • Native to southern and central Europe • The flowers are large, single and produced in clusters • Good Fragrance • Deep pink and purple • Propagated by Cuttings • Sucker profusely
MUSK ROSE Rosa moschata • Rosa moschata is a good shrub and vigorous climber • Grows wild in Himalayas • Flowers are single, white and tips are ovate • Musky fragrance • Produced in clusters
CABBAGE ROSE Rosa centifolia • Highly scented • Pink, White to dark red- purple. • Commercially grown in France • Commonly used in perfumery.
ALBA Rosa alba • Rosa gallica x Rosa corymbifera • It is hardy and erect bush • Flowers are semi-double and borne in clusters • Bear whitish or pinkish sweetly scented flowers • White rose – oil extraction in Bulgaria
RUGOSA Rosa rugosa • Japanese roses • Native to eastern Asia • Rosa rugosa is a extremely vigorous and hardy • Resistant to cold and can grow in poor soils • Bear large red or white flowers • The flowers are pleasantly scented • Bushy roses are propagated by cuttings • Standard roses are propagated by seeds
Varieties for Loose flower Production Two varieties viz., Edouard rose and Andhra Red rose are cultivated for loose flower production. Edouard rose It also known as Paneer rose because of its pleasant fragrance, It bears flowers in clusteres Pinky rose in colour Prone to petal shedding Comes up even is slightly saline and alkaline soils Used for floral concrete extraction
Andhra Red Andhra Red It also known as common red rose Bears attractive red flowers on short stalks Requires good quality water for commercial cultivation Comparatively less prone to petal shedding
Soil and climate Soil Although any soil is good for rose cultivation provided it has proper drainage, the ideal soil should be medium loam having sufficient organic matter, with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5 Climate • Day temperature of 26˚C • Night temperature of 15˚C Roses grow well in tropical regions of India at lower attitudes In subtropical climates, roses can be obtained from November to April
Propagation Roses can be propagated both by seeds and by vegetative methods like- Cuttings Seed propagation Treatment of flowers, 10 days after pollination, with 3 drops of 250 ppm solution of GA3 improved fruit set and the potential seed yield Stratify the seeds at 350 to 400 F (1.6 - 4.40 C) after harvest. Stratification for six weeks is sufficient for R. multiflora, R. rugosa, and R. hugonis require 4 to 6 months, and R. blanda, 10 months for better germination ABA was much higher in the achenes that inhibit germination
ROSE HIPS • The rose hip is the fruit of the rose plant • Bright red to orange in color and Oblong • Rose hips are high in vitamin C (150 mg/ 100 g) content • Rose hips are used for jam, jelly, wine and marmalade.
ROSE SEEDS • Rose seeds are called as Achne • Rose seeds are colleted from rose hips • The cleaned rose seeds were placed on a moist paper towel and sprinkled with Captan. • The paper towel was then folded and placed inside a plastic zip-lock bag and sealed • The baggie full of seeds was stored in the refrigerator • At the end of February, the seeds were taken out and planted into pots • Perlite is used as growing medium
Vegetative propagation Cutting • Commercially, Andhra Red and Edouard Roses are multiplied through rooted cuttings • Cuttings of pencil thickness having 5 to 7 nodes measuring around 15 cm in length are planted in June, July months in mist chamber • The rooting can be improved by dipping the cuttings in growth regulators like IAA or IBA at 500 ppm • R. multiflora, R. borboniana and R. moschata propagated by cutting Root-cuttings • Rose plants raised from root-cuttings were more resistant to frost than those from stem cuttings • Rose species like R. blanda, R. nitida and R. virginiana can be propagated by root-cutting
Pit size : 45cm3 Spacing Andra Red and Edouard Roses : 2m x 1m Time of Planting Tamil Nadu : June - July and November-December Mild tropical climate : any time of the year Pune, Nasik, Bangalore, Mysore, Belgaum and Dharwar: late May and June and September to December. Temperate zones : October to February. Plains of eastern India: October to February, South India: October to December West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa: September to December Northern Indian plains : middle of October, extended up to February.
NUTRITION FYM - 20 kg/plant NPK - 6:12:12g/plant Application in 2 splits : (1) After pruning in Oct (2) July MICRONUTRIENTS: Foliar application of 0.2% micronutrient mixture containing 20 g MnSO4 + 15 g MgSO4 + 10 g FeSO4 + 5 g B BIOFERTILIZERS: Soil application of 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria per ha Mixed with 10kg of FYM and applied in pits
Growth regulators BA: 100 ppm reduced leaf yellowing GA3: 250 ppm increases flower yield CCC 3% : decrease shoot growth, stimulated branching, induced early flowering and decreased flower size Paclobutrazol: 150 ppm resulted in plants with greener leaves and more mildew resistance
Irrigation management in scented rose Water requirement of roses depend upon soil type and seasons. During winter, irrigation is done at about 7-10 days interval whereas during summer it should be done at an interval of 5-6 days.
Training Nip off the terminals after establishment during Oct-Nov to promote development of lateral branches. Allow 4-5 strong laterals to grow from the base so as to establish a better spread of the plant Pruning Best time of pruning is the period when the activity of rose plant is least and the plant is dormant to near dormant stage. Pruning time will depend on climatic conditions of the particular region. Pruning is done by cutting back the vigorous past season shoots to half the length. All the weak, diseased, criss-crossing and unproductive shoots are removed.
Under Tamil Nadu conditions , in the plains, mostly pruning is carried out during Oct-Nov Cut ends should be protected with a fungicidal paste of Bordeaux or Copper oxychloride + Carbaryl 50 WP. Rejuvenation After 5-6 years the plants are to be rejuvenated. Cut back all the main branches at 15-20 cm from the base. Apply Bordeaux paste over cut ends to prevent diseases.
Harvesting Flowering starts from 1st year onwards. Economic yield can be obtained from 2nd year. Flowers for loose flower trade are harvested when the flower buds are in half open stage and harvesting should be done during the morning hours. Yield: 6-10 t/ha cup shape stage
High temperature during harvest reduces oil content of flower (Baydar and Baydar ,2005) due to removal of essential oil from the trichomes of the petals (Weiss,1997). One kg of rose oil can be obtained from about 3000 kg of rose petals (Baser,1992), so oil content is only about 0.03%. Price of essential oil : 1.5 lakh per kg
Handling The harvested flowers are packed in bamboo baskets lined with wet paper or wet cloth; and water is sprinkled over them to keep them a fresh till it reaches the market. The flowers are immediately sent to the market for disposal.
Value addition in Roses Rose oil is extracted by steam distillation mainly from R. damascena. R. bourboniana & R. centifolia The oil yield is 1 kg from 3000-4000 kg of flowers by stem distillation. Gulkand is a preparation made by pounding rose petals with white sugar in equal proportions. Pankhauri is nothing but dried rose petals occasionally used for preparation of sweetened cold drinks Bulgarian rose oil: best rose oil in the world
Plant protection Pest and disease management in scented rose
The most common diseases that affect the scented rose are Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae wolf), Rust (Phragmidium mucronatum pers.), Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa wallr.) and Botrytis blight (Botrytis cinerea pers.: Fr.) The important bacterial disease on rose is bacterial crown gall, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens The main fungal diseases can be controlled by regular application of 1 % Bordeaux mixture or 0.2 % mancozeb. The fungicides viz., Baikor and Impact are reported to be most effective against rust and black spot diseases
Powdery Mildew : Sphaerotheca pannosa
Powdery Mildew Spray Carbendazim 1 g/lit or Wettable sulphur at 2 g/lit.
Downy mildew - Peronospora sparsa SYMPTOMS: This fungus is characterized by purplish to black areas on leaves, stems, and peduncles. This is followed by yellowing of the leaflets and complete defoliation of the plant. Control: Mancozeb (Fore) and chlorothalonil (Daconil & FungiGard) – 1 ml/l
CONTROL: Spray Carbendazim 1 g/lit twice at fortnightly intervals or Dithane M-45 1ml/l Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae)
Dieback (Botryodiplodia theobromae) The disease appears in maximum severity following pruning of canes after monsoon. Spread faster at 30-320C, High humidity CONTROL: Bavistin or benomyl and chlorothalonil 0.1% spray
CANKER Canker begin as small yellow to red spots in the bark and gradually expand. The centers of the cankers become light brown and the margin darker brown : Cool moist weather conditions. Free moisture may be needed Control: This fungus will be controlled by Spraying of Carbendazim 1 g/lit
Bacterial Crown Gall - Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gall formations on the crown and roots Rough-surfaced galls occur at near the soil line, at graft or bud union, or on roots and stems. The galls may be hard or soft and spongy. They can be large and usually are greenish or dark. Exhibit yellowish foliage and may eventually die.
CONDITIONS: Bacterial pathogen enters plant through wounds, either natural or caused by pruning, grafting, or mechanical injury by tools. The Bacteria persistent in soil for long time and easily moved by moving soil or transplanting
Oil bearing roses are attacked by a number of insects, some of the most important are Aphids (Macrosiphum rosae L.), Cane borer (Agrilus cuprescens men.), Rose scale insect (Rodoccocus bulgariensis wunn.), and Red spider mite (Tetranychus telarius) (Joy et al., 2001; Mann, 2002 Rusanov et al., 2009). Insects that particularly attack the flowers are chafer beetles, thrips, midges, and sawflies (Weiss, 1997).
Aphids Overuse of fertilizer may favor the buildup of aphid populations. Control: Spray methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit Spray Neem oil 3 % or phosalone 35 EC 2 ml/lit.
Aphids
Beetles Beetle species feed on roses but the Japanese beetle is the key pest. It prefers cultivars with light colored, fragrant blooms. The beetles eat entire flower petals and skeletonize leaves, disturbing roses during July and August. Control: Spray Endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit.
Scale Control: Rub off the scales with cotton soaked in kerosene or diesel. Cut and burn the affected branches. Spray malathion 50 EC 2 ml/lit at the time of pruning and again during March - April or Apply carbofuran 3G 5 g/plant
Miniature / Button Roses • Popularly known as ‘Baby roses’ with small leaves & flowers • They are hardy and good for pot culture • Multiplied by cuttings as well as budding on root stocks • Eg: Baby gold star (1940), Baby Masquerade (1956), Cindrella (1952), peon (1936), etc • Despite their small size, miniature roses are extremely hardy • In fact they are more winter hardy than most tea roses • Miniatures also tend to be profuse repeat bloomers
Scented Rose.pptx

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Scented Rose.pptx

  • 1. Dr. M. Kumaresan Assistant professor Dept. of Horticulture Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield Lecture No.:2
  • 2. SCENTED ROSE  Rose – Rosa spp  Chromosome Number n =7  Family – Rosaceae  National flower of USA, England, Bulgaria and UK
  • 3.  Queen of flowers  Predominantly grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab  Rose oil production is done in Bulgaria, Turkey, France and Morocco  Symbol of love, adoration, innocence  Miniature roses (or) button roses are mostly grown for loose flowers, indoor display and pot culture  Major districts for loose flower production: Krishnagiri, Dindigul and Madurai
  • 4. Loose flower roses are primarily produced for worship, garland and veni making Flowers can be dried and preserved and used in many dry flower arrangements Some value added products like rose vinegar, rose jam, rose wine, rose jelly, rose water and gulkand can be also prepared from rose flowers. Damask rose and Edouard rose are good source for the extraction of rose water, and rose oil (Otto of rose). Rose oil is commercially used for the preparation of cosmetics, perfumes and flavors which are exported.
  • 5. Rosa species contains about 120 species and more than 30,000 cultivars (Rehder, 1947) Important Scented Rose spp. Damask Rose – Rosa damascena Bourbon Rose - Rosa bourboniana Cabbage Rose - Rosa centifolia French Rose - Rosa gallica Alba Rose - Rosa alba Musk Rose - Rosa moschata Rugosa Rose - Rosa rugosa
  • 6. DAMASK ROSE Rosa damascena • Rosa gallica x Rosa phoenicia • Light to moderate pink • Propagated by hardwood and semi hardwood cutting • The flower petals are double and also edible • Sweet scented • Commercially harvested for rose oil either "rose Otto" or "rose absolute“ • Petals has 0.03-0.04% of rose oil.
  • 7. BOURBON ROSE Rosa bourboniana • Rosa chinensis x Rosa damascena • Edward Rose • It is a vigorous shrub with erect shoots • Flowers are large, double with silky petals • Very scented • White to Deep rosy red • Cultivated mainly on southern states and M.P • Gulkand and rose water
  • 8. FRENCH ROSE Rosa gallica • Rosa gallica is a deciduous shrub • Native to southern and central Europe • The flowers are large, single and produced in clusters • Good Fragrance • Deep pink and purple • Propagated by Cuttings • Sucker profusely
  • 9. MUSK ROSE Rosa moschata • Rosa moschata is a good shrub and vigorous climber • Grows wild in Himalayas • Flowers are single, white and tips are ovate • Musky fragrance • Produced in clusters
  • 10. CABBAGE ROSE Rosa centifolia • Highly scented • Pink, White to dark red- purple. • Commercially grown in France • Commonly used in perfumery.
  • 11. ALBA Rosa alba • Rosa gallica x Rosa corymbifera • It is hardy and erect bush • Flowers are semi-double and borne in clusters • Bear whitish or pinkish sweetly scented flowers • White rose – oil extraction in Bulgaria
  • 12. RUGOSA Rosa rugosa • Japanese roses • Native to eastern Asia • Rosa rugosa is a extremely vigorous and hardy • Resistant to cold and can grow in poor soils • Bear large red or white flowers • The flowers are pleasantly scented • Bushy roses are propagated by cuttings • Standard roses are propagated by seeds
  • 13. Varieties for Loose flower Production Two varieties viz., Edouard rose and Andhra Red rose are cultivated for loose flower production. Edouard rose It also known as Paneer rose because of its pleasant fragrance, It bears flowers in clusteres Pinky rose in colour Prone to petal shedding Comes up even is slightly saline and alkaline soils Used for floral concrete extraction
  • 14. Andhra Red Andhra Red It also known as common red rose Bears attractive red flowers on short stalks Requires good quality water for commercial cultivation Comparatively less prone to petal shedding
  • 15. Soil and climate Soil Although any soil is good for rose cultivation provided it has proper drainage, the ideal soil should be medium loam having sufficient organic matter, with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5 Climate • Day temperature of 26˚C • Night temperature of 15˚C Roses grow well in tropical regions of India at lower attitudes In subtropical climates, roses can be obtained from November to April
  • 16. Propagation Roses can be propagated both by seeds and by vegetative methods like- Cuttings Seed propagation Treatment of flowers, 10 days after pollination, with 3 drops of 250 ppm solution of GA3 improved fruit set and the potential seed yield Stratify the seeds at 350 to 400 F (1.6 - 4.40 C) after harvest. Stratification for six weeks is sufficient for R. multiflora, R. rugosa, and R. hugonis require 4 to 6 months, and R. blanda, 10 months for better germination ABA was much higher in the achenes that inhibit germination
  • 17. ROSE HIPS • The rose hip is the fruit of the rose plant • Bright red to orange in color and Oblong • Rose hips are high in vitamin C (150 mg/ 100 g) content • Rose hips are used for jam, jelly, wine and marmalade.
  • 18. ROSE SEEDS • Rose seeds are called as Achne • Rose seeds are colleted from rose hips • The cleaned rose seeds were placed on a moist paper towel and sprinkled with Captan. • The paper towel was then folded and placed inside a plastic zip-lock bag and sealed • The baggie full of seeds was stored in the refrigerator • At the end of February, the seeds were taken out and planted into pots • Perlite is used as growing medium
  • 19. Vegetative propagation Cutting • Commercially, Andhra Red and Edouard Roses are multiplied through rooted cuttings • Cuttings of pencil thickness having 5 to 7 nodes measuring around 15 cm in length are planted in June, July months in mist chamber • The rooting can be improved by dipping the cuttings in growth regulators like IAA or IBA at 500 ppm • R. multiflora, R. borboniana and R. moschata propagated by cutting Root-cuttings • Rose plants raised from root-cuttings were more resistant to frost than those from stem cuttings • Rose species like R. blanda, R. nitida and R. virginiana can be propagated by root-cutting
  • 20. Pit size : 45cm3 Spacing Andra Red and Edouard Roses : 2m x 1m Time of Planting Tamil Nadu : June - July and November-December Mild tropical climate : any time of the year Pune, Nasik, Bangalore, Mysore, Belgaum and Dharwar: late May and June and September to December. Temperate zones : October to February. Plains of eastern India: October to February, South India: October to December West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa: September to December Northern Indian plains : middle of October, extended up to February.
  • 21. NUTRITION FYM - 20 kg/plant NPK - 6:12:12g/plant Application in 2 splits : (1) After pruning in Oct (2) July MICRONUTRIENTS: Foliar application of 0.2% micronutrient mixture containing 20 g MnSO4 + 15 g MgSO4 + 10 g FeSO4 + 5 g B BIOFERTILIZERS: Soil application of 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria per ha Mixed with 10kg of FYM and applied in pits
  • 22. Growth regulators BA: 100 ppm reduced leaf yellowing GA3: 250 ppm increases flower yield CCC 3% : decrease shoot growth, stimulated branching, induced early flowering and decreased flower size Paclobutrazol: 150 ppm resulted in plants with greener leaves and more mildew resistance
  • 23. Irrigation management in scented rose Water requirement of roses depend upon soil type and seasons. During winter, irrigation is done at about 7-10 days interval whereas during summer it should be done at an interval of 5-6 days.
  • 24. Training Nip off the terminals after establishment during Oct-Nov to promote development of lateral branches. Allow 4-5 strong laterals to grow from the base so as to establish a better spread of the plant Pruning Best time of pruning is the period when the activity of rose plant is least and the plant is dormant to near dormant stage. Pruning time will depend on climatic conditions of the particular region. Pruning is done by cutting back the vigorous past season shoots to half the length. All the weak, diseased, criss-crossing and unproductive shoots are removed.
  • 25. Under Tamil Nadu conditions , in the plains, mostly pruning is carried out during Oct-Nov Cut ends should be protected with a fungicidal paste of Bordeaux or Copper oxychloride + Carbaryl 50 WP. Rejuvenation After 5-6 years the plants are to be rejuvenated. Cut back all the main branches at 15-20 cm from the base. Apply Bordeaux paste over cut ends to prevent diseases.
  • 26. Harvesting Flowering starts from 1st year onwards. Economic yield can be obtained from 2nd year. Flowers for loose flower trade are harvested when the flower buds are in half open stage and harvesting should be done during the morning hours. Yield: 6-10 t/ha cup shape stage
  • 27. High temperature during harvest reduces oil content of flower (Baydar and Baydar ,2005) due to removal of essential oil from the trichomes of the petals (Weiss,1997). One kg of rose oil can be obtained from about 3000 kg of rose petals (Baser,1992), so oil content is only about 0.03%. Price of essential oil : 1.5 lakh per kg
  • 28. Handling The harvested flowers are packed in bamboo baskets lined with wet paper or wet cloth; and water is sprinkled over them to keep them a fresh till it reaches the market. The flowers are immediately sent to the market for disposal.
  • 29. Value addition in Roses Rose oil is extracted by steam distillation mainly from R. damascena. R. bourboniana & R. centifolia The oil yield is 1 kg from 3000-4000 kg of flowers by stem distillation. Gulkand is a preparation made by pounding rose petals with white sugar in equal proportions. Pankhauri is nothing but dried rose petals occasionally used for preparation of sweetened cold drinks Bulgarian rose oil: best rose oil in the world
  • 30. Plant protection Pest and disease management in scented rose
  • 31. The most common diseases that affect the scented rose are Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae wolf), Rust (Phragmidium mucronatum pers.), Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa wallr.) and Botrytis blight (Botrytis cinerea pers.: Fr.) The important bacterial disease on rose is bacterial crown gall, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens The main fungal diseases can be controlled by regular application of 1 % Bordeaux mixture or 0.2 % mancozeb. The fungicides viz., Baikor and Impact are reported to be most effective against rust and black spot diseases
  • 32. Powdery Mildew : Sphaerotheca pannosa
  • 33. Powdery Mildew Spray Carbendazim 1 g/lit or Wettable sulphur at 2 g/lit.
  • 34. Downy mildew - Peronospora sparsa SYMPTOMS: This fungus is characterized by purplish to black areas on leaves, stems, and peduncles. This is followed by yellowing of the leaflets and complete defoliation of the plant. Control: Mancozeb (Fore) and chlorothalonil (Daconil & FungiGard) – 1 ml/l
  • 35. CONTROL: Spray Carbendazim 1 g/lit twice at fortnightly intervals or Dithane M-45 1ml/l Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae)
  • 36. Dieback (Botryodiplodia theobromae) The disease appears in maximum severity following pruning of canes after monsoon. Spread faster at 30-320C, High humidity CONTROL: Bavistin or benomyl and chlorothalonil 0.1% spray
  • 37. CANKER Canker begin as small yellow to red spots in the bark and gradually expand. The centers of the cankers become light brown and the margin darker brown : Cool moist weather conditions. Free moisture may be needed Control: This fungus will be controlled by Spraying of Carbendazim 1 g/lit
  • 38. Bacterial Crown Gall - Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gall formations on the crown and roots Rough-surfaced galls occur at near the soil line, at graft or bud union, or on roots and stems. The galls may be hard or soft and spongy. They can be large and usually are greenish or dark. Exhibit yellowish foliage and may eventually die.
  • 39. CONDITIONS: Bacterial pathogen enters plant through wounds, either natural or caused by pruning, grafting, or mechanical injury by tools. The Bacteria persistent in soil for long time and easily moved by moving soil or transplanting
  • 40. Oil bearing roses are attacked by a number of insects, some of the most important are Aphids (Macrosiphum rosae L.), Cane borer (Agrilus cuprescens men.), Rose scale insect (Rodoccocus bulgariensis wunn.), and Red spider mite (Tetranychus telarius) (Joy et al., 2001; Mann, 2002 Rusanov et al., 2009). Insects that particularly attack the flowers are chafer beetles, thrips, midges, and sawflies (Weiss, 1997).
  • 41. Aphids Overuse of fertilizer may favor the buildup of aphid populations. Control: Spray methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit Spray Neem oil 3 % or phosalone 35 EC 2 ml/lit.
  • 43. Beetles Beetle species feed on roses but the Japanese beetle is the key pest. It prefers cultivars with light colored, fragrant blooms. The beetles eat entire flower petals and skeletonize leaves, disturbing roses during July and August. Control: Spray Endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit.
  • 44. Scale Control: Rub off the scales with cotton soaked in kerosene or diesel. Cut and burn the affected branches. Spray malathion 50 EC 2 ml/lit at the time of pruning and again during March - April or Apply carbofuran 3G 5 g/plant
  • 45. Miniature / Button Roses • Popularly known as ‘Baby roses’ with small leaves & flowers • They are hardy and good for pot culture • Multiplied by cuttings as well as budding on root stocks • Eg: Baby gold star (1940), Baby Masquerade (1956), Cindrella (1952), peon (1936), etc • Despite their small size, miniature roses are extremely hardy • In fact they are more winter hardy than most tea roses • Miniatures also tend to be profuse repeat bloomers