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Setellite image sensors

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ASSIGNMENT Advanced Remote Sensing & GIS Submitted by Md. Asif Hasan Date: August 1, 2019 Course No: GMT 503
LANDSAT 7 Involving three large American governmental organizations: NASA, NOAA and USGS launched on April 15, 1999. Landsat 7 is equipped with ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus), which provides a ground survey in four modes: VNIR (Visible and Near Infrared), SWIR (Shortwave Infrared), PAN (Panchromatic - Panchromatic range), TIR (Thermal infrared - Thermal infrared range). The Landsat 7 ETM+ instrument is designed with the significant exception of the thermal infrared band, where the ground resolution has been improved from 120 to 60 m. The ETM instrument incorporates a new 15 m panchromatic band, as well as a 9-bit analog to digital converter. The panchromatic band was added to provide higher spatial landsat 7 resolution observations, as a compliment to the 30 m multispectral measurements. In order to limit the telemetered data stream to a reasonable volume, a 9-bit A-to-D system was designed so that either the upper or lower 8 bits of the radiometry could be provided from the system. This introduces the potential for two gain states (high and low), which, particularly for dark landscapes, could increase the radiometric signal. At an altitude of 705 km, a full surface scan by Landsat 7 takes 232 turns, or 16 days. The terrain survey takes place at approximately 10 am (± 15 minutes) according to local solar time. Characteristics- Launch Date: April 15, 1999 Vehicle: Delta II Site: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California Spacecraft  Power provided by a single Sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries  Attitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading  Orbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets  Weight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)  Length: 4.3 m (14 ft)  Diameter: 2.8 m (9 ft) Communications  Direct Downlink with Solid State Recorders (SSR)  Data rate: 150 Mbps
Orbit  Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system  Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)  233 orbit cycle; covers the entire globe every 16 days (except for the highest polar latitudes)  Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)  Circles the Earth every 98.9 minutes  Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes Sensors:  ETM+ : The Landsat 7 ETM+ instrument is designed with the significant exception of the thermal infrared band, where the ground resolution has been improved from 120 to 60 m. Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi) LANDSAT 7 BANDS Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications ETM+ 1 Blue 0.45-0.52 30 Bathymetric mapping, distinguishing soil from vegetation, and deciduous from coniferous vegetation ETM+ 2 Green 0.52-0.60 30 Emphasizes peak vegetation, which is useful for assessing plant vigor ETM+ 3 Red 0.63-0.69 30 Discriminates vegetation slopes ETM+ 4 NIR 0.77-0.90 30 Emphasizes biomass content and shorelines ETM+ 5 SWIR 1 1.55-1.75 30 Discriminates moisture content of soil and vegetation; penetrates thin clouds
Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications ETM+ 6 Thermal 10.40-12.50 60*(30) Thermal mapping and estimated soil moisture ETM+ 7 SWIR 2 2.09-2.35 30 Hydrothermally altered rocks associated with mineral deposits ETM+ 8 Panchromatic 0.52-0.90 15 15 meter resolution, sharper image definition LANDSAT 8 On February 11, 2013, the Atlas-V vehicle carrying the LDCM satellite (Landsat Data Continuity Mission) was launched from USS Vandenberg. The spacecraft was designed to continue the program of global space imagery acquisition that the United States has been implementing since 1972 with the help of the Landsat series. The remote sensing equipment installed on LCDM includes a multichannel scanning radiometer OLI (Operational Land Imager) and a two-channel - IR radiometer TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor). The OLI instrument, developed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies, operates at nine wavelengths in the range of 0.433-2.300 μm and provides images with a maximum resolution of 15 m using advanced space imagery technologies. For their development, the experimental EO-1 satellite (launched in 2000 and equipped with the Advanced Land Imager radiometer, a prototype of the OLI radiometer) was used. The payload of the satellite utilises a new design comprised of fewer moving elements, which will increase its reliability and service life by at least 5 years. The mapping accuracy of the resulting images is 12 m and above. Thanks to OLI, for the first time in Landsat series satellites, it is possible to make observations via two new wavelength ranges, which are crucial for studying cirrus clouds and the quality of lake and coastal waters.
The spatial landsat 8 resolution of the images obtained with the TIRS instrument is 100 m. Its main purpose is to obtain surface temperature characteristics, and to study the process of heat and moisture transfer in the interests of the agricultural sector, water management, etc. In contrast to the equipment installed on previous Landsat satellites, TIRS provides the ability to conduct observations in not just one, but two infrared wavelength landsat 8 band combinations. Both instruments shoot in scanning mode along the path of the spacecraft, which reduces the level of radiometric distortion in comparison with the transverse scanning instruments used on previous Landsat satellites. Characteristics- Launch Date: February 11, 2013 Vehicle: Atlas-V rocket Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California Spacecraft  3.14 terabit solid-state data recorder  Power provided by a single 9 x 0.4 meter solar array and one 125 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel- Hydrogen (NiH2) battery  Weight: 2,071 kg (4,566 lbs) fully loaded with fuel (without instruments)  Length: 3 m (9.8 ft)  Diameter: 2.4 m (7.9 ft) Orbit  Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system  Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)  233 orbit cycle; covers the entire globe every 16 days (except for the highest polar latitudes)  Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)  Circles the Earth every 98.9 minutes  Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes Sensors  Operational Land Imager (OLI) generates 9 spectral bands (Band 1 to 9) and is onboard Landsat- 8. OLI images can discriminates vegetation types, cultural features, biomass and vigor, etc.  Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) consists of 2 thermal bands with a spatial resolution of 100 meters. TIRS measures Earth’s thermal energy particularly useful for tracking how land and water are being used. Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
LANDSAT 8 BANDS Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications OLI 1 Coastal 0.43 - 0.45 30 Coastal and aerosol studies OLI 2 Blue 0.45 - 0.51 30 Bathymetric mapping, distinguishing soil from vegetation, and deciduous from coniferous vegetation OLI 3 Green 0.53 - 0.59 30 Emphasizes peak vegetation, which is useful for assessing plant vigor OLI 4 Red 0.63 - 0.67 30 Discriminates vegetation slopes OLI 5 NIR 0.85 - 0.88 30 Emphasizes biomass content and shorelines OLI 6 SWIR 1 1.57 - 1.65 30 Discriminates moisture content of soil and vegetation; penetrates thin clouds OLI 7 SWIR 2 2.11 - 2.29 30 Improved moisture content of soil and vegetation and thin cloud penetration OLI 8 Pan 0.50 - 0.68 15 15 meter resolution, sharper image definition
Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications OLI 9 Cirrus 1.36 - 1.38 30 Improved detection of cirrus cloud contamination TIRS 10 TIRS 1 10.60 - 11.19 30 (100) 100 meter resolution, thermal mapping and estimated soil moisture TIRS 11 TIRS 2 11.50 - 12.51 30 (100) 100 meter resolution, thermal mapping and estimated soil moisture MODIS MCD43A4 The purpose of the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) system is to collect data for calibrated global interactive Earth models as a single system. These models predict global changes with sufficient accuracy to inform decisions concerning environmental protection. Both Terra- and Aqua-MODIS instruments view the entire surface of the Earth every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data across 36 spectral MODIS bands from 0.4s to 14.4 μm. The MODIS satellite survey materials have a wide range of applications for the study of the atmosphere, land, and ocean. The main atmospheric research areas that benefit from MODIS are cloud cover, aerosols, and water vapor; all important climate-forming factors. Central to MODIS research is the study of the ozone layer. Channel 30 (9.580-9.880 μm) operates in the area of ozone absorption and is specifically designed for studying the total thickness of the ozone layer in the troposphere and stratosphere. Both day and night survey data are used in the calculation of this value. The resulting images have a resolution of 5 km and are used not only to study the dynamics of the ozone layer, but also for atmospheric correction of other MODIS images, and the study of jet streams in the atmosphere. Water vapor, one of the main greenhouse gases, is easily detected by the MODIS system, which measures gas concentrations in the air column under the satellite by the transparency of the atmosphere in the absorption zone of water vapor. The water vapor content is obtained from daytime imaging data in the near infrared range with a resolution of 1 km, as well as data from day
and night photography in the zones of the thermal range with a resolution of 5 km. These measurements are used to study the global water cycle, the interaction between aerosols and clouds, the energy balance and the Earth's climate. MCD43A4 provides the 500 meter reflectance data of the MODIS “land” bands 1-7 adjusted using the bidirectional reflectance distribution function to model the values as if they were collected from a nadir view. Characteristic:- Coordinate System: Sinusoidal Geographic Dimensions: ~1200 km x 1200 km Number of Science Dataset (SDS) Layers: 14 Columns/Rows: 2400 x 2400 Pixel Size: ~500  5 MODIS BANDS Band Wavelength (nm) Resolution (m) Primary Use 1 620–670 250 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries 2 841–876 250 3 459–479 500 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties 4 545–565 500 5 1230–1250 500 6 1628–1652 500 7 2105–2155 500 8 405–420 1000
Band Wavelength (nm) Resolution (m) Primary Use 9 438–448 500 Ocean Color/ Phytoplankton/ Biogeochemistry 10 483–493 1000 11 526–536 1000 12 546–556 1000 13 662–672 1000 14 673–683 1000 15 743–753 1000 16 862–877 1000 17 890–920 1000 Atmospheric Water Vapor 18 931–941 1000 19 915–965 1000 20 3.660–3.840 1000 Surface/Cloud Temperature 21 3.929–3.989 1000
Band Wavelength (nm) Resolution (m) Primary Use 22 3.929–3.989 1000 23 4.020–4.080 1000 24 4.433–4.498 1000 Atmospheric Temperature 25 4.482–4.549 1000 26 1.360–1.390 1000 Cirrus Clouds Water Vapor 27 6.535–6.895 1000 28 7.175–7.475 1000 29 8.400–8.700 1000 Cloud Properties 30 9.580–9.880 1000 Ozone 31 10.780–11.280 1000 Surface/Cloud Temperature 32 11.770–12.270 1000 33 13.185–13.485 1000 Cloud Top Altitude
SENTINEL-2 SENTINEL-2, launched as part of the European Commission's Copernicus program on June 23, 2015, was designed specifically to deliver a wealth of data and imagery. The satellite is equipped with an opto-electronic multispectral sensor for surveying with a sentinel-2 resolution of 10 to 60 m in the visible, near infrared (VNIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral zones, including 13 spectral channels, which ensures the capture of differences in vegetation state, including temporal changes, and also minimizes impact on the quality of atmospheric photography. The orbit is an average height of 785 km and the presence of two satellites in the mission allow repeated surveys every 5 days at the equator and every 2-3 days at middle latitudes. The Sentinel-2 data provides GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, jointly implemented by the EC (European Commission) and ESA (European Space Agency) services related, for example, to land management, agricultural production and forestry, and monitoring of natural disasters and humanitarian operations. Characteristics:- Launch Date: June 23, 2015 Vehicle: Vega Spacecraft  Each of the SENTINEL-2 satellites weighs approximately 1.2 tonnes, and is designed to be compatible with small launchers like VEGA and ROCKOT.  Lifespan is 7.25 years, which includes a 3 month in-orbit commissioning phase. Batteries and propellants have been provided to accommodate 12 years of operations.  Two identical SENTINEL-2 satellites operate simultaneously, phased at 180° to each other, in a sun-synchronous orbit at a mean altitude of 786 km.  The optical design of the MSI telescope allows for a 290 km Field Of View (FOV). Communications  For Level-1C and Level-2A, the granules, also called tiles, are 100x100 km2 ortho-images in UTM/WGS84 projection.  The UTM system divides the Earth's surface into 60 zones.  Each UTM zone has a vertical width of 6° of longitude and horizontal width of 8° of latitude. Orbit: Twin polar-orbiting satellites in the same orbit, phased at 180° to each other The coverage limits are from between latitudes 56° south and 84° north. 10 days at the equator with one satellite, and 5 days with 2 satellites under cloud-free conditions which results in 2-3 days at mid-latitudes Sensors: Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI)
SENTINEL-2 BANDS Sensor Band number Band name Sentinel-2A Sentinel-2B Resolution (meters) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) MSI 1 Coastal aerosol 443.9 27 442.3 45 60 MSI 2 Blue 496.6 98 492.1 98 10 MSI 3 Green 560.0 45 559 46 10 MSI 4 Red 664.5 38 665 39 10 MSI 5 Vegetation Red Edge 703.9 19 703.8 20 20 MSI 6 Vegetation Red Edge 740.2 18 739.1 18 20 MSI 7 Vegetation Red Edge 782.5 28 779.7 28 20 MSI 8 NIR 835.1 145 833 45 10 MSI 8a Narrow NIR 864.8 33 864 32 20
Sensor Band number Band name Sentinel-2A Sentinel-2B Resolution (meters) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) MSI 9 Water vapour 945.0 26 943.2 27 60 MSI 10 SWIR – Cirrus 1373.5 75 1376.9 76 60 MSI 11 SWIR 1613.7 143 1610.4 141 20 MSI 12 SWIR 2202.4 242 2185.7 238 20 ASTER  ASTER satellite sensor is one of the five state-of-the-art instrument sensor systems on-board Terra a satellite launched on December 18, 1999 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.  Is a 15 meter, 14 band multispectral resolution instrument. It can be used for change detection, calibration, validation, and land surface studies.  High-resolution satellite capable of producing stereo imagery for creating detailed digital terrain models (DTMs). Sensor Specifications Launch Date 18 December 1999 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA Equator Crossing 10:30 AM (north to south) Orbit 705 km altitude, sun synchronous
Orbit Inclination 98.3 degrees from the equator Orbit Period 98.88 minutes Grounding Track Repeat Cycle 16 days Resolution 15 to 90 meters The ASTER instrument consists of three separate instrument subsystems:  VNIR (Visible Near Infrared), a backward looking telescope which is only used to acquire a stereo pair image  SWIR (ShortWave Infrared), a single fixed aspheric refracting telescope  TIR(Thermal Infrared) ASTER has 14 bands of information. For more information, please see the following table: Instrument VNIR SWIR TIR Bands 1-3 4-9 10-14 Spatial Resolution 15m 30m 90m Swath Width 60km 60km 60km Cross Track Pointing ± 318km (± 24 deg) ± 116km (± 8.55 deg) ± 116km (± 8.55 deg) Quantisation (bits) 8 8 12

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Setellite image sensors

  • 1. ASSIGNMENT Advanced Remote Sensing & GIS Submitted by Md. Asif Hasan Date: August 1, 2019 Course No: GMT 503
  • 2. LANDSAT 7 Involving three large American governmental organizations: NASA, NOAA and USGS launched on April 15, 1999. Landsat 7 is equipped with ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus), which provides a ground survey in four modes: VNIR (Visible and Near Infrared), SWIR (Shortwave Infrared), PAN (Panchromatic - Panchromatic range), TIR (Thermal infrared - Thermal infrared range). The Landsat 7 ETM+ instrument is designed with the significant exception of the thermal infrared band, where the ground resolution has been improved from 120 to 60 m. The ETM instrument incorporates a new 15 m panchromatic band, as well as a 9-bit analog to digital converter. The panchromatic band was added to provide higher spatial landsat 7 resolution observations, as a compliment to the 30 m multispectral measurements. In order to limit the telemetered data stream to a reasonable volume, a 9-bit A-to-D system was designed so that either the upper or lower 8 bits of the radiometry could be provided from the system. This introduces the potential for two gain states (high and low), which, particularly for dark landscapes, could increase the radiometric signal. At an altitude of 705 km, a full surface scan by Landsat 7 takes 232 turns, or 16 days. The terrain survey takes place at approximately 10 am (± 15 minutes) according to local solar time. Characteristics- Launch Date: April 15, 1999 Vehicle: Delta II Site: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California Spacecraft  Power provided by a single Sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries  Attitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading  Orbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets  Weight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)  Length: 4.3 m (14 ft)  Diameter: 2.8 m (9 ft) Communications  Direct Downlink with Solid State Recorders (SSR)  Data rate: 150 Mbps
  • 3. Orbit  Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system  Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)  233 orbit cycle; covers the entire globe every 16 days (except for the highest polar latitudes)  Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)  Circles the Earth every 98.9 minutes  Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes Sensors:  ETM+ : The Landsat 7 ETM+ instrument is designed with the significant exception of the thermal infrared band, where the ground resolution has been improved from 120 to 60 m. Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi) LANDSAT 7 BANDS Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications ETM+ 1 Blue 0.45-0.52 30 Bathymetric mapping, distinguishing soil from vegetation, and deciduous from coniferous vegetation ETM+ 2 Green 0.52-0.60 30 Emphasizes peak vegetation, which is useful for assessing plant vigor ETM+ 3 Red 0.63-0.69 30 Discriminates vegetation slopes ETM+ 4 NIR 0.77-0.90 30 Emphasizes biomass content and shorelines ETM+ 5 SWIR 1 1.55-1.75 30 Discriminates moisture content of soil and vegetation; penetrates thin clouds
  • 4. Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications ETM+ 6 Thermal 10.40-12.50 60*(30) Thermal mapping and estimated soil moisture ETM+ 7 SWIR 2 2.09-2.35 30 Hydrothermally altered rocks associated with mineral deposits ETM+ 8 Panchromatic 0.52-0.90 15 15 meter resolution, sharper image definition LANDSAT 8 On February 11, 2013, the Atlas-V vehicle carrying the LDCM satellite (Landsat Data Continuity Mission) was launched from USS Vandenberg. The spacecraft was designed to continue the program of global space imagery acquisition that the United States has been implementing since 1972 with the help of the Landsat series. The remote sensing equipment installed on LCDM includes a multichannel scanning radiometer OLI (Operational Land Imager) and a two-channel - IR radiometer TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor). The OLI instrument, developed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies, operates at nine wavelengths in the range of 0.433-2.300 μm and provides images with a maximum resolution of 15 m using advanced space imagery technologies. For their development, the experimental EO-1 satellite (launched in 2000 and equipped with the Advanced Land Imager radiometer, a prototype of the OLI radiometer) was used. The payload of the satellite utilises a new design comprised of fewer moving elements, which will increase its reliability and service life by at least 5 years. The mapping accuracy of the resulting images is 12 m and above. Thanks to OLI, for the first time in Landsat series satellites, it is possible to make observations via two new wavelength ranges, which are crucial for studying cirrus clouds and the quality of lake and coastal waters.
  • 5. The spatial landsat 8 resolution of the images obtained with the TIRS instrument is 100 m. Its main purpose is to obtain surface temperature characteristics, and to study the process of heat and moisture transfer in the interests of the agricultural sector, water management, etc. In contrast to the equipment installed on previous Landsat satellites, TIRS provides the ability to conduct observations in not just one, but two infrared wavelength landsat 8 band combinations. Both instruments shoot in scanning mode along the path of the spacecraft, which reduces the level of radiometric distortion in comparison with the transverse scanning instruments used on previous Landsat satellites. Characteristics- Launch Date: February 11, 2013 Vehicle: Atlas-V rocket Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California Spacecraft  3.14 terabit solid-state data recorder  Power provided by a single 9 x 0.4 meter solar array and one 125 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel- Hydrogen (NiH2) battery  Weight: 2,071 kg (4,566 lbs) fully loaded with fuel (without instruments)  Length: 3 m (9.8 ft)  Diameter: 2.4 m (7.9 ft) Orbit  Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system  Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)  233 orbit cycle; covers the entire globe every 16 days (except for the highest polar latitudes)  Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)  Circles the Earth every 98.9 minutes  Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes Sensors  Operational Land Imager (OLI) generates 9 spectral bands (Band 1 to 9) and is onboard Landsat- 8. OLI images can discriminates vegetation types, cultural features, biomass and vigor, etc.  Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) consists of 2 thermal bands with a spatial resolution of 100 meters. TIRS measures Earth’s thermal energy particularly useful for tracking how land and water are being used. Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
  • 6. LANDSAT 8 BANDS Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications OLI 1 Coastal 0.43 - 0.45 30 Coastal and aerosol studies OLI 2 Blue 0.45 - 0.51 30 Bathymetric mapping, distinguishing soil from vegetation, and deciduous from coniferous vegetation OLI 3 Green 0.53 - 0.59 30 Emphasizes peak vegetation, which is useful for assessing plant vigor OLI 4 Red 0.63 - 0.67 30 Discriminates vegetation slopes OLI 5 NIR 0.85 - 0.88 30 Emphasizes biomass content and shorelines OLI 6 SWIR 1 1.57 - 1.65 30 Discriminates moisture content of soil and vegetation; penetrates thin clouds OLI 7 SWIR 2 2.11 - 2.29 30 Improved moisture content of soil and vegetation and thin cloud penetration OLI 8 Pan 0.50 - 0.68 15 15 meter resolution, sharper image definition
  • 7. Sensor Band number Band name Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m) Band Applications OLI 9 Cirrus 1.36 - 1.38 30 Improved detection of cirrus cloud contamination TIRS 10 TIRS 1 10.60 - 11.19 30 (100) 100 meter resolution, thermal mapping and estimated soil moisture TIRS 11 TIRS 2 11.50 - 12.51 30 (100) 100 meter resolution, thermal mapping and estimated soil moisture MODIS MCD43A4 The purpose of the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) system is to collect data for calibrated global interactive Earth models as a single system. These models predict global changes with sufficient accuracy to inform decisions concerning environmental protection. Both Terra- and Aqua-MODIS instruments view the entire surface of the Earth every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data across 36 spectral MODIS bands from 0.4s to 14.4 μm. The MODIS satellite survey materials have a wide range of applications for the study of the atmosphere, land, and ocean. The main atmospheric research areas that benefit from MODIS are cloud cover, aerosols, and water vapor; all important climate-forming factors. Central to MODIS research is the study of the ozone layer. Channel 30 (9.580-9.880 μm) operates in the area of ozone absorption and is specifically designed for studying the total thickness of the ozone layer in the troposphere and stratosphere. Both day and night survey data are used in the calculation of this value. The resulting images have a resolution of 5 km and are used not only to study the dynamics of the ozone layer, but also for atmospheric correction of other MODIS images, and the study of jet streams in the atmosphere. Water vapor, one of the main greenhouse gases, is easily detected by the MODIS system, which measures gas concentrations in the air column under the satellite by the transparency of the atmosphere in the absorption zone of water vapor. The water vapor content is obtained from daytime imaging data in the near infrared range with a resolution of 1 km, as well as data from day
  • 8. and night photography in the zones of the thermal range with a resolution of 5 km. These measurements are used to study the global water cycle, the interaction between aerosols and clouds, the energy balance and the Earth's climate. MCD43A4 provides the 500 meter reflectance data of the MODIS “land” bands 1-7 adjusted using the bidirectional reflectance distribution function to model the values as if they were collected from a nadir view. Characteristic:- Coordinate System: Sinusoidal Geographic Dimensions: ~1200 km x 1200 km Number of Science Dataset (SDS) Layers: 14 Columns/Rows: 2400 x 2400 Pixel Size: ~500  5 MODIS BANDS Band Wavelength (nm) Resolution (m) Primary Use 1 620–670 250 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries 2 841–876 250 3 459–479 500 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties 4 545–565 500 5 1230–1250 500 6 1628–1652 500 7 2105–2155 500 8 405–420 1000
  • 9. Band Wavelength (nm) Resolution (m) Primary Use 9 438–448 500 Ocean Color/ Phytoplankton/ Biogeochemistry 10 483–493 1000 11 526–536 1000 12 546–556 1000 13 662–672 1000 14 673–683 1000 15 743–753 1000 16 862–877 1000 17 890–920 1000 Atmospheric Water Vapor 18 931–941 1000 19 915–965 1000 20 3.660–3.840 1000 Surface/Cloud Temperature 21 3.929–3.989 1000
  • 10. Band Wavelength (nm) Resolution (m) Primary Use 22 3.929–3.989 1000 23 4.020–4.080 1000 24 4.433–4.498 1000 Atmospheric Temperature 25 4.482–4.549 1000 26 1.360–1.390 1000 Cirrus Clouds Water Vapor 27 6.535–6.895 1000 28 7.175–7.475 1000 29 8.400–8.700 1000 Cloud Properties 30 9.580–9.880 1000 Ozone 31 10.780–11.280 1000 Surface/Cloud Temperature 32 11.770–12.270 1000 33 13.185–13.485 1000 Cloud Top Altitude
  • 11. SENTINEL-2 SENTINEL-2, launched as part of the European Commission's Copernicus program on June 23, 2015, was designed specifically to deliver a wealth of data and imagery. The satellite is equipped with an opto-electronic multispectral sensor for surveying with a sentinel-2 resolution of 10 to 60 m in the visible, near infrared (VNIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral zones, including 13 spectral channels, which ensures the capture of differences in vegetation state, including temporal changes, and also minimizes impact on the quality of atmospheric photography. The orbit is an average height of 785 km and the presence of two satellites in the mission allow repeated surveys every 5 days at the equator and every 2-3 days at middle latitudes. The Sentinel-2 data provides GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, jointly implemented by the EC (European Commission) and ESA (European Space Agency) services related, for example, to land management, agricultural production and forestry, and monitoring of natural disasters and humanitarian operations. Characteristics:- Launch Date: June 23, 2015 Vehicle: Vega Spacecraft  Each of the SENTINEL-2 satellites weighs approximately 1.2 tonnes, and is designed to be compatible with small launchers like VEGA and ROCKOT.  Lifespan is 7.25 years, which includes a 3 month in-orbit commissioning phase. Batteries and propellants have been provided to accommodate 12 years of operations.  Two identical SENTINEL-2 satellites operate simultaneously, phased at 180° to each other, in a sun-synchronous orbit at a mean altitude of 786 km.  The optical design of the MSI telescope allows for a 290 km Field Of View (FOV). Communications  For Level-1C and Level-2A, the granules, also called tiles, are 100x100 km2 ortho-images in UTM/WGS84 projection.  The UTM system divides the Earth's surface into 60 zones.  Each UTM zone has a vertical width of 6° of longitude and horizontal width of 8° of latitude. Orbit: Twin polar-orbiting satellites in the same orbit, phased at 180° to each other The coverage limits are from between latitudes 56° south and 84° north. 10 days at the equator with one satellite, and 5 days with 2 satellites under cloud-free conditions which results in 2-3 days at mid-latitudes Sensors: Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI)
  • 12. SENTINEL-2 BANDS Sensor Band number Band name Sentinel-2A Sentinel-2B Resolution (meters) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) MSI 1 Coastal aerosol 443.9 27 442.3 45 60 MSI 2 Blue 496.6 98 492.1 98 10 MSI 3 Green 560.0 45 559 46 10 MSI 4 Red 664.5 38 665 39 10 MSI 5 Vegetation Red Edge 703.9 19 703.8 20 20 MSI 6 Vegetation Red Edge 740.2 18 739.1 18 20 MSI 7 Vegetation Red Edge 782.5 28 779.7 28 20 MSI 8 NIR 835.1 145 833 45 10 MSI 8a Narrow NIR 864.8 33 864 32 20
  • 13. Sensor Band number Band name Sentinel-2A Sentinel-2B Resolution (meters) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) MSI 9 Water vapour 945.0 26 943.2 27 60 MSI 10 SWIR – Cirrus 1373.5 75 1376.9 76 60 MSI 11 SWIR 1613.7 143 1610.4 141 20 MSI 12 SWIR 2202.4 242 2185.7 238 20 ASTER  ASTER satellite sensor is one of the five state-of-the-art instrument sensor systems on-board Terra a satellite launched on December 18, 1999 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.  Is a 15 meter, 14 band multispectral resolution instrument. It can be used for change detection, calibration, validation, and land surface studies.  High-resolution satellite capable of producing stereo imagery for creating detailed digital terrain models (DTMs). Sensor Specifications Launch Date 18 December 1999 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA Equator Crossing 10:30 AM (north to south) Orbit 705 km altitude, sun synchronous
  • 14. Orbit Inclination 98.3 degrees from the equator Orbit Period 98.88 minutes Grounding Track Repeat Cycle 16 days Resolution 15 to 90 meters The ASTER instrument consists of three separate instrument subsystems:  VNIR (Visible Near Infrared), a backward looking telescope which is only used to acquire a stereo pair image  SWIR (ShortWave Infrared), a single fixed aspheric refracting telescope  TIR(Thermal Infrared) ASTER has 14 bands of information. For more information, please see the following table: Instrument VNIR SWIR TIR Bands 1-3 4-9 10-14 Spatial Resolution 15m 30m 90m Swath Width 60km 60km 60km Cross Track Pointing ± 318km (± 24 deg) ± 116km (± 8.55 deg) ± 116km (± 8.55 deg) Quantisation (bits) 8 8 12