Sagar Chougule presented on soil analysis using remote sensing. He defined soil as the thin layer at the earth's surface formed by the breakdown of underlying parent materials. Soil horizons are layers that form vertically in soil due to biological, chemical and physical processes. The main horizons are O (organic matter), A (topsoil), B (subsoil), C (weathered parent material), and R (unweathered bedrock). Remote sensing uses optical sensors to analyze soil properties based on spectral reflectance, which varies by texture, moisture, organic content, and iron-oxide levels. Landsat and other satellite imagery allow mapping of soil types at different resolutions to study erosion, moisture levels, and other soil characteristics
2. Definition of Remote sensing
• The acquisition of information about from the object without any
physical conduct. Usually information about form the Earth Surface.
• What is soil.
Soil it mean that the thin layer of the earth surface, Mainly it due to
the formation of disintegration and decomposition of parent materials.
3. The acquisition of information about from the object without any
physical conduct. Usually information about form the Earth Surface.
What is soil.
Soil it mean that the thin layer of the earth surface, Mainly it due
to the formation of disintegration and decomposition of parent
materials.
4. 1. Climate :
Heat , rain , ice, snow, wind, sunshine and other environment forces
break down of the parent material.
2. Organisms :
All the plant and animals living in the soil the amount of water and
nutrients need affects the way of soil forms. The animal living in the soil
affected decomposition of the waste material. The soil material will be
moved around in the soil profile the way due to the effect of soil formation.
3. Topography :
Soil form basically based on location or land scape. Soil at the bottom of
a hill will get more water than soil on the slope.
4. Time
All of the above factors associated with the time often hundreds or
thousand of years.
5. What is soil Horizons
Biological, Chemical and Physical processes create the vertical
zonation with in the upper 200cm soils.
The free movement of gravity water and ground water capillary
moisture.
The result in the creation of relatively horizons layers (or) soil
horizons.
6. There are the different types of soil horizons found they are..O,A,B,C.
It distinguishable from one another based on their colour , texture and
chemical properties.
7. O Horizons.
20 % contain practically decayed organic matter.
Complex of inorganic soil particle and decay organic matter.
O horizons soil typically have dark brown (or) even blue surface.
This layer few centimeter.
This zone is created by the interaction of water and other chemical.
A-horizons
Zone of eluviations (or) leaching . It formed below an horizons.
Water is moving up and down in the soil it due to mineral colloids
A horizons mainly content – mineral ,iron, oxides, and dissolved
calculate are usually move down wards.
8. B Horizons:
Zone of illuvation this layer commonly rich in clay and colour is
red and yellow by iron oxides.
In this Horizons mainly mass colloids and minerals.
C Horizons:
It mainly content of this zone weathered parent materials and this
layer below the B horizons. It is most are mineral layer.
The parent material is commonly subjected to physical and
chemical weathering from of frost action, roots, plant acid and other
agent.
9. R Horizons
Un weather bed rock zone.
Soil texture:
Soil horizons is one of the major variable used to identify the
taxonomy of the soil. These universally recognized soil grain and size.
They are…
Sand
Silt
Clay
10. SAND :
A soil particle between 0.05 and 2.0 mm in diameter.
A soil composed of a large fraction of sand size particles
SILT :
A soil particle between 0.002 and 0.05 mm in diameter.
A soil composed of a large fraction of silt size particles.
11. CLAY :
A soil particles <0.002 mm in equalient diameter.
Soil that has properties dominated by clay-size of the particles.
13. Remote sensing of soil Properties:
Optical remote sensing instruments such as aerial photography multi spectral
scanner and hyperspectral remote sensor can recorded the spectral reflectance
characteristic of the surface properties of soil.
14. Here some formula can be used to know the character of soil. They are..
Lt = Lp + Ls +Lv
Lt – function of electro magnetic energy from the source identification.
Lp - in this portion recorded radiance resulting radiation never reach the soil
surface, due to the atmospheric error.
Ls - the amount the light penetrate through the soil, than some radian flux
existing the soil, and some are reflectance and scattering happened
Lv - some solar and sky radiation may able to penetrate perhaps a few mm
or even a cm. This may be refer to as the volume of scattering. Very little
volumetric visible near and mid infra-red some energy scattered and few
energy reflectance back to atmosphere. It is the function of the wavelength
of incident energy.
16. The spectral reflectance characteristic of soil are a function of
several importance characteristic including..
1. Soil texture (percentage of sand , silt, and clay)
2. Soil moisture content ( dry, moist, saturated )
3. Organic matter content
4. Iron-oxide content
17. 1.Soil texture:
Characteristic of dry soil increasing reflectance with increasing
wavelength epically in the visible, near and middle-infra red portions
of the spectrum.
But soil grains moisture or additional organic content or Iron-oxide,
the spectral responsive may depart from the simple curve.
A goal of remote sensing spectral response recorded from a surfical
soil and able to identify the proportions and influence of the
characteristic with in the IFOV of the sensor system.
18. Soil texture and moisture content..
A. The incident radiant energy may be reflected form the surface of
the dry soil (or) it penetrate into the soil particles where it may be
absorbed or scatter the total reflectance leaving the soil it is function
of specular reflectance.
B. As soil moisture increases, each particles or capillary water,
interstitial space may also fill with the water. The greater amount of
water in the soil. The absorption of incident electromagnetic energy
and the lower of the soil reflectance.
21. Soil organic mater:
Plant and animal decompose and became organic humus in the
upper portion of the soil horizons. The amount of organic mater in the
soil has significant on the spectral reflectance characteristic. The
greater organic content in the upper portions of the soil the great
absorption incident energy and low reflectance.
22. Iron-oxide:
The iron oxide are present in the soil, It is generally case an
increase in reflectance in the red portion of the spectrum. But black
and green reflectance in the Iron-oxide soil decreases.
23. Application of Remote sensing soil analysis.
• The Landsat MSS and Landsat-TM high resolution imagery help to
achieve soil classification the landsat MSS will allow for
discrimination between moist and dry soil, while the TM data provide
useful information or soil mineralogy and aried areas.
25. Soil erosion and deforestation are contributing factors to the depletion of the
Guatemalan ecosystem, evident in this aerial view of mountains in the Quiche
province.
26. Conclusion :
Soil resources are critical to the environment, as well as
to food and fiber production. Soil provides minerals and
water to plants. Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later
thus preventing floods and drought. Soil cleans the water
as it percolates. Soil is the habitat for many organisms: the
major part of known and unknown biodiversity is in the
soil
27. References:
• JOHN R.JENSEN.,2003-04 Remote sensing of the Environment
Published by Pearson education (Singpore) Pte-Ltd., Indian Branch,
482 F,I,E. Patparganj, Delhi.
• http:///www.image.google.com
• http:///www.development.net
• http:///www.moonsoondata.org/wx/soil,html-2k.