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Soil water plant relationship

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M
MOHIT MAYOOR

This document discusses soil water systems and properties. It defines key terms like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Soil water can exist as gravitational, capillary, or hygroscopic water. The water holding capacities of soils are expressed as constants like saturation capacity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. These constants can be expressed as either percentages of water held or depth of water stored in the root zone. Plants extract most water from the upper layers of their root zone, with uptake decreasing with depth.

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MOHIT MAYOOR CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JHARKHAND
INTRODUCTION  Both soil and water are essential for plant growth.  The soil provides a structural base to the plants and allows the root system to spread and get the strong hold.  The pores of the soil within the root zone hold moisture which clings to the soil particles by surface tension in the driest state or may fill up the pores partially or fully saturating it with the useful nutrients dissolved in water ,essential for the growth of the plants.
 The roots of the most plants also require oxygen for the respiration , hence full saturation of the soil pores leads to restricted root growth of these plants. However there are some plants like the rice plant in which the supply of oxygen to the roots is made from the leaves through aerenchyma cells which are continuous from the leaves to the roots.  Irrigation practice is essentially , an adequate and timely supply of water to the plant root zone for the optimum crop yield.
SOIL-WATER SYSTEM  Soil is a heterogeneous mass consisting of a three phase system of solid, liquid and gas.  Mineral matter , consisting of sand, silt and clay and organic matter form the largest fraction of the soil and serves as a framework (matrix ) with numerous pores of various proportions.  The void space between the solid soil particles is called the soil pore space.  Decayed organic matter derived from the dead remains of plants and animals remains dispersed within the soil pore space.
 The soil air is totally expelled from soil when water is present in excess amount that can be stored.  On the other extreme when the total soil is dry as in a hot region without any supply of water either naturally by rain or artificially by irrigation, the water molecules surround the soil particles as thin film .  In such a case pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure thus results due to surface tension capillarity and it is not possible to drain out the water by means of gravity.  The salts present in soil water further increase to these forces by way of osmotic pressure .  The root of a plant in such a condition need to exert at least an equal amount of force for extracting water from the soil mass for their growth.
SOIL PROPERTIES  The important properties that classify soil according to its relevance to making crop production are:- (a) Soil texture (b) Soil structure
SOIL TEXTURE  This refers to the relative sizes of soil particles in a given soil .  According to their sizes ,soil particles are grouped into gravel, sand, silt and clay.  The relative proportions of sand, silt and clay in a soil mass determines the soil texture.  The given figure also presents the textural classification of 12 main classes as identified by the US department of agriculture(USDA), which is also followed by the soil survey organizations of India.
 According to textural gradations, soil may be classified as:-  (a) open or light textural soils- These are mainly coarse or sandy with lower content of silt an clay.  (b)Medium textured soils- These contains sand, silt and clay in sizeable proportions like loamy soil.  (c)Tight or heavy textured soil- These contains high proportion of clay .
SOIL STRUCTURE  This refers to the arrangement of soil particles and aggregates with respect to each other.  Aggregates are group of single kind of particles adhering together.  Soil structure is recognized as one of the most important properties of soil mass as it influences aeration, water holding capacity , permeability, etc.
 The classification of soil structure is done on the basis of three indicators:-  (a) Type:- There are four types of primary structures. Platy, prism-like , block- like , and spheroidal.  (b) Class :- There are five recognized classes in each of the type. They are very fine, fine, medium, coarse, and very coarse.  (c) Grade :- This represents the degree of aggradation that is the proportion between aggregate and un aggregated material that results when the aggregates are displaced or gently crushed . Grades are termed as structure less , weak, moderate, strong, and very strong depending on the stability of the aggregates when disturbed.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION  Soil vary widely in their characteristics and properties.  In India , the soil may be grouped into the following types:-  (a) Alluvial soil  (b) black soil  (c) Red soil  (d)Laterites and Lateritic soils  (e)Desert soils  (f)problem soils
 ALLUVIAL SOILS-  These soils are formed by the successive deposition of silts transported by rivers during floods, in the flood plain and along the coastal belts.  This group is by for the largest and the most important soil group of India contributing the greatest share to its agricultural wealth.  A great deal of variation exists in the type of alluvial soil present throughout India.  The main features of the soil are derived from the deposition laid by the numerous tributaries of the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra river system .  These streams, draining the Himalayas , bring with them the product of weathering rocks constituting the mountains , in the various degrees of fineness and deposit them as they traverse the plain.  Alluvial soils textures vary from clayey loam to sandy loam. The water holding capacity of the soil is fairly good and is good for irrigation.
 BLACK SOILS-  These types of soils have evolved from the weathering of rocks such as basalts, traps, granites and gneisses.  Black soils are derived from the Deccan trap and are found in Maharashtra, western part of Madhya Pradesh , parts of Andhra Pradesh ,parts of Gujarat and parts of Tamil Nadu.  These soils are heavy textured with the clay content varying from 40 to 60%.  The soil possess higher water holding capacity but poor in drainage.
 RED SOILS-  These soils are formed by the weathering of igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks comprising genesis and schist’s .  They comprise of vast areas of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Daman and Diu , south-eastern Maharashtra, eastern Andhra Pradesh , Orissa and Jharkhand.  They are also in Birbhum district of West Bengal ,Mirzapur , Jhanshi and Hamirpur districts of Uttar Pradesh .  The red soils have low water holding capacity and hence well drained.
 LATERITES AND LATERITIC SOILS-  Laterite is a formation peculiar to India and in other tropical countries with an intermittently moist climate.  Laterite soils are derived from the weathering of laterite rocks and are well developed on the summit of the hills of the Karnataka , Kerala, Madhya Pradesh , the eastern Ghats of Orissa , Maharashtra, West Bengal , Assam and Tamil Nadu .  These soils have low clay content and hence possess good drainage characteristics.
 DESERT SOILS-  A large part of the arid region, belonging to western Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, lying between the Indus river and the Aravali range is affected by the desert conditions of the geologically recent origin.  This part is covered by a mantle of blown sand which, combined with the arid climate, results in poor soil development.  They are light textured sandy soils and react well to the application of irrigation water.
 PROBLEM SOILS-  The problem soils are those which cannot be used for cultivation of crops without adopting proper reclamation measures.  Highly eroded soils, ravine lands , soils on steepy sloping lands etc. constitute one set of problem while acid, saline, alkaline constitute other sets of problem.
Some of the major soil groups of the contry are listed below
Soil water plant relationship
Soil water plant relationship
Soil water plant relationship
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL WATER  As we know water may occur in the soil pores in various proportions. Some of the points related to the water held in pores are as follows:-  Gravitational water- The volume of water that a saturated (with water ) soil sample drains out due to gravity is called gravitational water. This water is not available for plant use as it drains off rapidly from the root zone.  Capillary water- The water content retained in the soil after the gravitational water has drained off from the soil is known as capillary water . This water is held in the soil by surface tension. Plants root gradually absorb this water and thus it is the principle source of water for the plant growth.
 Hygroscopic water- The water that an oven dry sample of soil absorbs when exposed to moist air is termed as hygroscopic water. . It is held as a very thin film over the surface of the soil particles and is under tremendous negative (gauge) pressure. This water is not available to plants.
SOIL WATER CONSTANT  For a particular soil , certain soil water proportions are defined which dictate whether the water is available or not for the plant growth .These are called soil water constants.  Saturation capacity- This is the total water content of the soil when the pores of the soils are completely filled with water . It is also termed as maximum water holding capacity of the soil . At saturation capacity soil moisture tension is almost equal to zero.
 FIELD CAPACITY – This is the water retained by initially saturated soil against the force of gravity . Hence as gravitational water gets drained off from the soil , it is said to reach the field capacity of the soil . At field capacity the macro-pores of the soils are drained off but water is retained in the micro- pores. Normally the soil moisture tension lies between 1/10 (for clayey soils) to 1/3 (for sandy soils) atmospheres.  PERMANENT WILTING POINT- plant roots are able to extract water from a soil matrix which is saturated up to a field capacity . However as the water extraction proceeds the moisture content diminishes and the negative pressure (gauge pressure) increases. At one point plant cannot extract any further water and thus wilts .
 Two stages of wilting point are recognized and they are termed as:-  (a) temporary wilting point  (b) ultimate wilting point  TEMPORARY WILTING POINT- It denotes the soil water content at which the plants wilt at day time but recover during night time or when water is added to the soil.  ULTIMATE WILTING POINT- At such a soil water content the plants wilt and fails to regain life even after the addition of water to the soil.  It must be noted that the above water contents are expressed as percentage of water held in the soil pores, compared to a fully saturated soil
Soil water plant relationship
 The available water for plants is defined as the difference in moisture content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point.  All the soil constants are expressed as a percentage by weight of the moisture available at that point compared to the weight of the dried soil sand sample.
SOIL WATER CONSTANTS EXPRESSED IN DEPTH UNIT  The soil water constants were mentioned as being expressed as weight percentages of the moisture content(that is the amount of water )held by the water at a certain state with respect to the dried soil sample. The same may also be expressed as volume of water stored in the root zone of a field per unit area .
 Assume the following  • Root zone depth = D (m)  • Specific weight of soil = γs (kg/m3)  • Specific weight of water = γw (kg/m3)  • Area of plot considered = 1m x 1m  Hence, the weight of soil per unit area would be:  γs x 1 x D (kg)  The weight of water held by the soil per unit area would be equal to:  γw x 1 x d  Where d is equivalent depth of water that is actually distributed within the soil pores. Hence the following constants may be expressed as:
 Field capacity = weight of the water held by the soil per unit area/ weight of the soil per unit area. γw*1*D/γs*1*d  Thus, depth of water (DFC) held by soil at field capacity(FC) γs/γw *D*FC  Similarly depth of water(dwp) held by soil at permanent wilting point(PWP)= γs/γw *D*PWP  Hence depth of water (dAW) available to water =  γs/γw*D*[FC-PWP]
 plants cannot extract the full available water with the same efficiency. About 75 percent of the amount is rather easily extracted, and it is called the readily available water.
WATER ABSORPTION BY PLANTS  Water is absorbed mostly through the roots of the plant .plants normally have a higher concentration of roots close to the soil surface and density decreases with the depth.  In a normal soil with good aeration, a greater portion of the roots of most plants remain within 0.45m to 0.60m of surface soil layers and most of the water needs of plants are met from this zone.  As the available water from this zone decreases, plants extract more water from lower depths. When the water content of the upper soil layers reach wilting point, all the water needs of plants are met from lower layers. Since there exists few roots in lower layers, the water extract from lower layers may not be adequate to prevent wilting, although sufficient water may be available there.
 When the top layers of the root zone are kept moist by frequent application of water through irrigation, plants extract most of the water (about 40 percent) from the upper quarter of their root zone. In the lower quarter of root zone the water extracted by the plant meets about 30 percent of its water needs. Further below, the third quarter of the root zone extracts about 20 percent and the lowermost quarter of root zone extracts the remaining about 10 percent of the plants water. It may be noted that the water extracted from the soil by the roots of a plant moves upwards and essentially is lost to the atmosphere as water vapors mainly through the leaves. This process, called transpiration, results in losing almost 95percent of water sucked up. Only about 5percent of water pumped up by the root system is used by the plant for metabolic purpose and increasing the plant body weight.

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Soil water plant relationship

  • 2. INTRODUCTION  Both soil and water are essential for plant growth.  The soil provides a structural base to the plants and allows the root system to spread and get the strong hold.  The pores of the soil within the root zone hold moisture which clings to the soil particles by surface tension in the driest state or may fill up the pores partially or fully saturating it with the useful nutrients dissolved in water ,essential for the growth of the plants.
  • 3.  The roots of the most plants also require oxygen for the respiration , hence full saturation of the soil pores leads to restricted root growth of these plants. However there are some plants like the rice plant in which the supply of oxygen to the roots is made from the leaves through aerenchyma cells which are continuous from the leaves to the roots.  Irrigation practice is essentially , an adequate and timely supply of water to the plant root zone for the optimum crop yield.
  • 4. SOIL-WATER SYSTEM  Soil is a heterogeneous mass consisting of a three phase system of solid, liquid and gas.  Mineral matter , consisting of sand, silt and clay and organic matter form the largest fraction of the soil and serves as a framework (matrix ) with numerous pores of various proportions.  The void space between the solid soil particles is called the soil pore space.  Decayed organic matter derived from the dead remains of plants and animals remains dispersed within the soil pore space.
  • 5.  The soil air is totally expelled from soil when water is present in excess amount that can be stored.  On the other extreme when the total soil is dry as in a hot region without any supply of water either naturally by rain or artificially by irrigation, the water molecules surround the soil particles as thin film .  In such a case pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure thus results due to surface tension capillarity and it is not possible to drain out the water by means of gravity.  The salts present in soil water further increase to these forces by way of osmotic pressure .  The root of a plant in such a condition need to exert at least an equal amount of force for extracting water from the soil mass for their growth.
  • 6. SOIL PROPERTIES  The important properties that classify soil according to its relevance to making crop production are:- (a) Soil texture (b) Soil structure
  • 7. SOIL TEXTURE  This refers to the relative sizes of soil particles in a given soil .  According to their sizes ,soil particles are grouped into gravel, sand, silt and clay.  The relative proportions of sand, silt and clay in a soil mass determines the soil texture.  The given figure also presents the textural classification of 12 main classes as identified by the US department of agriculture(USDA), which is also followed by the soil survey organizations of India.
  • 8.  According to textural gradations, soil may be classified as:-  (a) open or light textural soils- These are mainly coarse or sandy with lower content of silt an clay.  (b)Medium textured soils- These contains sand, silt and clay in sizeable proportions like loamy soil.  (c)Tight or heavy textured soil- These contains high proportion of clay .
  • 9. SOIL STRUCTURE  This refers to the arrangement of soil particles and aggregates with respect to each other.  Aggregates are group of single kind of particles adhering together.  Soil structure is recognized as one of the most important properties of soil mass as it influences aeration, water holding capacity , permeability, etc.
  • 10.  The classification of soil structure is done on the basis of three indicators:-  (a) Type:- There are four types of primary structures. Platy, prism-like , block- like , and spheroidal.  (b) Class :- There are five recognized classes in each of the type. They are very fine, fine, medium, coarse, and very coarse.  (c) Grade :- This represents the degree of aggradation that is the proportion between aggregate and un aggregated material that results when the aggregates are displaced or gently crushed . Grades are termed as structure less , weak, moderate, strong, and very strong depending on the stability of the aggregates when disturbed.
  • 11. SOIL CLASSIFICATION  Soil vary widely in their characteristics and properties.  In India , the soil may be grouped into the following types:-  (a) Alluvial soil  (b) black soil  (c) Red soil  (d)Laterites and Lateritic soils  (e)Desert soils  (f)problem soils
  • 12.  ALLUVIAL SOILS-  These soils are formed by the successive deposition of silts transported by rivers during floods, in the flood plain and along the coastal belts.  This group is by for the largest and the most important soil group of India contributing the greatest share to its agricultural wealth.  A great deal of variation exists in the type of alluvial soil present throughout India.  The main features of the soil are derived from the deposition laid by the numerous tributaries of the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra river system .  These streams, draining the Himalayas , bring with them the product of weathering rocks constituting the mountains , in the various degrees of fineness and deposit them as they traverse the plain.  Alluvial soils textures vary from clayey loam to sandy loam. The water holding capacity of the soil is fairly good and is good for irrigation.
  • 13.  BLACK SOILS-  These types of soils have evolved from the weathering of rocks such as basalts, traps, granites and gneisses.  Black soils are derived from the Deccan trap and are found in Maharashtra, western part of Madhya Pradesh , parts of Andhra Pradesh ,parts of Gujarat and parts of Tamil Nadu.  These soils are heavy textured with the clay content varying from 40 to 60%.  The soil possess higher water holding capacity but poor in drainage.
  • 14.  RED SOILS-  These soils are formed by the weathering of igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks comprising genesis and schist’s .  They comprise of vast areas of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Daman and Diu , south-eastern Maharashtra, eastern Andhra Pradesh , Orissa and Jharkhand.  They are also in Birbhum district of West Bengal ,Mirzapur , Jhanshi and Hamirpur districts of Uttar Pradesh .  The red soils have low water holding capacity and hence well drained.
  • 15.  LATERITES AND LATERITIC SOILS-  Laterite is a formation peculiar to India and in other tropical countries with an intermittently moist climate.  Laterite soils are derived from the weathering of laterite rocks and are well developed on the summit of the hills of the Karnataka , Kerala, Madhya Pradesh , the eastern Ghats of Orissa , Maharashtra, West Bengal , Assam and Tamil Nadu .  These soils have low clay content and hence possess good drainage characteristics.
  • 16.  DESERT SOILS-  A large part of the arid region, belonging to western Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, lying between the Indus river and the Aravali range is affected by the desert conditions of the geologically recent origin.  This part is covered by a mantle of blown sand which, combined with the arid climate, results in poor soil development.  They are light textured sandy soils and react well to the application of irrigation water.
  • 17.  PROBLEM SOILS-  The problem soils are those which cannot be used for cultivation of crops without adopting proper reclamation measures.  Highly eroded soils, ravine lands , soils on steepy sloping lands etc. constitute one set of problem while acid, saline, alkaline constitute other sets of problem.
  • 18. Some of the major soil groups of the contry are listed below
  • 22. CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL WATER  As we know water may occur in the soil pores in various proportions. Some of the points related to the water held in pores are as follows:-  Gravitational water- The volume of water that a saturated (with water ) soil sample drains out due to gravity is called gravitational water. This water is not available for plant use as it drains off rapidly from the root zone.  Capillary water- The water content retained in the soil after the gravitational water has drained off from the soil is known as capillary water . This water is held in the soil by surface tension. Plants root gradually absorb this water and thus it is the principle source of water for the plant growth.
  • 23.  Hygroscopic water- The water that an oven dry sample of soil absorbs when exposed to moist air is termed as hygroscopic water. . It is held as a very thin film over the surface of the soil particles and is under tremendous negative (gauge) pressure. This water is not available to plants.
  • 24. SOIL WATER CONSTANT  For a particular soil , certain soil water proportions are defined which dictate whether the water is available or not for the plant growth .These are called soil water constants.  Saturation capacity- This is the total water content of the soil when the pores of the soils are completely filled with water . It is also termed as maximum water holding capacity of the soil . At saturation capacity soil moisture tension is almost equal to zero.
  • 25.  FIELD CAPACITY – This is the water retained by initially saturated soil against the force of gravity . Hence as gravitational water gets drained off from the soil , it is said to reach the field capacity of the soil . At field capacity the macro-pores of the soils are drained off but water is retained in the micro- pores. Normally the soil moisture tension lies between 1/10 (for clayey soils) to 1/3 (for sandy soils) atmospheres.  PERMANENT WILTING POINT- plant roots are able to extract water from a soil matrix which is saturated up to a field capacity . However as the water extraction proceeds the moisture content diminishes and the negative pressure (gauge pressure) increases. At one point plant cannot extract any further water and thus wilts .
  • 26.  Two stages of wilting point are recognized and they are termed as:-  (a) temporary wilting point  (b) ultimate wilting point  TEMPORARY WILTING POINT- It denotes the soil water content at which the plants wilt at day time but recover during night time or when water is added to the soil.  ULTIMATE WILTING POINT- At such a soil water content the plants wilt and fails to regain life even after the addition of water to the soil.  It must be noted that the above water contents are expressed as percentage of water held in the soil pores, compared to a fully saturated soil
  • 28.  The available water for plants is defined as the difference in moisture content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point.  All the soil constants are expressed as a percentage by weight of the moisture available at that point compared to the weight of the dried soil sand sample.
  • 29. SOIL WATER CONSTANTS EXPRESSED IN DEPTH UNIT  The soil water constants were mentioned as being expressed as weight percentages of the moisture content(that is the amount of water )held by the water at a certain state with respect to the dried soil sample. The same may also be expressed as volume of water stored in the root zone of a field per unit area .
  • 30.  Assume the following  • Root zone depth = D (m)  • Specific weight of soil = γs (kg/m3)  • Specific weight of water = γw (kg/m3)  • Area of plot considered = 1m x 1m  Hence, the weight of soil per unit area would be:  γs x 1 x D (kg)  The weight of water held by the soil per unit area would be equal to:  γw x 1 x d  Where d is equivalent depth of water that is actually distributed within the soil pores. Hence the following constants may be expressed as:
  • 31.  Field capacity = weight of the water held by the soil per unit area/ weight of the soil per unit area. γw*1*D/γs*1*d  Thus, depth of water (DFC) held by soil at field capacity(FC) γs/γw *D*FC  Similarly depth of water(dwp) held by soil at permanent wilting point(PWP)= γs/γw *D*PWP  Hence depth of water (dAW) available to water =  γs/γw*D*[FC-PWP]
  • 32.  plants cannot extract the full available water with the same efficiency. About 75 percent of the amount is rather easily extracted, and it is called the readily available water.
  • 33. WATER ABSORPTION BY PLANTS  Water is absorbed mostly through the roots of the plant .plants normally have a higher concentration of roots close to the soil surface and density decreases with the depth.  In a normal soil with good aeration, a greater portion of the roots of most plants remain within 0.45m to 0.60m of surface soil layers and most of the water needs of plants are met from this zone.  As the available water from this zone decreases, plants extract more water from lower depths. When the water content of the upper soil layers reach wilting point, all the water needs of plants are met from lower layers. Since there exists few roots in lower layers, the water extract from lower layers may not be adequate to prevent wilting, although sufficient water may be available there.
  • 34.  When the top layers of the root zone are kept moist by frequent application of water through irrigation, plants extract most of the water (about 40 percent) from the upper quarter of their root zone. In the lower quarter of root zone the water extracted by the plant meets about 30 percent of its water needs. Further below, the third quarter of the root zone extracts about 20 percent and the lowermost quarter of root zone extracts the remaining about 10 percent of the plants water. It may be noted that the water extracted from the soil by the roots of a plant moves upwards and essentially is lost to the atmosphere as water vapors mainly through the leaves. This process, called transpiration, results in losing almost 95percent of water sucked up. Only about 5percent of water pumped up by the root system is used by the plant for metabolic purpose and increasing the plant body weight.